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5 - Whole Metallurgy (Part I)
5 - Whole Metallurgy (Part I)
5 - Whole Metallurgy (Part I)
Metals
Light metals Heavy metals High melting Brittle Ductile
Non metals
Inert gases
Noble
Low melting
From the periodic table, it can be found that: Metals are on the left side. Nonmetals are on the right side. Metalloids or semiconductors are at the boundary between metals and nonmetals; e.g. Carbon, Silicon and Boron.
Properties of metals:
1- Ionized positively. 2- Crystalline solids at room temperature, except Hg and Ga. 3- Opaque and lustrous. 4- Thermally ad electrically conductors. 5- Hardness, melting and boiling points. 6- Density. 7- Ductile and malleable. 8- Melting range. 9- White in color except Au and Cu.
2- Pt foils
Porcelain.
3- Au and Sn
4- Ag and Cu
Electroplated dies.
5- Hg
Amalgam.
6- Ti
Shaping of metals:
a) Casting: Liquid metal Crystalline solid
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Solidification of metals:
A Liquid Temperature Plateau L+S Tf B B\ Supercooling C Solid D
Heterogeneous
1 e.g. Y .S . r
1- Amount and rate of supercooling (Control number of grains and nuclei). 2- Rate of crystallization and rate of nucleation. 3- Nucleating agents.
Cast Wrought
Elastic
Plastic
Edge Dislocation
Screw Dislocation
Mixed Dislocation
Strain hardening: [Cold working] [Work hardening]: Dislocation is inhibited by: 1- Point defects. 2- Collision of 2 dislocation. 3- Foreign atom lattice. 4- Grain boundaries. Dislocation build up Stresses needed to proceed deformation So, Hardness, Strength and P.L.
Annealing: It reverses the effects of cold working It involve three stages: 1- Recovery. 2- Recrystallization. 3- Grain growth. Factors affecting grain size and shape: 1- Rate of cooling. 2- Nucleating agents. 3- Cold working. 4- Annealing a) Recrystallization b) Grain growth.
Recovery
Tm (for few minutes) Relief of stresses
Recrystallization
0.3-0.6 Tm
Grain growth
Further annealing
and
and
Recryst.
Tensile strength
Ductility