Iceland

Iceland
Iceland
sland

Anthem:Lofsngur ("Hymn")

Location of Iceland(dark green)

in Europe(dark grey) [Legend]
Capital
(and largest city)

Reykjavk
6408N 2156W
Official language(s)

Ethnic groups

Icelandic (de facto)

93% Icelandic,
[1]
~2.0% Nordic
~5.0% other
(see demographics)

Demonym

Icelander, Icelandic

Government

Parliamentary republic

President

lafur Ragnar Grmsson

Prime Minister

Jhanna Sigurardttir

Speaker of the Alingi

sta Ragnheiur Jhannesdttir

Legislature

Alingi
Establishment Independence

Settlement

9th century

Commonwealth

9301262

Union with Norway

12621814

Iceland

Danish monarchy

13801944

Constitution

5 January 1874

Kingdom of Iceland

1 December 1918

Republic

17 June 1944
Area

Total

103,001km2(108th)
39,770sqmi

Water(%)

2.7
Population

1 April 2012estimate

320,060[b](175th)

Density

3.1/km (232nd)
7.5/sqmi

GDP(PPP)

2011estimate
[2]

Total

$12.409 billion

Per capita

$38,060

GDP (nominal)

[2]

2011estimate
[2]

Total

$14.048 billion

Per capita

$43,088

[2]

Gini(2010)

25.0 (low)(1st)

HDI(2011)

0.898

[c]

[3]

(veryhigh)(14th)

Currency

Icelandic krna (ISK)

Time zone

GMT (UTC+0)

Summer(DST)

not observed(UTC)

Drives on the

right

ISO3166code

IS

Internet TLD

.is

Calling code

354

[4]

b. "Statistics Iceland:Key figures" . Statistics Iceland. 1 October 2002. [4]. Retrieved 2011-07-02.
[5]
c. "CIA The World Factbook Field Listing Distribution of family income Gini index" . United States government. [5].
Retrieved 14 September 2008.

Iceland i/aslnd/ (Icelandic: sland, IPA:[islant])[6] is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic
Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[7] The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103000 km2
(unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi), which makes it the most sparsely populated country in Europe.[8] The capital
and largest city is Reykjavk,[9] with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to
two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior consists mainly of
a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea
through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just
outside the Arctic Circle.

Iceland

According to Landnmabk, the settlement of Iceland began in AD874 when the chieftain Inglfur Arnarson
became the first permanent Norse settler on the island.[10] Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over
winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (slaves) of Gaelic origin.
From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. The country became
independent in 1918 and a republic was declared in 1944. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied
largely on fisheries and agriculture, and the country was one of the poorest and least developed in the world.
Industrialisation of the fisheries and aid from the Marshall Plan brought prosperity in the years after World WarII,
and by the 1990s it was one of the world's wealthiest countries. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European
Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared to other OECD countries,[11] while
maintaining a Nordic welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens.[12] In
recent years, Iceland has been one of the wealthiest and most developed nations in the world. In 2011, it was ranked
as the 14th most developed country in the world by the United Nations' Human Development Index,[3] and the fourth
most productive country per capita.[13] In 2008, the nation's entire banking system systemically failed, resulting in
substantial political unrest. Although it remains highly ranked in economic and political stability, Iceland is still in
the process of recovering from the crisis.[14]
Icelandic culture is founded upon the nation's Norse heritage. Most Icelanders are descendants of Norse and Gaelic
settlers. Icelandic, a North Germanic language, is descended from Old Norse and is closely related to Faroese and
some West Norwegian dialects. The country's cultural heritage includes traditional Icelandic cuisine, poetry, and the
medieval Icelanders' sagas. Among NATO members, Iceland has the smallest population and is the only one with no
standing army.

History
Settlement and Commonwealth 8741262
According to both Landnmabk and slendingabk, celtic monks
known as the Papar lived in Iceland before the Norse settlers arrived,
possibly members of a Hiberno-Scottish mission. Recent
archaeological excavations have revealed the ruins of a cabin in Hafnir
on the Reykjanes peninsula, and carbon dating indicates that it was
abandoned somewhere between 770 and 880, suggesting that Iceland
was populated well before 874. This archaeological find may also
indicate that the monks left Iceland before the Norse arrived.[15]
The first known permanent Norse settler was Inglfr Arnarson, who
built his homestead in Reykjavk in the year 874. Inglfr was followed
by many other emigrant settlers, largely Norsemen and their thralls,
many of whom were Irish or Scottish. By 930, most arable land had
been claimed and the Althing, a legislative and judiciary parliament, was initiated to regulate the Icelandic
Commonwealth. Christianity was peacefully adopted around 9991000, although Norse paganism persisted among
some segments of the population for several years.
Inglfr Arnarson (modern Icelandic: Inglfur
Arnarson), the first permanent Norse settler in
Iceland

The Commonwealth lasted until the 13th century, when the political system devised by the original settlers proved
unable to cope with the increasing power of Icelandic chieftains.[16]

Iceland

svr, a replica of an old fishing outpost outside

of Bolungarvk

The Middle Ages

The internal struggles and civil strife of the Sturlung Era led to the
signing of the Old Covenant in 1262, which ended the Commonwealth
and brought Iceland under the Norwegian crown. Possession of Iceland
passed to Denmark-Norway around 1380, when the kingdoms of
Norway, Denmark and Sweden were united in the Kalmar Union. In
the ensuing centuries, Iceland became one of the poorest countries in
Europe. Infertile soil, volcanic eruptions, and an unforgiving climate
made for harsh life in a society where subsistence depended almost
entirely on agriculture. The Black Death swept Iceland twice, first in
140204 and again in 149495.[17] The former outbreak killed 50% to
60% of the population, and the latter 30% to 50%.[18]

Reformation and the Early Modern period

Around the middle of the 16th century, King Christian III of Denmark
A 19th-century depiction of the Alingi of the
began to impose Lutheranism on all his subjects. Jn Arason, the last
Commonwealth in session at ingvellir
Catholic bishop of Hlar, was beheaded in 1550 along with two of his
sons. The country subsequently became fully Lutheran. Lutheranism
has since remained the dominant religion. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Denmark imposed harsh trade restrictions
on Iceland, while pirates from several countries raided its coasts.[19][20] A great smallpox epidemic in the 18th
century killed around a third of the population.[21][22] In 1783 the Laki volcano erupted, with devastating effects.[23]
The years following the eruption, known as the Mist Hardships (Icelandic: Muharindin), saw the death of over
half of all livestock in the country, with ensuing famine in which around a quarter of the population died.[24]

Iceland

Independence movement 18141918

In 1814, following the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark-Norway was broken up
into two separate kingdoms via the Treaty of Kiel. Iceland, however,
remained a Danish dependency. Throughout the 19th century, the country's
climate continued to worsen, resulting in mass emigration to the New World,
particularly Manitoba in Canada. About 15,000 people out of a total
population of 70,000 left.[25]
However, a new national consciousness had arisen, inspired by romantic and
nationalist ideas from mainland Europe. An Icelandic independence
movement took shape in the 1850s under the leadership of Jn Sigursson,
riding on the burgeoning Icelandic nationalism inspired by the Fjlnismenn
and other Danish-educated Icelandic intellectuals. In 1874, Denmark granted
Iceland a constitution and limited home rule, which was expanded in 1904,
with Hannes Hafstein serving as the first Minister for Iceland in the Danish
cabinet.

Jn Sigursson, leader of the Icelandic

independence movement

Kingdom of Iceland 19181944

The Danish-Icelandic Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark
signed on 1 December 1918 and valid for 25 years, recognized Iceland
as a fully sovereign state in a personal union with the King of
Denmark. The Government of Iceland established an embassy in
Copenhagen and requested that Denmark should handle Icelandic
foreign policy. Danish embassies around the world would display two
coats of arms and two flags: those of the Kingdom of Denmark and
those of the Kingdom of Iceland. During World War II, Iceland joined
Denmark in asserting neutrality. After the German occupation of
HMSBerwick led the British invasion of Iceland.
Denmark on 9 April 1940, the Althing declared that the Icelandic
Government should assume the Danish king's duties, taking control of
foreign affairs and other matters previously handled by Denmark. A month later, British armed forces invaded and
occupied the country, violating Icelandic neutrality. In 1941, the occupation of Iceland was taken over by the United
States so that Britain could use its troops elsewhere, an arrangement reluctantly agreed to by the Icelandic
authorities.

