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How To Solve A Problem
How To Solve A Problem
How does a material behave? General transport equations Differential equation for class of problems Differential equations of motion in each direction Solution Velocity profile
Assumptions
Effects of averaging
Where d=mean particle separation l=size of averaging vol. L=length scale over which an averaged quantity changes significantly. dl and lL Often problem with determining a suitable averaging volume size in a multiphase flow as not possible to satisfy both inequalities.
Eulerian Models
Treat both phases as continuous materials (continua) whose motion is governed by differential equations. Similar assumption as in single-phase fluid mechanics. Most simple and popular approach. Difficulties: Describing a disperse phase, such as particles, as continuous may be a difficult assumption to make. Length scale constraints Constitutive relations and interaction terms can be difficult to define.
Lagrangian models
e.g. DEM models Follow individual disperse elements and individually calculate interactions. Difficulties: Description of interactions can be difficult. Large computing power required. Often combined with an Eulerian model (e.g. for the continuous phase). Obtaining quantifiable outcomes
Slip is allowed. The phases are modelled separately with a set of mass,
momentum, and energy equations for each phase. Terms are required to describe the interaction between the phases i.e. the exchange of mass, momentum and energy over the boundaries. Geometry (the structure of the flow) is still lost. Often called two-fluid models.
x G x z
where Re=GD/. Note that ceases to be a property, but depends on x. Other forms are available, but they are nearly all dubious, usually lacking in any form of physical meaning: there is no reason for a multiphase flow to behave like a Newtonian fluid.
Two-phase multiplier 2
The multiplier can be based on the liquid (l) or the gas (g).
l based on Gl
g based on Gg
lo based on G
go based on G
Martenelli Parameter
Parameter used to correlate experimental data based on known single-phase pressure drops.
dp dz l 2 = dp dz g
Based on flows of individual components in a twophase flow
2 2 g = 1 + C +
2
= 1+
2 l
dp dp dp dp = + C dz m dz l dz l dz g
Two-phase frictional pressure drop Liquid term Two-phase term
1/ 2
dp + dz g
Gas term
Values of C
Chisholm (1967)
C 20 12 10 5