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1905 mvj hLb wek I ivwkqvq eyRvqv mswZi AatcZb NUwb, hLb Pov
ewKw`KZv, g~jeva I mvgvwRK `vqenxbZv GZ gvivZK ic bqwb| mB mgq
wecex `ji m`mc`i gvcKvwV Kx ne, Zv wbq gvZfi mv_ jwbbi HwZnvwmK
weZK cm vwjb GB eewU Dvcb KiwQjb| mB mgqi cwicwZ GB
eewU LyeB iZc~Y wQj|
vwjb iPbvejxi c_g L menviv kYx I menviv wecex `j jLvq AvQ hLb Avgiv
cvwU msMVb hvM `e Ges Avgv`i ewMZ ^v_K cvwUi ^v_i mv_ wgwjq `e
ZLbB Avgiv cvwUi m`m nZ cvie Ges Gi avivevwnKZvq cjZvixq evwnbxi bZv nZ
cvie|9 IB jLviB Avi GK RvqMvq gvZf`i Zxe cwZwqvi Reve w`Z wMq
gvZf`i K_vi A_ Kx, Zv evSvZ wMq wjLQb ... Zv`i K_v beb bv hviv ej
GKRb cvwU m`mK Kvb GKwU cvwU msMVb _vKZ ne Ges wbRi BQvK cvwUi
BQvi Aab KiZ ne| c_gZt GKRb gvbyli c GB kZwj MnY Kiv KwVb|
cvwUi KvQ wbRi BQvK MY Kiv Kvb nvwmi welq bq ... gb nq gvZf mB mKj
AavcK Ges DP we`vjqi Qv`i Rb `ytwLZ hviv cvwUi BQvi wei wbR`i
BQvK MY KiZ ivwR bq|10 GKB cei `yBwU Ask GK coj evSv hvq,
vwjb gvRvi ejZ cvimvbvj BbUvi ev DBkm-K cvwU BUvi ev DBkm-Gi
mveAwWbU Kiv Aaxb Kiv eywSqQb| ewK ewMZ mw I mwRvZ
gvbwmKZv _K m~Y gy nIqv evSvb wb| KviY mB hyM wecex Av`vjb GB
cqvRbxqZv AvmIwb| vwjb h GUvB eywSqwQjb, mUv cieZxKvj Kvwjwbb, wjD
kvD wP-i jLv _KI evSv hvq| GB `ywU cyK GK mgq weki me KwgDwb`i

wZwb ejQb, gvbeZvev`x bxwZbwZKZv I fMvekli DciB mvgev`x bxwZ-bwZKZv

I g~jeva Mo IV I weKvkjvf Ki| eyRvqv gvbeZvev`i hLvb kl, mvgev`i
mLvb i| mvgev`x nZ nj ew ^v_eva Ges ewMZ Rxeb I cvwievwiK
ewKw`K `wfw m~Y wemRb w`Z ne| h nvwm gyL, wbwavq, ^Qvq Ges wbtkZ
ew^v_K Rjvwj w`Z cvi, GKgv mB h_v_ KwgDwb nZ cvi| wZwb AviI
ejQb, (wecex`i) KvW Ad KbWv ev AvPiYwewa Avq Kivi GKUv cavb kZ nj
wecei m, kYxi m Ges `ji m GKvZZv Mo Zvjv| AvRKi w`b DbZ
KwgDwb Pwi ARbi ck wke`vm Nvl h iZc~Y MvBWjvBb w`qQb, Zvi iZ I
Zvrch LvjKzvgvb A^xKvi KiZ PvBQb Ges Zvi viv wbR `jiB c_g w`K NvwlZ
menviv kYxi `j MVbi mgmv cmi DjwLZ eeKI A^xKvi KiQb| GKw`K
evSvZ PvBQb, cuywRev` hb c_g _KB GKB iKg cwZwqvkxj wQj, dj eZgvbi
wqz I Pig cwZwqvkxj ewev`i hyM ej wPwZ Kivi wKQz bB; Abw`K