Iceland

Independent republic 1944present

On 31 December 1943, the Danish-Icelandic Act of Union expired
after 25 years. Beginning on 20 May 1944, Icelanders voted in a
four-day plebiscite on whether to terminate the personal union with the
King of Denmark and establish a republic. The vote was 97% in favour
of ending the union and 95% in favour of the new republican
constitution.[26] Iceland formally became a republic on 17 June 1944,
with Sveinn Bjrnsson as its first President.
British and Icelandic vessels collide in the
In 1946, the Allied occupation force left Iceland, which formally
Atlantic Ocean during the Cod Wars
became a member of NATO on 30 March 1949, amid domestic
controversy and riots. On 5 May 1951, a defence agreement was signed
with the United States. American troops returned to Iceland, as the Iceland Defence Force, and remained throughout
the Cold War; the US withdrew the last of its forces on 30 September 2006.

Iceland had prospered during the war, and the immediate post-war period was followed by substantial economic
growth, driven by industrialisation of the fishing industry and the Marshall Plan programme, through which
Icelanders received by far the most aid per capita of any European country (at USD 209, with the war-ravaged
Netherlands a distant second at USD 109).[27][28] The 1970s were marked by the Cod Wars several disputes with
the United Kingdom over Iceland's extension of its fishing limits. The economy was greatly diversified and
liberalised when Iceland joined the European Economic Area in 1994.
Iceland hosted a summit in Reykjavik in 1986 between United States President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier
Mikhail Gorbachev, during which they took significant steps toward nuclear disarmament. Only a few years later,
Iceland would become the first country to recognize the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as they
broke away from the USSR. Throughout the 1990s, the country expanded its international role and developed a
foreign policy that was oriented toward humanitarian and peacekeeping causes. To that end, Iceland provided aid
and expertise to various NATO-led interventions in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Iraq.[29]

Rise and fall of Iceland as a financial centre 2003present

In the years 20032007, following the privatization of the banking sector under the government of Dav Oddsson,
Iceland moved from being a nation best known for its fishing industry toward having an economy based on financial
services and investment banking.[30] It was quickly becoming one of the most prosperous countries in the world
before getting hit hard by a major financial crisis.[30] The crisis resulted in the greatest migration from Iceland since
1887, with a net emigration of 5,000 people in 2009.[31] Iceland's economy has since stabilized under the
government of Jhanna Sigurardttir, and is expected to grow by 2.8% in 2012.[32][33]

Iceland

Geography
Iceland is located in the North Atlantic
Ocean. The main island is entirely south of
the Arctic Circle, which passes through the
small Icelandic island of Grmsey off the
main island's northern coast. The country
lies between latitudes 63 and 67 N, and
longitudes 25 and 13 W.
Although Iceland is closer to Greenland
(North America) than Northern Europe, the
island is generally included in Europe for
historical, political, cultural, and practical
reasons. Geologically the island includes
parts of both continental plates. The closest
body of land is Greenland (290km
(unknown operator: u'strong'mi)). The
General topographic map
closest bodies of land in Europe are the
Faroe Islands (420km (unknown operator:
u'strong'mi)), Jan Mayen Island (570km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi)), Shetland and the Outer Hebrides,
both about 740km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi), and the Scottish mainland and Orkney, both about 750km
(unknown operator: u'strong'mi). The mainland of Norway is about 970km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi)
away.
Iceland is the world's 18th largest island, and Europe's second largest island following Great Britain. The main island
is 101826 km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi), but the entire country is 103000 km2 (unknown operator:
u'strong' sqmi) in size, of which 62.7% is tundra. There are thirty minor islands in Iceland, including the lightly
populated island of Grmsey and the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. Lakes and glaciers cover 14.3% of its surface;
only 23% is vegetated.[34] The largest lakes are risvatn (Reservoir): 8388 km2 (unknown operator:
u'strong'unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u'strong' unknown operator: u'strong') and
ingvallavatn: 82km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi); other important lakes include Lagarfljt and Mvatn.
Jkulsrln is the deepest lake, at 248m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft).[35]
Geologically, Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a ridge along which the oceanic crust spreads and forms new
oceanic crust. This part of the mid-ocean ridge is located above a mantle plume, causing Iceland to be subaerial
(above the surface of the sea). The ridge marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American Plates, and
Iceland was created by rifting and accretion through volcanism along the ridge.[36]
Many fjords punctuate Iceland's 4,970 km long coastline, which is also where most settlements are situated. The
island's interior, the Highlands of Iceland, is a cold and uninhabitable combination of sand, mountains and lava
fields. The major towns are the capital city of Reykjavk, along with its outlying towns of Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur
and Garabr, nearby Reykjanesbr where the international airport is located, and the town of Akureyri in northern
Iceland. The island of Grmsey on the Arctic Circle contains the northernmost habitation of Iceland.[7] Iceland has
three national parks: Vatnajkull National Park, Snfellsjkull National Park, and ingvellir National Park.[37] The
country is considered a "strong performer" in environmental protection, having been ranked 13th in Yale University's
Environmental Performance Index of 2012.[38]

Iceland

Iceland, as seen from

space on 29 January
2004

Suureyri

Norfjrur

Viey with Esjan in

the background

The eruption of
Eyjafjallajkull

Geology
A geologically young land, Iceland is located on both the Iceland
hotspot and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs right through it. This
location means that the island is highly geologically active with many
volcanoes, notably Hekla, Eldgj, Herubrei and Eldfell.[39] The
volcanic eruption of Laki in 17831784 caused a famine that killed
nearly a quarter of the island's population;[40] the eruption caused dust
clouds and haze to appear over most of Europe and parts of Asia and
Africa for several months afterward.[41]
The erupting Geysir in Haukadalur valley, the
oldest known geyser in the world

Iceland has many geysers, including Geysir, from which the English
word is derived, and the famous Strokkur, which erupts every 510
minutes. After a phase of inactivity, Geysir started erupting again after
a series of earthquakes in 2000. Geysir has since then grown more
quiet and does not erupt often.
With the widespread availability of geothermal power, and the
harnessing of many rivers and waterfalls for hydroelectricity, most
residents have access to inexpensive hot water, heating and electricity.
The island itself is composed primarily of basalt, a low-silica lava
associated with effusive volcanism as has occurred also in Hawaii.
Iceland, however, has a variety of volcanic types (composite and
fissure), many producing more evolved lavas such as rhyolite and
andesite. Iceland has hundreds of volcanoes within approx. 30 volcanic
systems active.[42]

Dettifoss, located in northeast

Iceland. It is the largest waterfall in
Europe in terms of volume discharge,
with an average water flow of 200
m3/second.

Surtsey, one of the youngest islands in the world, is part of Iceland.

Named after Surtr, it rose above the ocean in a series of volcanic
eruptions between 8 November 1963 and 5 June 1968.[7] Only
scientists researching the growth of new life are allowed to visit the
island.[43]

On 21 March 2010, a volcano in Eyjafjallajkull in the south of Iceland erupted for the first time since 1821, forcing
600 people to flee their homes.[44] Further eruptions on 14 April forced hundreds of people to abandon their
homes.[45] The resultant cloud of volcanic ash brought major disruption to air travel across Europe.[46]

Iceland

Eyjafjallajkull major eruption, photo taken May

10, 2010

Another large eruption occurred on 21 May 2011. This time it was the
Grmsvtn volcano, located under the thick ice of Europe's largest
glacier, Vatnajkull. Grmsvtn is one of Iceland's most active
volcanoes and this eruption was much more powerful than the 2010
Eyjafjallajkull activity. The eruption hurled ash and lava 20km
(unknown operator: u'strong'mi) up into the atmosphere, creating a
large cloud that for a while was thought to pose a danger to jet aircraft
over a wide area of northern Europe.

An iceberg near Jkulsrln with Vatnajkull,

Europe's largest glacier, in the background.

Climate
The climate of Iceland's coast is subpolar oceanic. The warm North
Atlantic Current ensures generally higher annual temperatures than in
most places of similar latitude in the world. Regions in the world with
similar climate include the Aleutian Islands, the Alaska Peninsula, and
Tierra del Fuego, although these regions are closer to the equator.
Despite its proximity to the Arctic, the island's coasts remain ice-free
through the winter. Ice incursions are rare, the last having occurred on
the north coast in 1969.[47]
Eyjafjallajkull glacier, one of the smallest
glaciers of Iceland

There are some variations in the climate between different parts of the
island. Generally speaking, the south coast is warmer, wetter and
windier than the north. The Central Highlands are the coldest part of the country. Low-lying inland areas in the north
are the most arid. Snowfall in winter is more common in the north than the south.
The highest air temperature recorded was 30.5 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) on 22 June 1939 at Teigarhorn
on the southeastern coast. The lowest was on 22 January 1918 at Grmsstair and Mrudalur in the northeastern
hinterland. The temperature records for Reykjavk are 26.2 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) on 30 July 2008,

Iceland

10

and on 21 January 1918.

