PHÚC TRÌNH LÊN MEN THỰC PHẨM PDF

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC CN TH
VIN NGHIN CU V PHT TRIN CNG NGH SINH HC
PHC TRNH
THC TP LN MEN THC PHM
CN B GING DY
Trn V Phng
Hunh Xun Phong
Nguyn Ngc Thnh
SINH VIN THC HIN

Nguyn Trng Duy Anh 3102719
H Trung Hip
3102732
Phan L Nhn
3102761
Thch Qui Pht
3102848
Cn Th, Thng 4/2013
MC LC
MC LC .................................................................................................................................. i
DANH SCH BNG ...............................................................................................................iii
DANH SCH HNH................................................................................................................ iv
BI 1: LN MEN RU T NGUYN LIU TINH BT ............................................... 1
1 GII THIU .......................................................................................................................... 1
2 PHNG TIN..................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Nguyn liu: ........................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Thit b v dng c: ............................................................................................................ 2
3 PHNG PHP ................................................................................................................... 2
3.1 S tng qut: .................................................................................................................. 2
3.2 Phng php phn tch ...................................................................................................... 2
4 KT QU V THO LUN ............................................................................................... 3
4.1 pH ................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 S pht trin ca khun ty v dch r ............................................................................... 4
4.3 S bt kh ............................................................................................................................. 4
4.4 Brix ................................................................................................................................. 5
4.5 cn .................................................................................................................................. 6
4.6 nh gi cm quan ............................................................................................................. 6
5 KT LUN ............................................................................................................................ 7
BI 2: LN MEN TEMPE ...................................................................................................... 8
1 GII THIU .......................................................................................................................... 8
2 PHNG TIN..................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Nguyn liu .......................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Ha cht ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 Dng c v thit b .............................................................................................................. 9
3 PHNG PHP ................................................................................................................... 9
i
3.1 S tng qut ln men tempe ......................................................................................... 9

3.2 Protocols cho phn tch tempe ......................................................................................... 10
4 KT QU V THO LUN ............................................................................................. 12
4.1 S thay i pH .................................................................................................................. 12
4.2 S thay i trng lng kh ............................................................................................ 12
4.3 Hm lng nit formol .................................................................................................... 13
4.4 Kt qu nh gi cm quan ............................................................................................. 14
5 KT LUN .......................................................................................................................... 15
BI 3: LN MEN RAU CI MUI CHUA ........................................................................ 16
1 GII THIU ........................................................................................................................ 16
2 PHNG TIN................................................................................................................... 16
2.1 Nguyn liu: ...................................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Dng c v thit b: .......................................................................................................... 16
3 PHNG PHP ................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Quy trnh ln men rau ci mui chua ............................................................................. 17
3.2 Phng php xc nh acid ton phn ...................................................................... 17
3.3 nh gi cm quan ........................................................................................................... 18
4 KT QU V THO LUN ............................................................................................. 18
4.1 S thay i pH theo thi gian .......................................................................................... 18
4.3 nh gi cm quan ........................................................................................................... 21
5 KT LUN .......................................................................................................................... 21
ii
DANH SCH BNG

Bng 1. S pht trin ca khun ty v dch r ....................................................................... 4
Bng 2. Nhng tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca tempe ................................................ 10
Bng 3. Kt qu theo di pH ............................................................................................ 18
Bng 4. Kt qu nh gi cm quan mt s ch tiu ........................................................... 21
iii
DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1. S tng qut ln men ru ................................................................................... 2
Hnh 2. S thay i pH trong tng giai on ......................................................................... 3
Hnh 3. S lng bt kh sau 1 v 2 ngy men .................................................................... 5
Hnh 4. S thay i ca Brix .............................................................................................. 5
Hnh 5. ru ca cc sn phm 200C ............................................................................ 6
Hnh 6. Kt qu nh gi cm quan ....................................................................................... 7
Hnh 7. S tng qut ln men tempe .................................................................................. 9
Hnh 8. Gi tr pH cc giai on ........................................................................................ 12
Hnh 9. S thay i trng lng, % cht kh v trng lng kh trong tng giai on 12
Hnh 10. Hm lng nit formol trong sn phm ............................................................... 13
Hnh 11. Kt qu nh gi cm quan cc sn phm tempe ................................................ 14
Hnh 12. S tng qut ln men da ci mui chua ......................................................... 17
Hnh 15. S thay i pH theo thi gian ca cc nghim thc nhm 3 ........................... 19
Hnh 16. acid ton phn ca sn phm cc nghim thc........................................... 20
Hnh 17. Kt qu tng im nh gi cm quan cc nghim thc ................................. 21
iv
Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm
Trng i Hc Cn Th
BI 1: LN MEN RU T NGUYN LIU TINH BT

