Chapter 4 Review Questions 1.

In a woody plant such as a tree, which parts have cells that live only briefly and die quickly? Which parts have cells that live for several years?

2. Some cells never stop dividing. Give two examples of cells like this.

3. Interphase is also called the resting phase of the cell cycle. Why was it given that name?

4. What are the main activities of a cell while it is in G1 phase? What kinds of organisms have short G1 phases, and how long does a short G1 phase last? What kinds of organisms have long G1 phases, and how long do they lasts?

5. What is the main activity of the S phase of the cell cycle? What does S stand for?

6. Table 4-2 gives the number of chromosomes in a haploid set of chromosomes. What is the lowest number in the table? What is the highest number? Most cells in plants are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, so the number per nucleus should be doubled. How many chromosomes are present in each diploid potato nucleus? If a potato plant has 1 million cells, each with one diploid nucleus, how many chromosomes are present in the entire plant?

7. How many chromatids does a chromosome have before s phase of the cell cycle? How many does it have after S phase?

8. Examine Table 4-1. How many hours does cell cycle last in the root tips of corn and in onion? Which plant has cells that divide more quickly? How many cell cycles could corn and onion roots undergo in 4 weeks(the cell cycle s in Table 4-1 are given in hours, not days)? If after a cell divides both daughter cells could divide and then their daughter cells could divide, how many corn cells and how many onion cells would be present at the end of 4 weeks if you started with just one cell of each?

9. What are the four phases of the cell cycle? What is the principal activity in the cell during each phase? Can any phase be eliminated or bypassed?

10. Why is mitosis called duplication division and meiosis called reduction division? What is reduced and what is duplicated: chromosomes, number of chromosomes, or number of sets of chromosomes?

11. What does it mean when chromosomes are said to condense during prophase of mitosis? How long are chromosomes after condensation is complete? How big is a typical dividing cell in a root or shoot (Table 3-1)? If a chromosome were still 20m long after condensation, would It be possible for division to pull half of it to one end of the cell and the other half to the other end?

12. What is the name of the set of microtubules that pull chromosomes apart? What is the name of the attachment point between microtubules and chromosomes? What is the name of the ends of the cells where the chromosomes are pulled?

13. What is a metaphase plate? What is duplicated at the end of metaphase? When this is duplicated, chromatids become free of each other. How many chromatids are there per chromosome in prophase? How many chromatids per chromosome after metaphase?

14. Imagine a nucleus that hat 10 chromosomes. How many chromosomes does it have before prophase begins? How many chromosomes does each daughter nucleus have after telophase has been completed? How many chromatids are present in the one mother nucleus before prophase begins? How many chromatids are present in each daughter nucleus after telophase has been completed? How many chromosomes are present if you add together all chromatids in both daughter nuclei after telophase has been completed?

15. What are the four phases of mitosis, and what is the principal activity in the nucleus during each phase?

16. Draw a single, imaginary chromosome as it would appear just as mitosis is ending. Now describe what happens to it during interphase and then during mitosis. Be especially careful to consider how many chromatids and how many copies of each gene it has at each stage.

17. How does cytokinesis occur in plants? Which organelle produces vesicles that fuse to form the cell plate? What membrane is transformed into new plasma membrane?

18. Many people consider algae to be plants even though algae do not have roots, stems, and leaves, but in many algae, cell division is different from that in true plants. Do most algae have a phragmoplast? What is the name of the structure they use?

19. Sex cells are also called ___________. If a species has males and females (not all species do), males produce sex cells called ________ cells, and female produce sex cells called ______ cells.

20. How many sets of chromosomes does each sperm cell carry? How many does each egg cell have? Gametes such as sperm cells and egg cells are said to be (circle one: diploid, haploid). After a sperm and an egg have fused, the new cell is called a ____________, and it is (circle one: diploid, haploid).

21. If a plant has diploid cells with 20 chromosomes in each nucleus, how many chromosomes does each of its gametes have? What is the name of the division that reduces the number of chromosomes from 20?

22. What are the five stages of prophase I, and what is the principal activity of the nucleus and chromosomes during each stage?

23. During zygotene stage of meiosis I, a remarkable pairing of chromosomes occurs. Look at the bottom part of Figure 4-19 in which mitosis: growth of the body has produced cells with four different types of chromosomes. The black ones came from the sperm nucleus. The red ones came from the egg nucleus. If one of these nucleus. If one of these nuclei were to undergo meiosis, which chromosomes would pair during zygotene (which are homologous)- the long black one with the short black one or the long black one with the long red one?

24. What is the name of the structure that holds homologous chromosomes together after they have paired during zygotene?

25. During pachytene, crossing over occurs. Do chromosomes actually break during this process?

26. How does anaphase I of meiosis differ from anaphase of mitosis? Does the number of chromatids per chromosome change in anaphase I? Does the number of sets of chromosomes per nucleus change in anaphase I?

27. Draw all stages in the cell cycle and meiosis for a nucleus that has just one pair of homologous chromosomes, and then do the same for a nucleus that has three different types of chromosomes (six chromosomes in three sets of homologs). Draw all stages (this is not easy).

28. If a cell undergoes nuclear division but not cell division, it becomes multinucleate. If it has hundreds of nuclei, it is called a _______________.

29. Do prokaryotes undergo meiosis or mitosis? How do their cells divide?

30. Describe the process of division that produces more plastids and mitochondria.