Climate data for Reykjavk, Iceland (19611990)
Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high C (F) 1.9

2.8

3.2

5.7

9.4

11.7 13.3 13.0 10.1 6.8

Average low C (F)

2.1

0.4

3.6

6.7

8.3

7.9

5.0

3.4

2.2

7.0

2.2 1.3 2.8

1.9

[48]

Source #1: Icelandic Meteorological Office

[49]

Source #2: Reykjavk weather station (#1) climatic means chart

Climate data for Akureyri, Iceland (19611990)

Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high C (F) 0.9

1.7

2.1

5.4

9.5

13.2 14.5 13.9 9.9

5.9

1.3

6.7

Average low C (F) 5.5 4.7 4.2 1.5

2.3

6.0

0.4 3.5 5.1

0.2

7.5

7.1

3.5

2.6

[48]

Source #1: Icelandic Meteorological Office

[49]

Source #2: Reykjavk weather station (#1) climatic means chart

Biodiversity
There are around 1,300 known species of insects in Iceland, which is a rather low
number compared with other countries (over one million species have been
described worldwide). The only native land mammal when humans arrived was
the Arctic Fox,[50] which came to the island at the end of the ice age, walking
over the frozen sea. On rare occasions, bats have been carried to the island with
the winds, but they are not able to breed there. Polar bears occasionally come
over from Greenland, but they are just visitors, and no Icelandic populations
exist.[51] There are no native or free living reptiles or amphibians on the
island.[52]

An Icelandic horse

An Icelandic sheep

Phytogeographically, Iceland belongs to the Arctic province of the

Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the
World Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of Iceland belongs to the
ecoregion of Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra.
Approximately three quarters of the island are barren of vegetation;
plant life consists mainly of grassland which is regularly grazed by
livestock. The most common tree native to Iceland is the Northern
Birch (Betula pubescens), which formerly formed forest over much of
Iceland along with Aspen (Populus tremula), Rowan (Sorbus
aucuparia) and Common Juniper (Juniperus communis) and other
smaller trees.

Iceland

11

When the island was first settled, it was extensively forested. In the late 12th-century slendingabk, Ari the Wise
described it as "forested from mountain to sea shore".[53] Permanent human settlement greatly disturbed the isolated
ecosystem of thin, volcanic soils and limited species diversity. The forests were heavily exploited over the centuries
for firewood and timber.[50] Deforestation, climatic deterioration during the Little Ice Age and overgrazing by sheep
caused a loss of critical topsoil due to erosion. Today, many farms have been abandoned and three-quarters of
Iceland's hundred thousand square kilometres are affected by soil erosion, eighteen thousand square kilometres so
seriously as to be useless.[53] Only a few small birch stands now exist in isolated reserves. The planting of new
forests has increased the number of trees, but does not compare to the original forests. Some of the planted forests
include introduced species.[50]
The animals of Iceland include the Icelandic sheep, cattle, chicken,
goat, the sturdy Icelandic horse, and the Icelandic Sheepdog. Many
varieties of fish live in the ocean waters surrounding Iceland, and the
fishing industry is a major part of Iceland's economy, accounting for
approximately half of the country's total exports. Wild mammals
include the Arctic Fox, mink, mice, rats, rabbits and reindeer. Polar
bears occasionally visit the island, travelling on icebergs from
Greenland. In June 2008, two polar bears arrived in the same
month.[54] Birds, especially seabirds, are a very important part of
Iceland's animal life. Puffins, skuas, and kittiwakes nest on its sea
cliffs.[55]

The Arctic Fox was the only indigenous mammal

in Iceland prior to the arrival of humans

Commercial whaling is practised intermittently[56][57] along with scientific whale hunts.[58] Whale watching has
become an important part of Iceland's economy since 1997.[59] In early 2010, Iceland's proposed quota in killing fin
whales was much larger than the amount of whale meat the Japanese market could absorb. In negotiations with Marc
Wall, Economic Minister-Counselor at the US embassy in Tokyo, Jun Yamashita of the Japanese Fisheries
Agencies, however, rejected a proposal to suggest to Iceland to reduce the number of killed fin whales to a more
reasonable number.[60]

Politics
Iceland has a leftright multi-party system. The biggest parties are the
centre-left Social Democratic Alliance (Samfylkingin), the centre-right
Independence Party (Sjlfstisflokkurinn) and the Left-Green
Movement (Vinstrihreyfingin grnt frambo). Other political parties
with seats in the Althing are the centrist Progressive Party
(Framsknarflokkurinn) and The Movement (Hreyfingin). Many other
parties exist on the municipal level, most of which run only locally in a
single municipality.

The political system of Iceland.

Iceland was the first country in the world to have a political party formed and led entirely by women.[61] Known as
the Women's List or Women's Alliance (Kvennalistinn), it was founded in 1983 to advance the political, economic,
and social needs of women. After participating in its first parliamentary elections, the Women's List helped increase
the proportion of female parliamentarians by 15%.[62] Although it disbanded in 1999, it left a lasting influence on
Iceland's politics: every major party has a 40% quota for women, and nearly a third of the current members of
parliament (as of 2009) is female, compared to a global average of 16%.[63]
As of 2011, Iceland was ranked 2nd in the strength of its democratic institutions[64] and 13th in government
transparency.[65] The country has a high level of civic participation, with 84% voter turnout during the most recent
elections, compared to an OECD average of 72%. However, only 50% of Icelanders say they trust their political

Iceland

12

institutions, slightly less than the OECD average of 56% (and most probably a consequence of the political scandals
in the wake of the Icelandic financial crisis).[66]

Government
Iceland is a representative democracy and a parliamentary republic.
The modern parliament, Alingi (English: Althing), was founded in
1845 as an advisory body to the Danish monarch. It was widely seen as
a re-establishment of the assembly founded in 930 in the
Commonwealth period and suspended in 1799. Consequently, "it is
arguably the world's oldest parliamentary democracy."[67] It currently
has 63 members, elected for a maximum period of four years.[68] The
president is elected by popular vote for a term of four years, with no
term limit. The elections for president, the Althing and local municipal
councils are all held separately every four years.[69]

The Althing, Iceland's national parliament, in

Reykjavk

The president of Iceland is a largely ceremonial head of state and

serves as a diplomat, but can veto laws voted by the parliament and put
them to a national referendum. The current president is lafur Ragnar
Grmsson. The head of government is the prime minister (currently
Jhanna Sigurardttir) who, together with the cabinet, is responsible
for executive government. The cabinet is appointed by the president
after a general election to the Althing; however, the appointment is
Stjrnarri, the seat of the Cabinet of Iceland,
usually negotiated by the leaders of the political parties, who decide
the executive branch of the government
among themselves after discussions which parties can form the cabinet
and how its seats are to be distributed, under the condition that it has a majority support in the Althing. Only when
the party leaders are unable to reach a conclusion by themselves within a reasonable time span does the president
exercise this power and appoint the cabinet personally. This has not happened since the republic was founded in
1944, but in 1942 regent Sveinn Bjrnsson, who had been installed in that position by the Althing in 1941, appointed
a non-parliamentary government. The regent had, for all practical purposes, the position of a president, and Sveinn
would later become the country's first president in 1944.
The governments of Iceland have always been coalition governments, with two or more parties involved, as no
single political party has ever received a majority of seats in the Althing throughout the republican period. The extent
of the political power possessed by the office of the president is disputed by legal scholars in Iceland; several
provisions of the constitution appear to give the president some important powers but other provisions and traditions
suggest differently. In 1980, Icelanders elected Vigds Finnbogadttir as president, the world's first directly elected
female head of state. She retired from office in 1996. In 2009, Iceland became the first country with an openly gay
head of government when Jhanna Sigurardttir became prime minister.[70]

Iceland

13

Administrative divisions
Iceland is divided into regions, constituencies, counties, and municipalities. There are eight regions which are
primarily used for statistical purposes; the district court jurisdictions also use an older version of this division.[7]
Until 2003, the constituencies for the parliamentary elections were the same as the regions, but by an amendment to
the constitution, they were changed to the current six constituencies:

Reykjavk North and Reykjavk South (city regions);

Southwest (four non-contiguous suburban areas around Reykjavk);
Northwest and Northeast (northern half of Iceland, split); and,
South (southern half of Iceland, excluding Reykjavk and suburbs).