(NHM II2 : NP THAN)
1 GII THIU
Ru l mt loi thc ung mang hng v truyn thng ca nn vn ha m
thc Vit Nam v l biu tng ca nim t ho v vn minh la nc. Nguyn liu
chnh ln ln men ru rt a dng, c th l cc loi ng cc nh go, np, ng
hoc cc loi hoa qu nhit i. c bit vng ng bng sng Cu Long, ru ln
men t tinh bt nh np than, np trng v go l nhng thc ung c cn ph bin.
Vit Nam ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long, ru np than l mt loi thc
ung c cn rt ph bin v c bit a thch do hng v thm ngon v mu p
hp dn. Ru np than c sn xut hon ton th cng s dng ngun ging chng
l dng bnh men lm ru v qu trnh chun b thc hin iu kin mi trng
xung quanh khng c v trng v khng kim tra c. Loi ru ny khng qua
chng ct. Ngi tiu dng s dng c dch ln men v b ln men c xay
nhuyn. Trong thc t sn xut sau khi ln men xong, mt s lng cn tinh khit s
c b sung vo ( ty theo yu cu ca ngi sn xut v ngi tiu dng), mc ch
l lm tng hm lng cn trong sn phm v tng kh nng bo qun sn phm.
Qu trnh sn xut ru ln men truyn thng ni chung c th c hiu mt
cch khoa hc l: mt qu trnh sinh hc trong cc nng sn c cha tinh bt nh
go, np hay np than, c bin i cho ra ru tri qua cc phn ng bin i vi
sinh v sinh ha. Cc bc ch yu trong qu trnh bin i ny bao gm: hp/nu,
chng ging, ln men v nghin lng thnh phm. Trong ngun ging chng c
vai tr rt quan trng v n nh hng ch yu n nng sut v cht lng ru thnh
phm. Ngun ging chng lm ru nguyn tc c cha h vi sinh vt, gm nm mc,
nm men v vi khun. Nm mc v nm men c bit quan trng, v nm mc s phn
gii tinh bt cho ra ng v ng s ln men bin i thnh cn di tc dng ca
nm men.
Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc
Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc
Trng i Hc Cn Th
2 PHNG TIN
2.1 Nguyn liu:
Go np than, go lc, go huyt rng (1Kg mi loi).
Men ging.
2.2 Thit b v dng c:
Dng c: Bnh tam gic 250ml, nt gn, np giy, waterlock, ng ong 100ml,
n cn, ht qut, spatula, thau, chu.
Thit b: ni kh trng, cn in t, t 300C, khc x k, pH k, h thng
chng ct, cn k, my li tm, my Stomacher.
3 PHNG PHP
3.1 S tng qut:
50g nguyn liu cho vo bnh tam gic 250ml
o pH
Ngm vi 60ml nc trong 6 hoc 12 gi

Hp 1000C trong 1 gi
ngui khong 40-450C
Phi trn tht u vi 1,5g men ru
mc 300C trong 3 ngy (y nt gn)
Quan st khun ty v dch ng r ra
o Brix, pH
Chan 70ml nc kh trng

cho ln men 300C trong 3 ngy (y bng waterlock)
m s bt kh mi ngy
o pH, Brix
Thu hoch thnh phm

Chng ct, o pH v cn
ng ha, GCQ
o pH v Brix
Hnh 1. S tng qut ln men ru
Trng i Hc Cn Th
3.2 Phng php phn tch

Hm lng ng tng s: o Brix (0Brix) bng my o khc x k
cm tay, 10Brix = 1% w/w ng.
Xc nh hm lng cn: em khi nguyn liu ln men chng ct,
v thu hoch 100ml dung dch sau khi chng ct, o cn bng cn k
v quy v chun 200C bng cch tra bng bin i.
nh gi cm quan: Ghi nhn mi v (ngt, chua, ng, c cn,), mu
( trong, mu sc c trng,).
4 KT QU V THO LUN
4.1 pH
Nhn chung pH c tnh acid v gim dn trong tng giai on trong tt c cc
nghim thc.
Hnh 2. S thay i pH trong tng giai on