bwZKZvi mv_ Zvi gwjK cv_K Kv_vq G me ck wZwb AvjvKcvZ Ki hvb wb|
mUvB KiZ nqQ Zuvi cieZx hyMi myhvM Dim~ix wke`vm NvlK, hgb Ab
Dim~ixivI c~eZb wkK`i wkvi KiQb| gZevw`K weZK-3-G LvjKzvgvb
mvwfqZ KwgDwb cvwUi 19Zg KsMm vwjbi ee _K DwZ w`q `Lvevi
Pv KiQb, cKvkfwgv ev` w`j wke`vm Nvli GKvZZv mwKZ eei mv_ Gi
Kvbv cv_K bB| A_vr wke`vm Nvl bZzb wKQz ejbwb, ay cKvkfwUv Avjv`v| G
cm 1905 mvj vwjbi ee mK AvMB ejv nqQ|

Aek cvV wQj| Ab KwgDwb GWzKkb eBq Kvwjwbb wjLQb, GKRb cKZ
KwgDwb Gi ewMZ mgmv Zvi wPvq MY _vK, hw` cwievi AcxwZKi wKQz NU,
mUv AekB `ytLRbK wK Avwg gb Kwi bv Gi dj mgvRZi Kvbv wZ ne Ges
myZivs nvZi KvRwUI wZM nIqv DwPZ bq| GUv ejvi Acv ivL bv h Avcwb hw`
KejB Avcbvi wbRi K_v Ges cwievii K_v fveb Avcwb cKZ KwgDwb nZ
cvieb bv|11 Ab w`K mB mgq Pxbi KwgDwb cvwUZ gvI m ZzOi ciB huvi vb
wQj mB wjI kvD wP-I nvD Uz we G W KwgDwb eBq GKB myi wjLQb, mKj
mgq Ges mKj ck GKRb cvwU m`m mvgwMKfve cvwUi ^v_i weePbv c_g Kieb
Ges ZvK mKj wKQzi AMfvM vb `eb Ges ewMZ welq I ^v_K wZxq vb vcb
Kieb| ... GKRb cvwUi m`m ewMZ ^v_K cvwUi mv_ wgwjq w`Z cvi Ges `qv
DwPZ| wK Gi viv KLbB GUv evSvq bv h Avgv`i cvwU Zvi m`m`i ewMZ
^v_K ^xKwZ w`Z Pvq bv A_ev ZvK Dcv KiZ Pvq ev ewmvK gyQ djZ
Pvq| cvwU m`m`i ewMZ mgmv _vKZ cvi hvi w`K bRi w`Z ne|12 ejv
evj, Kvwjwbb I wjD kvD wP-i GB ee vwjbi wPviB cwZawb cvIqv hvq Ges
`ywbqvi me KwgDwbiv GUvKB Av`k wnmve MnY KiwQjb|

GLb, 19Zg KsMm vwjb ejQb, Avgv`i `k mgvRZvwK Av`kiB cvavb

iqQ, hvi AcivRq wfw nj gvKmev`-jwbbev`| wK eyRvqv fvev`ki Aekl
(fwRm) AvRI Avgv`i `k iqQ| ew mwK K` Ki Mo IVv
bwZKZveva I gvbwmKZvi asmvekl (relics of private property mentality and
morality) AvRI wUK AvQ| GwU KLbI AvcbvAvcwb kl nq hve bv| Gwji wei
`pZvi mv_ msMvg cwiPvjbv KiZ ne| GUv Zuvi kl Rxebi AZ iZc~Y
Dcjw| wK GUv wQj mvwfqZ mgvRZ mKB Zuvi AeRvfkb, wek KwgDwb
Av`vjbi mvgb ewev` I ewev`RwbZ gvbwmKZv I bwZKZv iZc~Y wec` GUv
`wLq GUvK m~Y Zic wZwb Avbbwb, me `kB ewev`i mgmvK dvBU KiZ
ne GB MvBWjvBb wZwb w`q hvb wb| nqZ AviI wKQz w`b euP _vKj w`q hZb|