The redistricting change was made in order to balance the weight of different districts of the country, since
previously a vote cast in the sparsely populated areas around the country would count much more than a vote cast in
the Reykjavk city area. The imbalance between districts has been reduced by the new system, but still exists.[7]

Regions of Iceland

Constituencies of Iceland

Counties of Iceland

Iceland's 23 counties are, for the most part, historical divisions. Currently, Iceland is split up among 26 magistrates
(sslumenn, singular sslumaur) who represent government in various capacities. Among their duties are tax
collection, administering bankruptcy declarations, and performing civil marriages. After a police reorganisation in
2007, which combined police forces in multiple counties, about half of them are in charge of police forces.[7]
There are 75 municipalities in Iceland which govern local matters like schools, transport and zoning. These are the
actual second-level subdivisions of Iceland, as the constituencies have no relevance except in elections and for
statistical purposes. Reykjavk is by far the most populous municipality, about four times more populous than
Kpavogur, the second one.[7]

Foreign relations
Iceland maintains diplomatic and commercial relations with practically
all nations, but its ties with the Nordic countries, Germany, the US,
Canada, and the other NATO nations are particularly close.
Historically, due to cultural, economic and linguistic similarities,
Iceland is a Nordic country, and it participates in intergovernmental
co-operation through the Nordic Council.
Iceland is a member of the European Economic Area (EEA), which
allows the country access to the single market of the European Union
Nordic prime ministers in 2010, with Icelandic
(EU). It is not a member of EU, but in July 2009 the Icelandic
Prime Minister Jhanna Sigurardttir in the
centre
parliament, the Althing, voted in favour of application for EU
[71]
[72]
membership
and officially applied on July 17, 2009.
EU officials
mentioned 2011 or 2012 as possible accession dates.[73] Iceland is also a member of the UN, NATO, EFTA and
OECD.

Iceland

14

Military
Iceland has no standing army. The U.S. Air Force maintained four to six interceptor aircraft at the Keflavk base,
until they were withdrawn on 30 September 2006. Since May 2008, NATO nations have periodically deployed
fighters to patrol Icelandic airspace under the Icelandic Air Policing mission.[74][75] Iceland supported the 2003
invasion of Iraq despite much domestic controversy, deploying a Coast Guard EOD team to Iraq[76] which was
replaced later by members of the Iceland Crisis Response Unit. Iceland has also participated in the ongoing conflict
in Afghanistan and the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. Despite the ongoing financial crisis the first new patrol
ship in decades was launched on 29 April 2009.[77]
Icelanders remain especially proud of their role in hosting the historic 1986 ReaganGorbachev summit in
Reykjavk, which set the stage for the end of the Cold War. Iceland's principal historical international disputes
involved disagreements over fishing rights. Conflict with the United Kingdom led to a series of so-called Cod Wars
in 19521956 due to the extension of Iceland's fishing zone from 3 to 4 nmi (unknown operator: u'strong' to
unknown operator: u'strong' km; unknown operator: u'strong' to unknown operator: u'strong' mi), 195861
following a further extension to 12nmi (unknown operator: u'strong'km; unknown operator: u'strong'mi),
197273 with another extension to 50nmi (unknown operator: u'strong'km; unknown operator: u'strong'mi);
and in 197576 another extension to 200nmi (unknown operator: u'strong'km; unknown operator:
u'strong'mi).
According to the Global Peace Index, Iceland is the most peaceful country in the world, due to its lack of armed
forces, low crime rate, and high level of sociopolitical stability.[78]

Economy

Akureyri is the largest town in Iceland outside of

the Greater Reykjavk Area. Most rural towns are
based on the fishing industry, which provides
40% of Iceland's exports.

In 2007, Iceland was the seventh most productive country in the world
per capita (US$54,858), and the fifth most productive by GDP at
purchasing power parity ($40,112). Except for its abundant
hydroelectric and geothermal power, Iceland lacks natural resources;
historically its economy depended heavily on fishing, which still
provides 40% of export earnings and employs 7% of the work force.[7]
The economy is vulnerable to declining fish stocks and drops in world
prices for its main material exports: fish and fish products, aluminium,
and ferrosilicon. Whaling in Iceland has been historically significant.
Iceland still relies heavily on fishing, but its importance is diminishing
from an export share of 90% in the 1960s to 40% in 2006.[79]

Until the 20th century, Iceland was among the poorest countries in
Western Europe. Currently, it remains one of the most developed
countries in the world. Strong economic growth had led Iceland to be ranked first in the United Nations' Human
Development Index report for 2007/2008,[3] although as of 2011 its HDI rating had fallen to 14th place as a result of
the economic crisis. Nevertheless, according to the Economist Intelligence Index of 2011, Iceland has the 2nd
highest quality of life in the world.[80] Based on the Gini coefficient, Iceland also has one of the lowest rates of
income inequality in the world,[81] and when adjusted for inequality, its HDI ranking climbs to 5th place.[82] Despite
the economic contraction of 2008, the country has a relatively low unemployment rate, at around 6% as of 2011,
compared to 8.1% the year before.[7][83]
Many political parties remain opposed to EU membership, primarily due to Icelanders' concern about losing control
over their natural resources (particularly fisheries).[84] The national currency of Iceland is the Icelandic krna (ISK).
A poll released on 5 March 2010 by Capacent Gallup showed that 31% of respondents were in favour of adopting
the euro and 69% opposed.[85] Another Capacent Gallup poll conducted in February 2012 found that 67.4% of

Iceland

15

Icelanders would reject EU membership in a referendum. [86]

Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and
service industries in the last decade, including software production,
biotechnology, and finance; industry accounts for around a quarter of
economic activity, while services comprise close to 70%.[87] Despite
the decision to resume commercial whale hunting in 2006, the tourism
sector is expanding, especially in ecotourism and whale-watching. On
average, Iceland receives around 1.1 millions visitors annually, which
is more than three times the native population.[88] Iceland's agriculture
industry, accounting for 5.4% of GDP,[7] consists mainly of potatoes,
green vegetables (in greenhouses), mutton and dairy products.[7] The
financial centre is Borgartn in Reykjavk, which hosts a large number
of companies and three investment banks. Iceland's stock market, the
Iceland Stock Exchange (ISE), was established in 1985.[89]

Graphical depiction of Iceland's product exports

in 28 color coded categories.

Iceland is ranked 27th in the 2012 Index of Economic Freedom, lower than in prior years but still among the freest in
the world.[90] As of 2012, it ranks 30th in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitive Index, one place higher
than in 2011.[91] According to INSEAD's Global Innovation Index, Iceland is the 11th most innovative country in the
world.[92] Unlike most Western European countries, Iceland has a flat tax system: the main personal income tax rate
is a flat 22.75%, and combined with municipal taxes, the total tax rate equals no more than 35.72%, not including the
many deductions that are available.[93] The corporate tax rate is a flat 18%, one of the lowest in the world.[93] There
is also a value added tax, whereas a net wealth tax was eliminated in 2006. Employment regulations are relatively
flexible and the labour market is one of the freest in the world. Property rights are strong and Iceland is one of the
few countries where they are applied to fishery management.[93] Like other welfare states, taxpayers pay various
subsidies to each other, but with spending being less than in most European countries.
Despite low tax rates, agricultural assistance is the highest among OECD countries and a potential impediment to
structural change. Also, health care and education spending have relatively poor returns by OECD measures, though
improvements have been made in both areas. The OECD Economic Survey of Iceland 2008 had highlighted Iceland's
challenges in currency and macroeconomic policy.[94] There was a currency crisis that started in the spring of 2008,
and on 6 October trading in Iceland's banks was suspended as the government battled to save the economy.[95] The
latest assessment by the OECD[96] determined that Iceland has made progress in many areas, particularly in creating
a sustainable fiscal policy and restoring the health of the financial sector; however, challenges remain in making the
fishing industry more efficient and sustainable, as well as in improving monetary policy in order to address
inflation.[97] Iceland's public debt remains around 130%, the 6th highest in the world by proportion of national
GDP.[98]