Nc ngm c tnh acid yu (pH t 5,23 n 5,64) do trong qu trnh ngm c s
pht trin ca mt lng t vi khun acid lactic.
Gi tr pH sau khi mc gim nhanh N1 v N2 trong khi pH N3 khng thay
i c th c gii thch nh l c s hot ng mnh ca nm mc sinh ra cc sn
Trng i Hc Cn Th
phm acid N1 v N2 m khng c nhm 3 hoc do thao tc ca N3 khng chnh

xc. giai on tip theo gi tr pH gim nh N1 v N2 do c s tham gia hot ng
ca nm men trong mi trng ym kh to ethanol v mt s sn phm ph khc cng
gp phn lm h pH.
C s gim nhanh gi tr pH trong sn phm ru ca N3 c th do trong giai
on ny nm men hot ng yu khng th c ch cnh tranh s pht trin ca vi
khun acid lactic.
4.2 S pht trin ca khun ty v dch r
Bng 1. S pht trin ca khun ty v dch r
Thi gian
Go lc (N1)
Np than (N2)
Huyt rng (N3)
1 ngy mc
0
0
0
Khun ty
2 ngy mc
++
++
+
3 ngy mc
+++
+++
+++
1 ngy mc
0
0
0
Dch r
2 ngy mc
+
++
++
3 ngy mc
++
+++
+++
Sau 1 ngy chng ging khun ty cha pht trin tt c cc nhm nhng n
ngy 2 s pht trin ca khun ty nhm 1 v nhm 2 tng ng nhau v khc bit
c ngha i vi nhm 3. Sang n ngy th 3 sau khi chng ging th s pht trin
khun ty rt tt v tng ng nhau c 3 nhm. Kt qu cho thy ging chng ny
t ra u th trn c cht l go lc v np than hn l go huyt rng.
tt c cc nghim thc u khng xut hin dch r sau 1 ngy ging nhng
xut hin vo ngy 2 v ngy 3 vi lng tng dn cho thy s hot ng ca nm
mc trong vic phn gii tinh bt thnh ng.
4.3 S bt kh
S bt kh bt u xut hin sau 1 ngy men trn c 3 c cht c s khc bit,
nhiu nht l N2 (10), N1 (7), N3 (2). iu ny cho thy nm men hot ng to ra
kh CO2, ng thi cho thy u th ca ging chng ph hp trn c cht np than.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Hnh 3. S lng bt kh sau 1 v 2 ngy men

S bt kh sau 2 ngy men ca go lc v huyt rng tng l do dung dch cn
cha lng ng nhiu v nm men bt u pht trin mnh hn, trong khi np
than nm men vn pht trin tt nhng do lng ng gim nn s bt kh sinh ra
c gim nh.
4.4 Brix
Hnh 4. S thay i ca Brix
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Trong qu trnh ln men, lc u khi cho men vo trong iu kin hiu kh, nm
mc pht trin chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng. Tip theo, khi chan nc, trong iu
kin ym kh nm men pht trin s dng c cht l ng chuyn ha thnh ru lm
cho Brix gim.
Brix trong dch r sau khi mc ca np than v go huyt rng tng ng
nhau ln lt l 25.5 v 25 cao hn so vi dch r trong go lc 21.4 cho thy kh nng
hot ng ca nm mc trong ging chng thch hp vi c cht l np than v go
huyt rng hn l go lc.
Brix sau khi ln men u gim chng t nm men trong ging chng s
dng ng ln men to ra ru. Brix trong cc nghim thc gim mc
khc nhau, gim nhiu nht l np than cho thy ging chng l thch hp cho c
cht ny.
4.5 cn
Hnh 5. ru ca cc sn phm 200C