1905 mvji ci _K 1948 mvj GB `xN mgq cuywRev`x `ywbqvq bwZKZvi msKU
AbK Zxe nqQ, ZviB cwicwZ wke`vm Nvl, ejwQjb, c~eZb KwgDwb bwZKZv
g~jZ gvbeZvev`i Dci cwZwZ| mB bwZKZv w`q AvR Avi DbZ KwgDwb Pwi
ARb Kiv hve bv| ZvB wZwb GLbKvi w`bi DchvMx bZyb KwgDwb bwZKZvi gvb
wbaviY Kijb| LvjKzvgvb GK mgq wke`vm Nvli GB Ae`vb ^xKvi KiZb, AvR
A^xKvi KiQb| wK Kb? wZwb wK ejZ PvBQb wke`vm Nvli wkv Abyhvqx
ew^v_, ewmv I ewev`RwbZ gvbwmKZvK wbtmskq, wbwavq I nvwmgyL m~Y
wemRb bv w`q cvwUi ^v_i KvQ ZvK mveAwWbU ev mKvwi KiZ ne, GB aviYvUv
AbymiY KivB AvR Zv`i c myweavRbK?

3) gZevw`K weZK-4-G KgiW LvjKzvgvb ejQb, AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjb

wPvcwZZ h hvwK `wfw KvR KiwQj ZvI wke`vm Nvl 1948 mvjB uwkqvwi w`q
`wLqwQjb ej `vwe Kiv nqQ| GUv wK wbQK GKUv `vwe, bvwK GK HwZnvwmK
mZi ^xKwZ? 1948 mvj hLb vwjbi bZZ mgvRZvwK `kwj I wek KwgDwb
Av`vjb jn`p HK I msnZ ej cwiMwYZ nZ, hvi ga Kvbv iZi wU fvevB
ckvZxZ wQj; ZLb AwZ A KqKRbK wbq GmBDwmAvB(wm) cvwU MVb wke`vm Nvl
msMvg wj, jvKej, A_ej, cvwU Awdm ch hLb bB, mB mgq Kx AmvaviY
gvKmev`x wePvikwi AwaKvix nq wke`vm Nvl GB aibi uwkqvwi w`Z cvijb, hv
GgbKx vwjb I gvI m ZzOi gZv gnvb bZv`iI bRi Gwoq wMqwQj Ges h
uwkqvwi cieZxKvj BwZnvm Ai Ai mZ ej cgvY KiQ| m mgq wek
KwgDwb Av`vjb hvwKZv GZUvB cej fve Mo DVwQj h, hZw`b vwjb RxweZ
wQjb, weki KwgDwb `jwj ZZw`b Zuvi bZZKB Av ej gvbj, Avevi hLb
zf vwjbi wei Kzrmv iwUq mskvabev`i w`K cv evovjv, GB me `jwj
Ai gZv zfKB mg_b Kij| mskvabev`x bZZ mvwfqZ KwgDwb cvwUi

AbK cwikg Ki LvjKzvgvb hyejxMi GKwU mfvq jwbbi GKwU ee DZ Ki

`LvQb h jwbbB menviv mswZi K_v ej MQb| jwbb ejQb GUv wVK, wK
wZwb Kx ejQb `Lv hvK Avgiv ewj Avgv`i bwZKZv cyivcywifveB menviv kYxi
kYxmsMvgi Aaxb| Avgv`i bwZKZvi Drm nj menviv kYxi kYxmsMvgi ^v_| ...
jwbbi GB MvBWjvBb LyeB g~jevb| kYxwef mgvR bwZKZviI kYx Pwi _vK,
menviv bwZKZv menvivkYxi kYxmsMvg I wecex msMvgi Aaxb GB g~jevb wkv
jwbb w`q MQb| wK menvivkYxi mB bwZKZvi Pwi I ewk Kx ne, eyRvqv