Iceland

16

Economic contraction
Iceland has been hit especially hard by the ongoing late-2000s
recession, because of the failure of its banking system and a
subsequent economic crisis. Before the crash of the country's three
largest banks, Glitnir, Landsbanki and Kaupthing, their combined debt
exceeded approximately six times the nation's gross domestic product
of 14 billion ($19 billion).[99][100] In October 2008, the Icelandic
parliament passed emergency legislation to minimise the impact of the
financial crisis. The Financial Supervisory Authority of Iceland used
permission granted by the emergency legislation to take over the
The Reykjavk headquarters of slandsbanki.
domestic operations of the three largest banks.[101] Icelandic officials,
including central bank governor Dav Oddsson, stated that the state
did not intend to take over any of the banks' foreign debts or assets. Instead, new banks were established around the
domestic operations of the banks, and the old banks will be run into bankruptcy.
On 28 October 2008, the Icelandic government raised interest rates to 18%, (as of August 2010, it was 7%) a move
which was forced in part by the terms of acquiring a loan from the IMF. After the rate hike, trading on the Icelandic
krna finally resumed on the open market, with valuation at around 250 ISK per Euro, less than one-third the value
of the 1:70 exchange rate during most of 2008, and a significant drop from the 1:150 exchange ratio of the week
before. Iceland appealed to the Nordic countries for an additional 4 billion in aid to avert the crisis.[102]
On 26 January 2009, the coalition government collapsed due to the public dissent over the handling of the financial
crisis. A new left-wing government was formed a week later and immediately set about removing Central Bank
governor Dav Oddsson and his aides from the bank through changes in law. Oddsson was removed on 26 February
2009 in the wake of protests outside the Central Bank.[103]
Thousands of Icelanders have moved from the country after the collapse, and many of those moved to Norway. In
2005, 293 people moved from Iceland to Norway; in 2009, the figure was 1,625.[104] In April 2010, the Icelandic
Parliaments Special Investigation Commission published the findings of its investigation,[105] revealing the extent of
control fraud in this crisis.[106] By June of 2012, Landsbanki managed to repay about half of the Icesave debt.[107]

Transport

The Ring Road of Iceland and some towns it

passes through: 1. Reykjavk, 2. Borgarnes, 3.
Blndus, 4. Akureyri, 5. Egilsstair, 6. Hfn, 7.
Selfoss.

Iceland has a high level of car ownership per capita; with a car for
every 1.5 inhabitants, it is the main form of transportation.[108] Iceland
has 13034km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) of administered
roads, of which 4617km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) are
paved and 8338km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) are not. A
great number of roads remain unpaved to this day, mostly little-used
rural roads. The road speed limits are 50km/h (unknown operator:
u'strong'mph) in towns, 80km/h (unknown operator:
u'strong'mph) on gravel country roads and 90km/h (unknown
operator: u'strong'mph) on hard-surfaced roads.[109] Iceland
currently has no railways.

Route 1, or the Ring Road (Icelandic: jvegur 1 or Hringvegur), was

completed in 1974, and is a main road that runs around Iceland and connects all the inhabited parts of the island,
with the interior of the island being uninhabited. This paved road is 1337km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi)
long with one lane in each direction, except near larger towns and cities and in the Hvalfjrur Tunnel (also the site
of a toll) where it has more lanes. Many bridges on it, especially in the north and east, are single lane and made of

Iceland

17

timber and/or steel.

The main hub for international transport is Keflavk International Airport, which serves Reykjavk and the country in
general. It is 48km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) to the west of Reykjavk. Domestic flights, flights to
Greenland and the Faroe Islands, and business flights operate mostly out of Reykjavk Airport, which lies in the city
centre. Most general aviation traffic is also in Reykjavk. There are 103 registered airports and airfields in Iceland;
most of them are unpaved and located in rural areas. The biggest airport in Iceland is Keflavk International Airport
and the biggest airfield is Geitamelur, a four-runway field around 100km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) east of
Reykjavk, dedicated exclusively to gliding. There are a number of international airlines that fly to and from Iceland
regularly.[110]

Energy
Renewable sourcesgeothermal and hydropowerprovide effectively
all of Iceland's electricity[111] and around 80% of the nation's total
energy,[111] with most of the remainder consisting of imported oil used
in transportation and in the fishing fleet.[112][113] Iceland expects to be
energy-independent by 2050. Iceland's largest geothermal power plants
are Hellisheii and Nesjavellir,[114][115] while Krahnjkavirkjun is the
country's largest hydroelectric power station.[116]
Icelanders emit 6.29 tonnes of CO2 in 2009 equivalent of greenhouse
gases per capita.[117] Iceland is one of the few countries that have
filling stations dispensing hydrogen fuel for cars powered by fuel cells.
It is also one of a few countries currently capable of producing
hydrogen in adequate quantities at a reasonable cost, because of
Iceland's plentiful renewable sources of energy.

The Nesjavellir Geothermal Power Station

services the Greater Reykjavk Area's hot water
and electricity needs. Virtually all of Iceland's
[111]
electricity comes from renewable resources.

On January 22, 2009, Iceland announced its first round of offshore licences for companies wanting to conduct
hydrocarbon exploration and production in a region northeast of Iceland, known as the Dreki area.[118]
As of 2012, the government of Iceland is in talks with the government of United Kingdom about the possibility of
constructing a HVDC connector for transmission of electricity between the two countries. Iceland has considerable
renewable energy resources, especially geothermal energy and hydropower resources, and most of the potential has
not been developed, partly because there is not demand for additional electricity generation capacity from the
residents and industry of Iceland, but the United Kingdom is interested in importing inexpensive electricity from
renewable sources of energy, and this could lead to further development of the energy resources.

Iceland

18

Education and science

The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture is responsible for the
policies and methods that schools must use, and they issue the National
Curriculum Guidelines. However, playschools, primary schools, and
lower secondary schools are funded and administered by the
municipalities.

Reykjavk Junior College (Menntasklinn

Reykjavk), located in downtown Reykjavk, is
the oldest gymnasium in Iceland.

Nursery school, or leikskli, is non-compulsory education for children

younger than six years, and is the first step in the education system.
The current legislation concerning playschools was passed in 1994.
They are also responsible for ensuring that the curriculum is suitable so
as to make the transition into compulsory education as easy as
possible.

Compulsory education, or grunnskli, comprises primary and lower

secondary education, which often is conducted at the same institution.
Education is mandatory by law for children aged from 6 to 16 years.
The school year lasts nine months, beginning between 21 August and 1
September, ending between 31 May and 10 June. The minimum
number of school days was once 170, but after a new teachers' wage
contract, it increased to 180. Lessons take place five days a week. All
public schools have mandatory education in Christianity, although an
exemption may be considered by the Minister of Education.[119]

The main building of the University of Iceland

Upper secondary education, or framhaldsskli, follows lower secondary education. These schools are also known as
gymnasia in English. Though not compulsory, everyone who has had a compulsory education has the right to upper
secondary education. This stage of education is governed by the Upper Secondary School Act of 1996. All schools in
Iceland are mixed sex schools. The largest seat of higher education is the University of Iceland, which has its main
campus in central Reykjavk. Other schools offering university-level instruction include Reykjavk University,
University of Akureyri, Agricultural University of Iceland and Bifrst University.
An OECD assessment found 64% of Icelanders aged 2564 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree,
which is lower than the OECD average of 73%. Among 2534 year-olds, only 69% have earned the equivalent of a
high-school degree, significantly lower than the OECD average of 80%.[120] Nevertheless, Iceland's education
system is considered to be of excellent quality: the Programme for International Student Assessment currently ranks
it as the 16th best performing, above the OECD average.[121] Students were particularly proficient in reading and
math.
According to a 2011 Eurostat report by the European Commission, Iceland spends around 2.75% of its GDP on
scientific research and development (R&D), about 1% higher than the EU average, and the 4th highest of any
European country.[122] A 2010 UNESCO report found that out of 72 countries that spend the most on R&D (100
million US dollars or more), Iceland ranked 9th by proportion of GDP, tied with Taiwan, Switzerland, and Germany
and ahead of France, the UK, and Canada.[123]

Iceland

19

Demographics

Reykjavk, Iceland's largest metropolitan area and

the centre of the Greater Reykjavk Area which,
with a population of 200,000, makes for 64% of
Iceland's population.