Kt qu cn cng cho thy ging chng l thch hp hn c cht l np than
v to ra ru c cn cao hn cc sn phm cn li.
4.6 nh gi cm quan
Kt qu cho thy ru go lc c mu sc p c trng c nh gi cao
nht; ru go np than c v c nh gi cao nht; ru go huyt rng c mi
thm nht. Mi loi ru thnh phm c u th v mt ch tiu. Tuy nhin, ru np
than l ru thnh phm c yu thch nht.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Hnh 6. Kt qu nh gi cm quan
5 KT LUN
Ru l mt sn phm d lm tuy nhin t c cht lng tt cng cn phi
c s hiu bit v k thut tt cng nh kinh nghim trong sn xut ru. Bn cnh
phi m bo v sinh an ton thc phm trong qu trnh sn xut.
Qua th nghim trn cho thy men ging ph hp vi c cht l np than hn cc
c cht khc trong th nghim ny v mi nguyn liu khc nhau s cho ra nhng sn
phm c mu sc, mi, v khc nhau.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
BI 2: LN MEN TEMPE
1 GII THIU
Tempe l mt loi thc phm c truyn ca ngi Indonesia l t u nnh ln
men, l loi thc phm c gi tr dinh dng cao, d tiu ha, giu riboflavin v
niacin. Tempe l mt v d in hnh cho ln men b mt, mt dng ln men khng
hin din lng nc t do, c cht dng ri vi hm lng nc thch hp cho s
ln men v phase lin tc l phase kh.
Tempe truyn thng l sn phm c ln men bi mt nhm a dng cc vi sinh
vt bao gm: nm mc, vi khun acid lactic v mt s vi khun gram m khc. Trong
, Rhizopus oligosporus l loi nm c ngha nht, ngoi ra cn c cc loi nm
mc khc nh R. oryzae, R. arbizus, Mucor spp. cng gp phn lm tng hng v v
dinh dng cho sn phm.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh ln men u nnh l tuyt i c ngha. Qua cc bc
tin x l (ngm v nu), u nnh mt nhiu cc cht phn t lng thp ha tan trong
nc nh ng n (saccharides) v acid amin. Trong qu trnh ln men, cc cht a
phn t (ng a polysaccharides, cht m protein) b phn ct bi enzyme. Cc
bin i ny c th xc nh bi cc th nghim ha hc (cht kh ha tan, chun
formol).
S truyn nhit v truyn khi ng vai tr quan trng trong ln men b mt, kh
oxi l bt buc cho s pht trin, th nhng c qu nhiu oxi gy nn s to thnh bo
t khng mong mun v s pht sinh nhit; s tch ly CO2 c to ra c th kim
hm s pht trin. Loi b nhit l vic quan trng ngn chn nhit vt qu
nhit ti u cho s pht trin ca nm mc. Lng c cht trong hp v nn
quyt nh khng gian trng gia cc ht u v nh hng n s pht trin ca
khun ty nm u khp b mt ht u v s bc hi ca m.
Ngun ging v thun chun ca ging nh hng rt ln n cht lng sn
phm (k c ha hc v vi sinh). Cc bin i trong qu trnh ch bin nh ngm u
(c hoc khng c nc chua t nc ngm ca m trc), dng ca ging chng,
nhit , khuch tn kh, v mt u to nn s khc bit v cht lng ca
tempe.
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Trong sut qu trnh ch bin cho n thnh phm, nguyn liu s mt dn cht
kh qua tng cng on. Hiu qu ca ton b tin trnh c th c xc nh bng
vic xc nh cht kh qua tng bc.
Cht lng tempe thnh phm c nh gi da theo cc tiu chun phn tch
trong protoclos. Kt qu nh gi c so snh vi cc m t cht lng ca tng loi
tempe theo bng QA (quality assessment: nh gi cht lng).
2 PHNG TIN
2.1 Nguyn liu
u nnh.
Nm mc Rhizopus oligosporus LU575 trn mi trng MEA.
2.2 Ha cht
Nc mui sinh l v trng, NaOH 0.1N, HCHO 37% (pH7),
2.3 Dng c v thit b
Khun ng tempe, n cn, ht qut, my o pH, burette bn t ng, thng
cha cht thi, r,thau, ti vi, ti PE, dng c nu u, thit b ng ha, cc,
3 PHNG PHP
3.1 S tng qut ln men tempe
u nnh
Nc + nc m trc, t0
Ngm qua m
Ra sch, tch v
Nu trong 20 pht
ro v ngui khong 40- 450C
Chng nm mc Rhizopus oligosporus
Trn u
p khun
trong 24-48 gi 300C
Tempe
Hnh 7. S tng qut ln men tempe

