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Joven Anjanette A. Jayson Marhiz Ronald Lyka Aldrin Rolin
Joven Anjanette A. Jayson Marhiz Ronald Lyka Aldrin Rolin
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John Phillip Emmanuel John Regino Jerome Mica Mylene Jonalyn Rica
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Joshua G.C Renz Daryl Edward Edizon Lovely Mary Joy G. Ma.Louella Michaela
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Joshua L. Prince Raniel Mary Joy L. Maria Glenfie Leah Kathleen
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Mark Arjon James Russel Albert Anne Jacqueline Rizzalyn Gabriela Shena Mae
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Manila (Philippine Daily Inquirer/ANN) - The Philippines has earned its ranking as one of few gay-friendly countries in the world. Of the 39 countries covered by a global survey, only 17 countries had majorities that accepted homosexuality, with the Philippines ranking at number 10 among the 17. Despite its religiosity, the Philippines is one of the countries in the world where the level of public "acceptance" of homosexuals is high, according to the results of the survey. The survey titled "The Global Divide on Homosexuality" conducted by the US-based Pew Research centre showed that 73 per cent of adult Filipinos agreed with the statement that "homosexuality should be accepted by society," up by nine percentage points from 2002. The percentage of Filipinos who said society should not accept gays fell from 33 per cent in 2002 to 26 per cent this year, it added. This high level of acceptance, which is comparable to that found in secular western Europe, is even higher than those found in Japan (54 per cent), South Korea (39 per cent) or the United States (60 per cent), where some states allow gay marriage. "Brazilians and Filipinos are considerably more tolerant of homosexuality than their countries' relatively high levels of religiosity would suggest," the Pew survey report said. The Philippines bucked the trend found in the survey showing that gays are mostly accepted in rich and secularised countries. "The survey ... finds that acceptance of homosexuality is particularly widespread in countries where religion is less central in people's lives. These are also among the richest countries in the world," the Pew report said. "In contrast, in poorer countries with high levels of religiosity, few believe homosexuality should be accepted by society," it added. Religiosity scale The Philippines is said to be one of the most religious countries in the world and almost a third of its population lives below the poverty line. In the survey's "religiosity scale" where a score of "3" was the most religious, the Philippines almost got 2.5. "Age is also a factor in several countries, with younger respondents offering far more tolerant views than older ones," the survey report said. An while gender differences are not prevalent, in those countries where they are, women are consistently more accepting of homosexuality than men," it added. In the Philippines, 78 per cent of those aged 18-29 who were interviewed said gays should be accepted, 71 per cent for those aged 30-49, and 68 per cent for those 50 years old and above, according to the survey. The report also showed that of the eight countries surveyed in the Asia-Pacific region, the Philippines had the second highest acceptance rate next to Australia's 79 per cent. "In the Asia-Pacific region, where views of homosexuality are mostly negative, more than seven in 10 in Australia and the Philippines say homosexuality should be accepted by society," the report said. In contrast, only three per cent of people in neighbouring Indonesia, nine per cent in Malaysia and 21 per cent in China said homosexuality should be accepted, the report added. Not impressed However, Filipino gay groups were not impressed by the survey results.
When asked if the gay community in the Philippines felt accepted, Jonas Bagas, executive director of the TLF Share Collective, said: "Hardly." "I think that the study only reflects the perceived acceptance of the LGBT community based on the high visibility of gay entertainers. It's acceptance [that is] contingent on how you fit the acceptable stereotype-the gay entertainer, the creative, talented bakla, the lesbian security guard," Bagas said. "Once you go outside these stereotypes, that's when you encounter rejection," he added. Bagas said a Filipino student in a lesbian relationship faces higher probability of getting kicked out of her school than a student in a heterosexual relationship. "We still have strong biases against gay sex, which for many is still deemed immoral and unnatural. This attitude fosters inequality in our laws, in education, healthcare and even within the family," Bagas said. The Pew report said those who conducted the survey had face-to-face interviews with 804 Filipinos aged 18 and above from March 10 to April 3 this year. The interviews were conducted in Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilonggo, Ilocano and Bicolano. The survey had a margin of error of plus or minus 4.5 per cent.
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Their independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s, in spite of harsh opposition from the conventional art community in France. The name of the style derives from the title of a Claude Monet work, Impression, soleil levant(Impression, Sunrise), which provoked the critic Louis Leroy to coin the term in a satiricalreview published in the Parisian newspaper Le Charivari. Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. The development of Impressionism in the visual arts was soon followed by analogous styles in other media that became known as impressionist music and impressionist literature. Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism ) is the term coined by the British artist and art critic Roger Fry in 1910 to describe the development of French art since Manet. Fry used the term when he organized the 1910 exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists. Post-Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colours, thick application of paint, distinctive brush strokes, and real-life subject matter, but they were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour. Neo-impressionism is a term coined by French art critic Flix Fnon in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurats greatest masterpiece, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, marked the beginning of this movement when it first made its appearance at an exhibition of the Socit des Artistes Indpendants (Salon des Indpendants) in Paris.Around this time, the peak of Frances modern era emerged and many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of neo-impressionism, in particular, were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colors influenced neoimpressionists characterization of their own contemporary art. Pointillism technique is often mentioned, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning. Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay,Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand Lger and Juan Gris that revolutionized Europeanpainting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature andarchitecture. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris (Montmartre, Montparnasse and Puteaux) during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s. Variants such as Futurism and Constructivism developed in other countries. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul Czanne, which were displayed in a retrospective at the 1907 Salon d'Automne. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. Dada /dd/ or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. Many claim Dada began in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916, spreading to Berlinshortly thereafter but the height of New York Dada was the year before in 1915.To quote Dona Budd's The Language of Art Knowledge, Dada was born out of negative reaction to the horrors of World War I. This international movement was begun by a group of artist and poets associated with theCabaret Voltaire in Zurich. Dada rejected reason and logic, prizing nonsense, irrationality and intuition. The origin of the name Dada is unclear; some believe that it is a nonsensical word. Others maintain that it originates from the Romanian artistsTristan Tzara's and Marcel Janco's frequent use of the words da, da, meaning yes, yes in the Romanian language. Another theory says that the name "Dada" came during a meeting of the group when a paper knife stuck into a French-German dictionary happened to point to 'dada', a French word for 'hobbyhorse'.