Residents in Iceland by country of origin

(25 October 2011)

[124]

Iceland 297,309

93.36%

Poland

9,146

2.87%

Lithuania

1,609

0.51%

Germany

995

0.31%

Denmark

876

0.28%

Latvia

648

0.20%

Philippines

564

0.18%

United Kingdom

554

0.17%

Thailand

527

0.17%

Portugal

512

0.16%

United States

495

0.16%

France

327

0.10%

Sweden

323

0.10%

Norway

248

0.08%

Spain

241

0.08%

China

230

0.07%

Vietnam

206

0.06%

others

3,642

1.14%

Total
Total (excluding Icelanders)

318,452 100.00%
21,143

6.64%

The original population of Iceland was of Nordic and Gaelic origin. This is evident from literary evidence dating
from the settlement period as well as from later scientific studies such as blood type and genetic analyses. One such
genetics study has indicated that the majority of the male settlers were of Nordic origin while the majority of the
women were of Gaelic origin.[125]

Iceland

20

Iceland has extensive genealogical records dating back to the late 17th century and fragmentary records extending
back to the Age of Settlement. The biopharmaceutical company deCODE genetics has funded the creation of a
genealogy database which attempts to cover all of Iceland's known inhabitants. It views the database, called
slendingabk, as a valuable tool for conducting research on genetic diseases, given the relative isolation of Iceland's
population.
The population of the island is believed to have varied from 40,00060,000 in the period ranging from initial
settlement until the mid-19th century. During that time, cold winters, ash fall from volcanic eruptions, and bubonic
plagues adversely affected the population several times.[10] According to Bryson (1974), there were 37 famine years
in Iceland between 1500 and 1804.[126] The first census was carried out in 1703 and revealed that the population was
then 50,358. After the destructive volcanic eruptions of the Laki volcano during 178384, the population reached a
low of about 40,000.[127] Improving living conditions have triggered a rapid increase in population since the
mid-19th centuryfrom about 60,000 in 1850 to 320,000 in 2008. Unlike many European nations, Iceland has a
relatively young population, with one out of five people being 14 years-old or younger. Iceland also has a high
fertility rate for an industrialized country: at 2.1, it is one of only a few European countries with a birth rate sufficient
for stable long-term population growth (see table on the left).[128][129]
Population estimate
Year
2010

Low

Medium

High

317,630

2015 324,524 325,015 325,483

2020 338,177 341,046 343,836
2025 349,863 356,790 363,847
2030 360,119 371,730 383,930
2035 368,846 385,626 403,593
2040 375,865 398,217 422,579
2045 380,957 409,389 440,851
2050 384,254 419,356 458,657
2055 385,991 428,323 476,255
2060 386,547 436,548 493,800
Source: Statistics Iceland

[130]

In December 2007, 33,678 people (13.5% of the total population) living in Iceland had been born abroad, including
children of Icelandic parents living abroad. Around 19,000 people (6% of the population) held foreign citizenship.
Polish people make up the largest minority group by a considerable margin (see table on the right for more details),
and still form the bulk of the foreign workforce. About 8,000 Poles now live in Iceland, 1,500 of them in
Reyarfjrur where they make up 75% of the workforce who are constructing the Fjararl aluminium plant.[131]
The recent surge in immigration has been credited to a labour shortage due to the booming economy at the time, as
well as to the lifting of restrictions on the movement of people from the Eastern European countries that joined the
EU / European Economic Area in 2004. Large-scale construction projects in the east of Iceland (see Krahnjkar
Hydropower Project) have also brought in many people whose stay is expected to be temporary. Many Polish
immigrants were also considering leaving in 2008 as a result of the Icelandic financial crisis.[132]
The southwest corner of Iceland is the most densely populated region. It is also the location of the capital Reykjavk,
the northernmost national capital in the world. The largest towns outside the Greater Reykjavk area are Akureyri
and Reykjanesbr, although the latter is relatively close to the capital.

Iceland
Some 500 Icelanders under the leadership of Erik the Red colonized Greenland among the existing paleo-Eskimo
inhabitants in the late 10th century.[133] The total population reached a high point of perhaps 5,000 and developed
independent institutions before disappearing by 1500.[134] From Greenland the Norsemen launched expeditions to
settle in Vinland, but these attempts to colonise North America were soon abandoned in the face of hostility from the
indigenous peoples. Emigration to the United States and Canada began in the 1870s. Today, Canada has over 88,000
people of Icelandic descent, [135] while there are more than 40,000 Americans of Icelandic descent, according to the
2000 US census.[136]

Urbanisation
Iceland's 10 most populous urban areas:

Language
Iceland's de facto official written and spoken language is Icelandic, a North Germanic language descended from Old
Norse. In grammar and vocabulary, it has changed less from Old Norse than the other Nordic languages; Icelandic
has preserved more verb and noun inflection, and has to a considerable extent developed new vocabulary based on
native roots rather than borrowings from other languages. The puristic tendency in the development of Icelandic
vocabulary is to a large degree a result of conscious language planning, in addition to centuries of isolation. Icelandic
is the only living language to retain the use of the runic letter in Latin script. The closest living relative of the
Icelandic language is Faroese. Icelandic Sign Language was officially recognised as a minority language in 2011. In
education, its use for Iceland's deaf community is regulated by the National Curriculum Guide.
English and Danish are each widely understood and spoken as secondary languages; both languages are included in
the compulsory school curriculum.[137] Other commonly spoken languages are Faroese, German, Norwegian and
Swedish. Danish is mostly spoken in a way largely comprehensible to Swedes and Norwegiansit is often referred
to as skandinavska (i. e. Scandinavian) in Iceland.[138]
Rather than using family names, as is the custom in all mainland European nations, the Icelanders use patronymics
or matronymics. The patronymic and matronymic follows the person's given name, e.g. Elsabet Jnsdttir
("Elsabet, Jn's daughter") or lafur Katrnarson ("lafur, Katrn's son"). Consequently, Icelanders refer to one
another by their given name, and the Icelandic telephone directory is listed alphabetically by first name rather than
by surname.

Health
Iceland has a universal health care system that is administered by The Ministry of Welfare (Icelandic:
Velferarruneyti)[139] and paid for mostly by taxes (85%) and to a lesser extent by service fees (15%). Unlike
most developed nations, there are no private hospitals, and private insurance is practically nonexistent.[140]
A considerable portion of the government budget is assigned to health care,[140] and Iceland ranks 11th in health care
expenditures as a percentage of GDP [141] and 14th in spending per capita.[142] Overall, the countrys health care
system is one of the best performing in the world, ranked 15th by the World Health Organization.[143] According to
an OECD report, Iceland devotes far more resources to healthcare than most industrialized nations. As of 2009,
Iceland had 3.7 doctors per 1,000 people (compared with an average of 3.1 in OECD countries) and 15.3 nurses per
1,000 people (compared with an OECD average of 8.4).[144]
Icelanders are among the worlds healthiest people, with 81% reporting to be in good health, according to an OECD
survey.[145] Although it's a growing problem, obesity is not as prevalent as in other developed countries,[144] infant
mortality is one the lowest in the world,[146] and the proportion of the population that smokes is lower than the
OECD average.[144] The average life expectancy is 81.8 (compared to an OECD average of 79.5), the 4th highest in
the world.[147]

21

Iceland

22

Additionally, Iceland has a very low level of pollution, thanks to an overwhelming reliance on cleaner geothermal
energy, a low population density, and a high level of environmental consciousness among citizens.[148] According to
an OECD assessment, the amount of toxic material in the atmosphere is far lower than any other industrialized
country measured.[149]

Religion

A church in the village of Hellnar, on the south

side of the Snfellsnes peninsula

[150]

Religion in Iceland - 2012 organisation membership

religion
Church of Iceland

percent
76.81%

Other Lutheran

5.69%

Catholic

3.27%

Other Christian

2.28%

satrarflagi

0.6%

Buddhism

0.3%

Other not specified

6.1%

No religion

4.94%

Icelanders enjoy freedom of religion under the constitution of Iceland, though the Church of Iceland, a Lutheran
body, is the state church. The National Registry keeps account of the religious affiliation of every Icelandic citizen.
In 2005, Icelanders were divided into religious groups as follows:[7]

80.7% members of the National Church of Iceland.

6.2% members of unregistered religious organisations or with no specified religious affiliation.
4.9% members of the Free Lutheran Churches of Reykjavk and Hafnarfjrur.
2.8% not members of any religious group.
2.5% members of the Roman Catholic Church, which has a Diocese of Reykjavk (see also Bishop of Reykjavk
(Catholic)).