Trng i Hc Cn Th
3.2 Protocols cho phn tch tempe

3.2.1 nh gi cht lng
Trn phiu mu ghi im nh gi (nh mt gi tr) c a ra trn mi tiu
chun. Cc gi tr i din cht lng: xut sc (excellent), tt (good), km (poor) ca
tempe (tng ng 10, 6, 2) c ra. Mi tiu chun cho im gi tr gia 2 v 10 v
trung bnh cc tiu chun c im 7 l trung bnh ca cht lng.
Bng 2. Nhng tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca tempe
Xut sc
Tt
Km
10
Tiu chun
im
Din mo/Hnh
Nhn, vng kem, Bin ng nh v Khng ng nht
dng bn ngoi
c th hi nhn mu sc hoc s
S to thnh bo
thy ht u
u n
Khng c
t (c xut hin ra Xm hoc en xm
en)
mu
Hi mm
Qu mm
rn chc
Rn chc
S thm nhp ca
Pht trin u khp trung tm t thp Pht
khun ty nm
v xm nhp vo nhp hn
khng khun ty
trung tm
trung tm
Mi
trin
km
D chu, a thch C th chp nhn Mi kh chu, (thi,

(trung ha, thm c (chn, ging khai, chua,)
du, u)
nm
men,
khai-
chua, ngt)
pH
6.2 6.7
6.0 6.2 hoc 6.7 <6.0 hoc >7.0

7.0
Mu
Trng (ti mt), Vng nht
Vn n nu
vng nht
10
Trng i Hc Cn Th
3.2.2 Phn tch ha hc

Xc nh vt cht kh
Xay mu, cn 5g cho vo a Petri ( sy kh v cn trc ; chnh xc
0.01g), sy 1050C n khi trng lng khng i.
o pH
Cn 10g u nu hoc tempe xay mn, thm 90g nc ct v khuy u, thu
dch trch (suspension). Dch trch c s dng o pH v chun formol.
Chun Formol
Nhm xc nh lng acid amin t do c trong mu.
Nguyn tc c bn:
Cc acid c amin ha tan trong nc c tnh cht mui ni phn t do nhm
amino v nhm carboxyl trung ha ln. xc nh hm lng nit amin trong mu,
cn tin hnh kha nhm amin bng cch cho tc dng vi aldehyde formic, khi
nhm carboxyl tr nn t do, c th c chun bng dung dch NaOH.
RCHCOOH + HCHO
NH2
RCHCOOH + NaOH
N=CH2
Cch chun :
RCHCOOH + H2O
N=CH2
RCHCOONa + H2O
N=CH2
Cn 50g dch trch ( chnh xc 0.01g), khuy u v chnh pH n 7 (n nh

trong 30s), s dng NaOH 0,1N. Tip tc thm vo 5ml dung dch formaldehyde 37%
(pH 7), i khong 2 pht sau chun vi NaOH 0,1N cho n khi pH t 9.2-9.3
(n nh trong 30s). Ghi nhn th tch (ml) ca NaOH s dng.
Cch tnh kt qu:
0,0014 x (V-V0) x 1000
1,4 x (V-V0)
Nit formol=
---------------------------- (g/l) = -------------------- (g/l)
m
m
Trong :
V: s ml NaOH 0,1N dng chun mu.
V0: s ml NaOH 0,1N dng chun mu th khng.
0,0014: s gram nit tng ng vi 1ml NaOH 0,1N.
m: s ml mu phn tch.
1000: h s quy i t ml sang lt.
11
Trng i Hc Cn Th
4 KT QU V THO LUN
4.1 S thay i pH
Hnh 8. Gi tr pH cc giai on
Nhn chung gi tr pH tng qua tng giai on v chnh lch pH gia cc
nhm khc bit khng c ngha v u khng t tiu chun ca sn phm tempe (pH
t 6.0-7.0).
4.2 S thay i trng lng kh
Hnh 9. S thay i trng lng, % cht kh v trng lng kh

trong tng giai on
12
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Khi ngm u kh vo nc, u s ht nc lm cho trng lng tng ln