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The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature, poetry, art manifestoes, art theory,theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. In addition to being anti-war, Dada was also anti-bourgeois and had political affinities with the radical left. Dada activities included public gatherings, demonstrations, and publication of art/literary journals; passionate coverage of art, politics, and culture were topics often discussed in a variety of media. Key figures in the movement included Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Hans Arp, Raoul Hausmann, Hannah Hch, Johannes Baader, Tristan Tzara, Francis Picabia, Richard Huelsenbeck, Georg Grosz, John Heartfield, Marcel Duchamp, Beatrice Wood, Kurt Schwitters, and Hans Richter, among others. The movement influenced later styles like the avant-garde and downtown music movements, and groups including surrealism, Nouveau ralisme, pop art and Fluxus. Dada is the groundwork to abstract art and sound poetry, a starting point for performance art, a prelude topostmodernism, an influence on pop art, a celebration of antiart to be later embraced for anarcho-political uses in the 1960s and the movement that lay the foundation for Surrealism. Futurism (Italian: Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized and glorified themes associated with contemporary concepts of the future, including speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects such as the car, the airplane and the industrial city. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere. The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design,industrial design, interior design, urban design, theatre, film, fashion, textiles,literature, music, architecture and even gastronomy. Key figures of the movement include the Italians Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Umberto Boccioni,Carlo Carr, Gino Severini, Giacomo Balla, Antonio Sant'Elia, Bruno Munariand Luigi Russolo, and the Russians Natalia Goncharova, Velimir Khlebnikov,Igor Severyanin, David Burliuk, Aleksei Kruchenykh and Vladimir Mayakovsky, as well as the Portuguese Almada Negreiros. Important works include its seminal piece of the literature, Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism, as well as Boccioni's sculpture, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, and Balla's painting, Abstract Speed + Sound (pictured). Futurism influenced art movements such as Art Deco, Constructivism,Surrealism, Dada, and to a greater degree, Precisionism, Rayonism, and Vorticism. Neoplasticism is the belief that art should not be the reproduction of real objects, but the expression of the absolutes of life. To the artists way of thinking, the only absolutes of life were vertical and horizontal lines and the primary colors. To this end neoplasticisist only used planar elements and the colors red, yellow, and blue. The neoplastic movement happened in the 1910's and the two main painters of this movement where Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality." Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and [1] developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artefact. Leader Andr Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory. Abstract expressionism is an American postWorld War II art movement in American painting, developed in New York in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. Although the term "abstract expressionism" was first applied to American art in 1946 by the art critic Robert Coates, it had been first used in Germany in 1919 in
the magazine Der Sturm, regarding German Expressionism. In the United States, Alfred Barr was the first to use this term in 1929 in relation to works byWassily Kandinsky. Op art, also known as optical art, is a style
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"Optical art is a method of painting concerning the interaction between illusion and picture plane, between understanding and seeing." Op art works are abstract, with many of the better known pieces made in black and white. When the viewer looks at them, the impression is given of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibration, patterns, or alternatively, of swelling or warping. Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the mid-1950s in Britain and in the late 1950s in the United States. Pop art presented a challenge to traditions offine art by including imagery from popular culture such as advertising, news, etc. In Pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, and/or combined with unrelated material. The concept of pop art refers not as much to the art itself as to the attitudes that led to it. Pop art employs aspects of mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects. It is widely interpreted as a reaction to the then-dominant ideas of abstract expressionism, as well as an expansion upon them. And due to its utilization of found objects and images it is similar toDada. Pop art is aimed to employ images of popular as opposed to elitist culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any given culture, most often through the use of irony. It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. Much of pop art is considered incongruent, as the conceptual practices that are often used make it difficult for some to readily comprehend. Pop art andminimalism are considered to be art movements that precede postmodern art, or are some of the earliest examples of Post-modern Art themselves. Pop art often takes as its imagery that which is currently in use in advertising. Product labeling and logos figure prominently in the imagery chosen by pop artists, like in the Campbell's Soup Cans labels, by Andy Warhol. Even the labeling on the shipping box containing retail items has been used as subject matter in pop art, for example in Warhol's Campbell's Tomato Juice Box 1964, (pictured below), or his Brillo Soap Box sculptures.
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Claude Monet, the Cliff at tretat after the Storm, 1885, Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts
Artist
1892 Location
Type
Oil on canvas
Dimensions
Year: 18841886
Georges Braque, 1910, Violin and Candlestick, oil on canvas, 60.96 cm x 50.17 cm, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
Cover of the first edition of the publicationDada by Tristan Tzara; Zurich, 1917
Sample of Neoplasticism
Jackson Pollock, No. 5, 1948, oil on fiberboard, 244 122 cm. (96 48 in.), private collection.