The remaining 2.9% includes around 2025 other Christian denominations while around 1% belong to non-Christian
religious organisations. There is a small Muslim community of between 370 and 600, living mostly in Reykjavk,
and about 30 50 Jews. The largest non-Christian denomination is satrarflagi, a neopagan group.[151] Many
Icelanders, regardless of faith, retain some Norse folk beliefs. A survey measuring attitudes towards the supernatural
found that around 40% of the population claimed to have had some kind of contact with the dead.[152]
Iceland is a very secular country: as with other Nordic nations, religious attendance is relatively low. [153][154] The
above statistics represent administrative membership of religious organisations, which does not necessarily reflect

Iceland
the belief demographics of the population of Iceland. According to a study published in 2001, 23% of the inhabitants
are either atheist or agnostic.[155] A Gallup poll conducted in 2011 found that 60% of Icelanders considered religion
to be unimportant in their daily lives, one of the highest rates of irreligion in the world.[156]

Culture
Icelandic culture has its roots in Norse traditions. Icelandic literature is popular, in particular the sagas and eddas that
were written during the High and Late Middle Ages. Centuries of isolation have helped to insulate the country's
Nordic culture from external influence; a prominent example is the preservation of the Icelandic language, which
remains the closest to Old Norse out of any other Scandinavian language except Faroese.
In contrast to other Nordic countries, Icelanders place relatively great importance on independence and
self-sufficiency; in a public opinion analysis conducted by the European Commission, over 85% of Icelanders found
independence to be "very important," compared to 47% of Norwegians, 49% of Danes, and an average of 53% for
the EU25. [157] Icelanders also have a very strong work ethic, working some of the longest hours of any
industrialized nation.[158]
According to a poll conducted by the OECD, 66% of Icelanders were satisfied with their lives, while 70% believed
that their lives will be satisfying in the future. Similarly, 83% of people in Iceland reported having more positive
experiences in an average day than negative ones, compared to an OECD average of 72%, which makes Iceland one
of the happiest countries in the OECD.[159] A more recent 2012 survey found that around three quarters of
respondents stated they were satisfied with their lives, compared to a global average of about 53%.[160]
Iceland is liberal with regard to gay rights issues. In 1996, the Icelandic parliament passed legislation to create
registered partnerships for same-sex couples, conferring nearly all the rights and benefits of marriage. In 2006,
parliament voted unanimously to grant same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual couples in adoption,
parenting and assisted insemination treatment. On 11 June 2010, the Icelandic parliament amended the marriage law,
making it gender neutral and defining marriage as between two individuals, making Iceland one of the first countries
in the world to legalise same-sex marriage. The law took effect on 27 June 2010.[161] The amendment to the law also
means registered partnerships for same-sex couples are now no longer possible, and marriage is their only
optionidentical to the existing situation for opposite-sex couples.[161]
Icelanders are known for their deep sense of community: an OECD survey found that 98% believe they know
someone they could rely on in a time of need, higher than in any other industrialized country. Similarly, only 6%
reported "rarely" or "never" socializing with others.[162] This high level of social cohesion is attributed to the small
size and homogeneity of the population, as well as to a long history of harsh survival in an isolated environment,
which reinforced the importance of unity and cooperation.[163]
Egalitarianism is highly valued among the people of Iceland, with income inequality being among the lowest in the
world.[81] The constitution explicitly prohibits the enactment of noble privileges, titles, and ranks.[164] Everyone is
addressed by their first name. As with other Nordic countries, equality between the sexes is very high, with the
country consistently ranked among the top three in the world for women to live in.[165][166][167]

23

Iceland

Literature
Iceland's best-known classical works of literature are the Icelanders' sagas, prose
epics set in Iceland's age of settlement. The most famous of these include Njls
saga, about an epic blood feud, and Grnlendinga saga and Eirks saga,
describing the discovery and settlement of Greenland and Vinland (modern
Newfoundland). Egils saga, Laxdla saga, Grettis saga, Gsla saga and
Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu are also notable and popular Icelanders' sagas.
A translation of the Bible was published in the 16th century. Important
compositions since the 15th to the 19th century include sacred verse, most
An page of Njls saga from
famously the Passion Hymns of Hallgrmur Ptursson, and rmur, rhyming epic
Mruvallabk.
The sagas are a
poems. Originating in the 14th century, rmur were popular into the 19th century,
significant part of the Icelandic
when the development of new literary forms was provoked by the influential,
heritage.
National-Romantic writer Jnas Hallgrmsson. In recent times, Iceland has
produced many great writers, the best-known of whom is arguably Halldr
Laxness, who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1955 (the only Icelander to win a Nobel Prize thus far).
Steinn Steinarr was an influential modernist poet during the early 20th century who remains popular.
Icelanders are avid consumers of literature, with the highest number of bookstores per capita in the world. For its
size, Iceland imports and translates more international literature than any other nation.[164] Iceland also has the
highest per capita publication of books and magazines,[168] and around 10% of the population will publish a book in
their lifetimes.[169]

Art
The distinctive rendition of the Icelandic landscape by its painters can be linked to nationalism and the movement for
home rule and independence, which was very active in the mid-19th century.
Contemporary Icelandic painting is typically traced to the work of rarinn orlksson, who, following formal
training in art in the 1890s in Copenhagen, returned to Iceland to paint and exhibit works from 1900 to his death in
1924, almost exclusively portraying the Icelandic landscape. Several other Icelandic men and women artists studied
at Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts at that time, including sgrmur Jnsson, who together with rarinn created
a distinctive portrayal of Iceland's landscape in a romantic naturalistic style. Other landscape artists quickly followed
in the footsteps of rarinn and sgrmur. These included Jhannes Kjarval and Jlana Sveinsdttir. Kjarval in
particular is noted for the distinct techniques in the application of paint that he developed in a concerted effort to
render the characteristic volcanic rock that dominates the Icelandic environment. Einar Hkonarson is an
expressionistic and figurative painter who by some is considered to have brought the figure back into Icelandic
painting. In the 1980s, many Icelandic artists worked with the subject of the new painting in their work.
In the recent years artistic practice has multiplied, and the Icelandic art scene has become a setting for many large
scale projects and exhibitions. The artist run gallery space Kling og Bang, members of which later ran the studio
complex and exhibition venue Klink og Bank, has been a significant part of the trend of self-organised spaces,
exhibitions and projects.[170] The Living Art Museum, Reykjavk Municipal Art Museum, Reykjavik Art Museum
and the National Gallery of Iceland are the larger, more established institutions, curating shows and festivals.

24

Iceland

25

ingvellir by rarinn B. orlksson

Statue of Thorfinn
Karlsefni by Icelandic
sculptor Einar Jnsson
in Philadelphia

The writer Halldr

Laxness by Einar
Hkonarson,1984.

[[Icelandic architecture]] draws from [[Scandinavia]]n influences. The scarcity of native trees
resulted in traditional houses being covered by [[Sod|turf]].

Traditional Icelandic turf

houses. Until the 20th
century, the vast majority
of Icelanders lived in rural
areas.

Hallgrmskirkja
(Lutheran church),
Reykjavk, Iceland.

Austurstrti
16, a
significant
concrete
building.

The old building (Gamli Skli) of

the Menntaskli, i.e. High School
precinct in Akureyri.

Music
Icelandic music is related to Nordic music, and includes vibrant folk and pop traditions, medieval music group Voces
Thules, alternative and indie rock bands The Sugarcubes and Of Monsters and Men, jazz fusion band Mezzoforte,
singers Bjrk and Emilana Torrini, and post-rock band Sigur Rs. The national anthem of Iceland is Lofsngur,
written by Matthas Jochumsson, with music by Sveinbjrn Sveinbjrnsson.[171]
Traditional Icelandic music is strongly religious. Hymns, both religious
and secular, are a particularly well-developed form of music, due to the
scarcity of musical instruments throughout much of Icelands history.
Hallgrmur Ptursson wrote many Protestant hymns in the 17th
century. Icelandic music was modernised in the 19th century, when
Magns Stephensen brought pipe organs, which were followed by
harmoniums.
Other vital traditions of Icelandic music are epic alliterative and
rhyming ballads called rmur. Rmur are epic tales, usually a cappella,
Singer Bjrk, one of the best known Icelandic
musicians
which can be traced back to skaldic poetry, using complex metaphors
[172]
and elaborate rhyme schemes.
The best known rmur poet of the
19th century was Sigurur Breifjr (17981846). A modern revitalisation of the tradition began in 1929 with the
formation of the organisation Iunn.
Icelandic contemporary music consists of a big group of bands, ranging from pop-rock groups such as Bang Gang,
Quarashi and Amiina to solo ballad singers like Bubbi Morthens, Megas and Bjrgvin Halldrsson. Independent

Iceland

26

music is very strong in Iceland, with bands such as mm, Sugarcubes, HAM, Of Monsters and Men, Sigur Rs (of
which lead singer Jn r Birgisson also has prominent success with bands Jnsi and Jnsi & Alex), as well as solo
artists Emilana Torrini and Mugison. Some Icelandic jazz musicians and jazz bands have earned a reputation outside
of Iceland. Perhaps best known is the jazz fusion band Mezzoforte and Los Angeles-based jazz vocalist Anna Mjll.
Many Icelandic artists and bands have enjoyed international success, most notably Bjrk and Sigur Rs but also
Quarashi, Hera, Ampop, Mnus and mm. The main music festival is arguably Iceland Airwaves, an annual event on
the Icelandic music scene, where Icelandic bands along with foreign ones play in the clubs of Reykjavk for a week.
Electronic musicians include like Thor and GusGus.