10

KiQb| [cwiwk L (17) `Lyb] GB g~jvqb mKI LvjKzvgvb ejQb, hw`I

vwjbi mvweK g~jvqbi Rb Zv h_ wQj bv Ges wmwcGmBD-i vwjbK Kvwjgvwj
Ki kvabev`i ivv ck Kivi cwZ weePbvq Zv h_vchvMx wQj bv| wZwb 12
cvwU I 81 cvwUi `wjj iPbvq wmwcwm-i fwgKvi mgvjvPbv Kib 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
I 44 cvq| 12 I 81 cvwUi `wjj mK wZwb ejb, h KviY GZeo GKUv Av`wkK
wePzwZ mevi Aj hgb NUZ cvij, Zgwb GK mwVK Av`wkK w`K _K ZvrwYK
aiv Ges my gZevw`K weZKi gvag mgvavbi c_I GMvbv me nj bv| GKB NUbv
cwijwZ nq 1960 mvj 81 cvwUi gnv mjbi ga w`q Dfq weewZZB 20Zg
KsMmi hLvb DQwmZ cksmv Kiv nj ZvZ Pxbi cvwU mB Kij Kb? Gi ci
menviv kYxi `j MVb cm cywKvi 56 cvq wZwb wjLQb, mB mgq GKUv
ewZg j Kiv hvq fviZi GmBDwmAvB-Gi cwZvZv KgiW wke`vm Nvli
cwZwqv Ges g~jvqb weklY Gi ga| mvwfqZ cvwUi 20Zg KsMmi wZb gvm ci
1956 mvji 20 g wke`vm Nvl GKUv eZv KiwQjb hvi mvimsc Zv`i cvwU
cwKv MY`vex 24 RyjvB, 1956 msLvq Qvcv nqwQj| ZvZ `Lv hvq, zfi
bZZvaxb mvwfqZ cvwUK cavbZ mwVK ejjI (A wKQz w`bi gaB Avevi
mskvabev`x ej wPwZ KiwQjb), KsMmi wmvg~jK wKQz welqe DjL Ki h
AvjvPbv KiQb ZvZ QvU cvwU wnmve AvRvwZK cwimi Ges evcK RvZxq
cwigj Zgb KvhKvwiZv mw KiZ bv cvijI Zvi HwZnvwmK iZ AvRI iqQ ej
Avgiv gb Kwi| Gi ci wZwb wke`vm Nvli GB mwKZ wKQy ee D cywKvi 56,
57, 58 cvq KvU Kib cvVK`i AeMwZi Rb| myZivs G ck IVv ^vfvweK h, Kvb
LvjKzvgvb mwVK 2012 mvji, bv 2013 mvji? GK wWMevRx Qvov Avi wK ejv
Pj?