nhng sau khi nu trng lng u gim do mt phn b ha tan vo trong nc, mt
phn nc b bc hi v vic b i lp v. giai on tip theo, nm mc hot ng
mnh sinh ra nhit lm cho nc trong u b bc hi nn trng lng tip tc gim.
Cui cng t 50g u kh ta thu c 81g tempe, s liu ny c th c dng tnh
ton lng u kh cn thit sn xut mt lng tempe nht nh trong sn xut.
% cht kh trong u ngm gim mnh so vi u kh (85,76% cn 37,92%)
do lng cht kh khng thay i m tng khi lng tng nhiu. % cht kh tng tr
li sau khi nu do ch c mt lng t cht kh b ha tan trong khi trng lng gim
i nhiu. Sau qu trnh ln men % cht kh tip tc tng do mt lng nc trong
tempe b bc hi khi nhit tng ln.
Trng lng kh gim dn t u kh, ngm, nu cho ti thnh phm v cc
nguyn nhn sau:
u kh cha mt hm lng cht kh ln, khi ngm nc, mt s cht tan ha
tan trong nc do , lng cht kh trong u ngm gim.
Khi nu u nhng mch hydrocarbon ln c trong cht kh ca u li c
phn ct v chuyn ha thnh dng d ha tan hoc b bay hi lm lng cht kh
gim.
Sn phm tempe trc khi thnh phm phi qua qu trnh ln men bng nm
mc. Mt khc, trong nm mc c cc enzyme nh lipase, proteasephn ct protein
v mch phn t ln, lc ny lng cht kh rt thp.
4.3 Hm lng nit formol
Hnh 10. Hm lng nit formol trong sn phm

13
Trng i Hc Cn Th
u sau khi nu c mt phn protein b phn ct thnh cc acid amin ng thi

cc acid amin c to ra ny cng b ha tan vo trong nc mt phn nn c hm
lng nitformol thp (1.484g/Kg). Mt khc, trong cc sn phm tempe li c hm
lng nitfomol cao v khc bit rt c ngha so vi i chng cho thy c s hot
ng mnh ca nm mc trong vic ln men u to ra sn phm tempe c hm
lng acid amin cao, lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm.
4.4 Kt qu nh gi cm quan
Hnh 11. Kt qu nh gi cm quan cc sn phm tempe

Cc ch tiu v din mo, pH v c bit l s xm nhp khun ty tt c cc sn
phm u t im s thp nh nhau (im 2) cho thy r sn phm tempe t cht
lng rt km. S xm nhp khun ty nm km cho thy nm mc hot ng cha
thc s hin qu nguyn nhn c th do nhit khi chng mc cn cao song song
l m trong hp ng cao (do l qu nh khng thot c hi nc) lm cho nm
mc khng pht trin c nhng li l iu kin thun li cho mt s vi khun gy
hi pht trin mnh; hoc do cht lng ging km;
Do khun ty nm pht trin km nn s to thnh bo t khng nhiu dn n
vic nh gi cm quan ch tiu ny l tt theo nhm l khng hon ton chnh xc.
V rn chc ca sn phm, N1 v N3 c nh gi cao hn nhm N2 l do
c s kt dnh thnh khi N1 v N3 trong khi khng xy ra N2.
V mu sc, sn phm ca N1 v N2 c nh gi cao hn sn phm ca N3 do
sn phm ca N3 c mu hi nu trong khi cc nhm khc u c mu vng nht.
14
Trng i Hc Cn Th
V mi, sn phm ca N2 v N3 c mi chp nhn c trong khi sn phm ca

N1 l c mi thi.
5 KT LUN
Sn phm tempe c gi tr dinh dng cao, cha cc thnh phn d tiu ha,
ng thi quy trnh sn xut tempe cng kh n gin, c thc hin trong iu kin
bn v trng ng thi nn c th ng dng rng ri.
Tt c cc sn phm tempe trong bi thc tp ny u c cht lng km, cha
t tiu chun cht lng ca tempe thnh phm.
15
Trng i Hc Cn Th
BI 3: LN MEN RAU CI MUI CHUA