Media
Iceland's largest television stations are the state-run Sjnvarpi and the privately
owned St 2, SkjrEinn and NN. Smaller stations exist, many of them local.
Radio is broadcast throughout the country, including some parts of the interior.
The main radio stations are Rs 1, Rs 2, X-ID977 and Bylgjan. The daily
newspapers are Morgunblai and Frttablai. The most popular websites are
the news sites Vsir and Mbl.is.[173]
Icelandic director Baltasar
Kormkur, best known for the films
101 Reykjavk, Jar City and
Contraband

Iceland is home to LazyTown (Icelandic: Latibr), a children's television

programme created by Magns Scheving. It has become a very popular
programme for children and adults and is shown in over 100 countries, including
the UK, the Americas and Sweden.[174] The LazyTown studios are located in

Garabr.
In 1992 the Icelandic film industry achieved its greatest recognition hitherto, when Fririk r Fririksson was
nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for his film, Children of Nature. Actress Gurn
S. Gsladttir, who is Icelandic, played one of the major roles in fabled Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky's 1986
film, The Sacrifice. Anita Briem, known for her performance in Showtime's The Tudors, is also Icelandic. Briem
starred in the 2008 film Journey to the Center of the Earth, which shot scenes in Iceland. The 2002 James Bond
movie Die Another Day is set for a large-part in Iceland.
On 17 June 2010, the parliament passed the Icelandic Modern Media
Initiative, a resolution proposing greater protection of free speech
rights and the identity of journalists and whistleblowers, the strongest
journalist protection law in the world.[175] According to a 2011 report
by Freedom House, Iceland is one of the highest ranked countries in
press freedom.[176]
CCP Games, developers of the critically acclaimed EVE Online and
Dust 514, is headquartered in Reykjavik. CCP Games hosts the third
most populated MMO in the world, which also has the largest total
game area for an online game.

A typical orramatur assortment

Iceland has a highly developed internet culture, with around 95% of the population having internet access, the
highest proportion in the world.[177] Iceland ranked 12th in the World Economic Forum's 20092010 Network
Readiness Index, which measures a country's ability to competitively exploit communications technology.[178] The
United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks the country 3rd in its development of information and
communications technology, having moved up four places between 2008 and 2010.[179]

Iceland

Cuisine
Much of Iceland's cuisine is based on fish, lamb, and dairy products, with little to no utilization of herbs or spices.
Due to the island's climate, fruits and vegetables aren't generally a component of traditional dishes, although the use
of greenhouses has made them more common in contemporary food. orramatur is a selection of traditional cuisine
consisting of many dishes, and is usually consumed around the month of orri, which begins on the first Friday after
19 January. Traditional dishes also include skyr, hkarl (cured shark), cured ram, singed sheep heads, and black
pudding. Puffin is considered a local delicacy that is often prepared through broiling.
Breakfast usually consists of pancakes, cereal, fruit, and coffee, while lunch may take the form of a smorgasbord.
The main meal of the day for most Icelanders is dinner, which usually involves fish or lamb as the main course.
Seafood is central to most Icelandic cooking, particularly cod and haddock but also salmon, herring, and halibut. It is
often prepared in a wide variety of ways, either smoked, pickled, boiled, or dried. Lamb is by far the most common
meat, and it tends to be either smoke-cured (known as hangikjt) or salt-preserved (saltkjt). Many older dishes
make use of every part of the sheep, such as sltur, which consists of offal (internal organs and entrails) minced
together with blood and served in sheep stomach. Additionally, boiled or mashed potatoes, pickled cabbage, green
beans, and rye bread are prevalent side dishes.
Coffee is a popular beverage in Iceland, and is drunk at breakfast, after meals, and with a light snack in
mid-afternoon. Coca-Cola is also widely consumed, to the extent that the country is said to have one of the highest
per capita consumption rates in the world.[180] Iceland's signature alcoholic beverage is Brennivn, or "burning
wine," which is similar to Scandinavian akavit. It is a type of vodka made from distilled potatoes and flavored with
either caraway seeds or angelica. Its potency has earned it the nickname svarti daui ("Black Death").

Sports
Sport is an important part of Icelandic culture, as the population is generally
quite active.[181] The main traditional sport in Iceland is Glma, a form of
wrestling thought to have originated in medieval times.
Popular sports include association football, track and field, handball and
basketball. Handball is often referred to as the national sport,[182] and Iceland's
team is ranked among the top 12 in the world. Icelandic women excel at football
relative to the size of the country, with the national team ranked 16th by
FIFA.[183]
Iceland has excellent conditions for skiing, fishing, snowboarding, ice climbing
and rock climbing, although mountain climbing and hiking are preferred by the
Eiur Smri Gujohnsen, Iceland's
general public. Iceland is also a world-class destination for alpine ski touring and
best-known football player
Telemark skiing, with the Troll Peninsula in Northern Iceland being the main
centre of activity. Although the county's environment is generally ill-suited for
golf, there are nevertheless several courses throughout the island, and Iceland regularly hosts an international
tournament known as the Arctic Open.[184] Iceland has also won the most competitions for World's Strongest Man,
with eight titles shared evenly between Magns Ver Magnsson and Jn Pll Sigmarsson.
Swimming is another popular activity in Iceland, owing to the widespread use of geothermal heating, which has
made outdoor pools common despite the climate. In fact, the national curriculum makes swimming courses
mandatory for all students. [185] Horseback riding, which was historically the most prevalent form of transportation
on the island, is now a major hobby among many Icelanders.
The oldest sport association in Iceland is the Reykjavk Shooting Association, founded in 1867. Rifle shooting
became very popular in the 19th century with the encouragement of politicians and nationalists who were pushing
for Icelandic independence. To this day, it remains a significant pastime.[186]

27

Iceland
Iceland has also produced many chess masters and hosted the historic World Chess Championship 1972 in
Reykjavik during the height of the cold war. As of 2008, there have been nine Icelandic chess grandmasters, a
considerable number given the small size of the population.[187] Bridge is also popular, with Iceland participating in
a number of international tournaments.

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Bibliography
Wilcox, Jonathan and Latif, Zawiah Abdul (15 April 2007). Cultures of the World: Iceland (http://books.google.
com/books?id=58ZHaTMk0j4C). Marshall Cavendish. ISBN978-0-7614-2074-3. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
Further reading
Davis, Robert C. 2003. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary
Coast and Italy, 15001800. Palgrave Macmillan.

33

Iceland

34

Gylfason, Thorvaldur. 2010. "Icelands special investigation: The plot thickens" (http://www.voxeu.org/index.
php?q=node/4965). VoxEU.org. 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
Jonsson, Asgeir (2008). Why Iceland? How One of the World's Smallest Countries Became the Meltdown's
Biggest Casualty. McGrawHill Professional. ISBN978-0-07-163284-3.
"Hagstofa slands Hagtlur " Mannfjldi " Mannfjldasp" (http://statice.is). Statistics Iceland. Retrieved
May 24, 2011.

External links

Gateway to Iceland (http://iceland.is/)

Government Offices of Iceland (http://www.government.is/)
Icelandic Government Information Center & Icelandic Embassies (http://www.iceland.org/)
Visit Iceland (http://www.visiticeland.com/) the official Icelandic Tourist Board
Inspired by Iceland (http://www.inspiredbyiceland.com/?site_locale=en)
Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/
world-leaders-i/iceland.html)
Iceland (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ic.html) entry at The World
Factbook

Iceland (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland) entry at Encyclopdia Britannica

Iceland (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/iceland.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Iceland (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Iceland/) at the Open Directory Project
#Iceland Icelandic Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel (irc://irc.efnet.org/Iceland)
Wikimedia Atlas of Iceland
Geographic data related to Iceland (http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/299133) at
OpenStreetMap
Iceland travel guide from Wikitravel
Incredible Iceland: Fire and Ice (http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/45881/
incredible-iceland-fire-and-ice) slideshow by Life magazine
Wikia has a wiki on this subject at World Wikia: Iceland
vifanord (http://www.vifanord.de/index.php?id=1&L=1&rd=243343734) a digital library that provides
scientific information on the Nordic and Baltic countries as well as the Baltic region as a whole
The Norse in the North Atlantic: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage (http://www.heritage.nf.ca/
exploration/norse.html) Memorial University of Newfoundland.

Article Sources and Contributors

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35

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File:Flag of Iceland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Zscout370, User:var Arnfjr Bjarmason
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