1 GII THIU
Rau xanh l mt phn rt quan trng tong ba n hng ngy ca mi ngi, l
ngun cung cp vitamin, khong cht v cht x ch yu cho c th. Hin nay rau
xanh c s dng ch yu dng ti sng v dng c ch bin, mt trong
nhng cch ch bin ph bin l mui chua.
K thut mui chua rau qu c t hng nghn nm, c p dng nh l mt
phng php c hiu qu ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm, tng thm hng v,
ng thi vn gi c cc gi tr dinh dng ca rau qu.
i vi hu ht cc loi sn phm mui chua, mc d a dng v thnh phn v
chng loi nhng u c sn xut theo cng mt nguyn l l c s p mui v
s dng h vi khun acid lactic trong qu trnh ln men.
Mt trong nhng sn phm mui chua ph bin min Ty Nam B l sn phm
mui chua t ci xanh. Ci xanh (Brassica juncea) l mt loi thc vt thuc h Ci.
L, thn v ht ci xanh u c dng lm thc phm. L v thn c th dng
mui da, gi l da mui. Ci xanh giu vitamin A v vitamin K. Ci xanh c th tch
ly hm lng ln cadmi v nhiu nguyn t him t t. Loi ny c th c dng
nh mt thc phm b sung selen, crom, st v km. Ci xanh c xem l mn mui
chua khoi khu c nhiu ngi a chung. Sn phm mui chua cha nhiu cht
dinh dng, v chua mn d n, kch thch khu v ba n tr nn ngon ming hn.
Bn cnh , h vi sinh vt trong ci mui chua cn c tc dng h tr tiu ha, iu
ha h vi sinh ng rut, tng cc vi khun c li, c ch vi khun gy hi.
2 PHNG TIN
2.1 Nguyn liu:
Ci xanh c mua siu th.
ng, mui.
2.2 Dng c v thit b:
Ni, bp gas, thau, r, hp nha, cn, a tre.
16
Trng i Hc Cn Th
3 PHNG PHP
3.1 Quy trnh ln men rau ci mui chua
Nguyn liu
X l s b (ct b r, l h, ra sch)
Chn (10s)
ro v ngui
Xp vo keo
Nu dung dch nc mui ng
Ln men
Da chua
Hnh 12. S tng qut ln men da ci mui chua
3.2 Phng php xc nh acid ton phn
Nguyn l: Dng dung dch kim chun NaOH trung ha ht acid c trong
thc phm.
Tin hnh: Ly 5ml dung dch ln men v 45ml nc ct v cho vo bnh tam
gic. Nh NaOH 0,1N t burret xung cho n khi pH=8,2.
Tnh kt qu: acid ton phn tnh theo cng thc:
X=
K*n*1000
v
(g/l)
Trong :
n: s ml NaOH 0,1N s dng
v: s ml mu em chun
K: H s loi acid: acid lactic, K=0,009; acid acetic, K=0,006;
acid citric, K=0,0064; acid tartaric, K=0,0075; acid malic,
K=0,0067.
17
Trng i Hc Cn Th
3.3 nh gi cm quan
S dng phng php cho im. c xy dng trn mt thang thng nht c 6
bc (t 0 n 5) v im 5 l cao nht cho mt ch tiu, cc ch tiu c nh gi l:
mu sc, mi, v, gin, thch ca sn phm.
4 KT QU V THO LUN
4.1 S thay i pH theo thi gian
Bng 3. Kt qu theo di pH
T l
Mui/ng
1:1
1:3
1:5
2:1
2:3
2:5
3:1
3:3
3:5
Ngy 1
5.48
4.89
4.64
4.41
5.05
4.62
4.89
4.88
4.88
pH
Ngy 3
5.15
4.42
4.27
4.25
4.91
4.31
4.31
4.45
4.45
Ngy 2
5.2
4.6
4.46
4.14
5.01
4.44
4.44
4.6
4.65
Ngy 4
4.86
4.23
4.22
4.12
4.81
4.15
4.15
4.31
4.44
Ngy 5
4.69
4.26
4.17
4.2
4.71
4.1
4.1
4.25
4.38
Nhn chung, gi tr pH gim tng ngy hu ht cc nghim thc. iu ny

chng t c s hot ng ca vi khun acid lactic to ra acid lactic v lng acid ny
tch ly ngy cng nhiu lm cho pH trong mi trng cng gim. Tuy nhin tc
gim ca gi tr pH c khc bit gia cc nghim thc c th hin cc hnh 12, 13,
14. Tc gim pH mi trng khng u nhau l do s nh hng ca t l mui /
ng. ng l ngun cung cp ngun carbon, lm tng hng v; mui cng c tc
dng lm tng v cho sn phm, ngoi ra mui cn c tac dng c ch s hot ng
ca mt s vi sinh vt c hi.
18
Trng i Hc Cn Th
Hnh 13. S thay i pH theo thi gian ca cc nghim thc nhm 1
19
Trng i Hc Cn Th
4.2 Phn tch acid tng

Nng mui 2% cho acid ton phn cao hn cc nng 1% v 3%. c
bit acid ton phn nghim thc c t l mui / ng l 2:5 (11.52g/l), trong khi
cc nghim thc khc th acid ton phn chnh lch khng nhiu. acid ton
phn lin quan cht ch vi s pht trin ca vi khun acid lactic trong th nghim,
acid ton phn cao chng t vi khun pht trin mnh sinh ra nhiu acid lactic v
ngc li acid thp chng t vi khun hot ng km sinh ra t acid.
Hnh 16 . acid ton phn ca sn phm cc nghim thc
20
Trng i Hc Cn Th
4.3 nh gi cm quan
Bng 4. Kt qu nh gi cm quan mt s ch tiu
Ch tiu
Mu
Mi
V
Gin
thch
Tng cng
Nhm 1
1:1
1:3
4
3
3
3
2
2
4
3
2
2
15
13
1:5
4
4
2
5
4
19
Nhm 2
2:1
2:3
5
5
3
3
2
4
3
4
2
3
15
19
2:5
5
4
5
4
4
22
Nhm 3
3:1
3:3
4
5
4
5
3
4
3
4
4
4
18
22
3:5
3
2
2
2
2
11
Cc sn phm c nh gi t ch tiu v mu sc, mi, gin nhng v v

th phn ln l km. Da vo ch tiu thch v im tng c th thy hai nghim thc
2:5 v 3:3 c nh gi cao nht.
Hnh 17. Kt qu tng im nh gi cm quan cc nghim thc

5 KT LUN
chua ca sn phm mui chua ph thuc ch yu vo s pht trin ca vi
khun acid lactic. Trong khi, vi khun pht trin mnh hay yu li ph thuc vo t l
mui / ng. Nng 2% mui v 5% ng c cho l nng ti u cho vi
khun lactic pht trin (theo kt qu th nghim). Tuy nhin t c kt qu chnh
xc hn cn lp li th nghim nhiu ln tt c cc nghim thc.
21

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B GIO DC V O TO

THC TP LN MEN THC PHM

SINH VIN THC HIN

Cn Th, Thng 4/2013

3.1 S tng qut ln men tempe ......................................................................................... 9

DANH SCH BNG

DANH SCH HNH

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

BI 1: LN MEN RU T NGUYN LIU TINH BT

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Ngm vi 60ml nc trong 6 hoc 12 gi

Chan 70ml nc kh trng

Thu hoch thnh phm

Hnh 1. S tng qut ln men ru

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

3.2 Phng php phn tch

Hnh 2. S thay i pH trong tng giai on

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

phm acid N1 v N2 m khng c nhm 3 hoc do thao tc ca N3 khng chnh

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Hnh 3. S lng bt kh sau 1 v 2 ngy men

Hnh 4. S thay i ca Brix

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Hnh 5. ru ca cc sn phm 200C

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Hnh 7. S tng qut ln men tempe

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

3.2 Protocols cho phn tch tempe

Nhn, vng kem, Bin ng nh v Khng ng nht

t (c xut hin ra Xm hoc en xm

Pht trin u khp trung tm t thp Pht

D chu, a thch C th chp nhn Mi kh chu, (thi,

6.0 6.2 hoc 6.7 <6.0 hoc >7.0

Trng (ti mt), Vng nht

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

3.2.2 Phn tch ha hc

Cn 50g dch trch ( chnh xc 0.01g), khuy u v chnh pH n 7 (n nh

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Hnh 9. S thay i trng lng, % cht kh v trng lng kh

Chuyn ngnh Cng ngh sinh hc

Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc

Phc trnh thc tp Ln men thc phm

Khi ngm u kh vo nc, u s ht nc lm cho trng lng tng ln

Hnh 10. Hm lng nit formol trong sn phm