hLb wechq NUZ jvMj, ZLb GBme `jwjiI wechq NUj| BDivci dv, BUvwji
wekvj cvwUjv ch fO coj| GKgv fvOwb, eis kw mq Ki GwMq PjQ
gvKmev`-jwbbev`-wke`vm Nvli wPvq cwiPvwjZ GmBDwmAvB(wm) Ges 1980 mvj
Mo IVv evm`| hLb GKi ci GK mgvRZvwK `kjv fO coj, wek KwgDwb
Av`vjbi evcK fvOb, nZvkv, w`knviv fve, ZLb evm` Kvb wPvi Rvi kw mq
KiZ cvij? m wK LvjKzvgvbi ecweK evLv-weklYi Y, bv gvKmev`jwbbev`-wke`vm Nvli wPvavivi kwZ? LvjKzvgvb wbRi weeKK ck Kib|
AvR ejQb, `vwe Kiv nqQ, A_P wZwbB 2012 mvj cKvwkZ menvivkYxi `j MVb
cm cywKvi 30 cvq wjLQb, G `yin KvRwU mwVKfve mv`b Kivi i
_K wKQz NvUwZ wU j Ki wke`vm Nvl 1948 mvji m^i gvm ejwQjb, wek
mvgev`x Av`vjbi ... GgbKx hy weMnI wj nq coQ| [cwiwk L (16) `Lyb]
menvivkYxi `j MVb cm cywKvq cvq `yB cv Ryo wke`vm Nvli GB eewU
iZ mnKvi DjL Kiv nqQ| Avi GLb ejQb, `vwe Kiv nqQ| Kvb
LvjKzvgvb mwVK? 2012 mvji 10 RyjvBqi bv 2013 mvji 27 Gwcji? Gi Di
GKgv wZwbB w`Z cvieb|
4) gZevw`K weZK-3 G KgiW LvjKzvgvb ejQb, Avgiv Rvwb 1963 mvj ch
KgiW wke`vm Nvl mvwfqZ cvwUi cwZ Avv iLwQjb| KvRB KgiW Nvl c_g
mskvabev`i wei K_v ejQb, Gfve `vwe Kiv BwZnvmmZ wK? G cm
LvjKzvgvb 2012 mvji 10 RyjvB cKvwkZ menvivkYxi `j MVb cm cywKvq
wZwb wbR wK ejQb mUv DjL KivB h_ gb Kwi| GB cyK 53-54 cvq
LvjKzvgvb wmwcGmBD-i 20Zg KsMm mK Pxbv KwgDwb cvwUi fwgKvi Zxe
mgvjvPbv Kib| wZwb 1956 mvj wmwcwm-i 8g KsMm c` gvI mZzOi ee KvU
Kib, hLvb gvI mZzO ejQb, mvwfqZ KgiWiv, mvwfqZ RbMY jwbbi
Dc`k AbyhvqxB PjQb| ... mcwZ AbywZ mvwfqZ KwgDwb cvwUi 20Zg KsMm
AbKwj mwVK ivRbwZK cveI iwPZ nqQ Ges cvwUi KvRi AbK wU-wePzwZ
ZxefveB wbw`Z nqQ| fimv KiB ejv hZ cvi h, fwelZ Zuv`i KvR AmvaviY
iKgi wecyj mv_KZv ARb Kie| LvjKzvgvb 1956 mvj cKvwkZ wccjm WBwji
GKwU eeI DZ KiQb, hLvb ejv nqQ, wmwcGmBD-i 20Zg KsMm vwjb
c~Rvi DQ` mvab, vwjbi iZi fzjwj DNvUb Ges m fzjwji djvdj wbtkl
Kivi evcvi cP `pZv I mvnm `wLqQ| wZwb vwjb mK cieZxKvji GKwU
g~jvqb DZ KiQb 54 cvq, hLvb ejv nqQ, vwjbi Rxeb wQj ... weKvkmvab

LvjKzvgvb 1956 mvj c` wke`vm Nvli eei GKwU Ask wewQbfve DZ Ki

ejQb, G ee _K wK evSv Mj h KgiW wke`vm Nvl mskvabev`i wmsnvi
DbvPb welq wKQz ejQb? ... Avgiv Rvwb, 1963 mvj ch KgiW wke`vm Nvl
mvwfqZ cvwUi cwZ Avv iLwQjb| KvRB KgiW Nvl c_g mskvabev`i wei
K_v ejQb, Gfve `vwe Kiv BwZnvmmZ wK? c_gZ DjL Kiv `iKvi, LvjKzvgvb
wbRB 1956 mvj 20 g 20Zg KsMmi gv wZb gvm ci wke`vm Nvl h fvlY
w`qwQjb, Zvi DjL Ki ejwQjb, KsMmi wmvg~jK wKQz welqe DjL Ki h
AvjvPbv KiQb ZvZ QvU cvwU wnmve AvRvwZK cwimi Ges evcK RvZxq
cwigj Zgb KvhKvwiZv mw KiZ bv cvijI Zvi HwZnvwmK iZ AvRI iqQ ej
11

eZvq AvjvKcvZ KiQb| G mgmvi MfxiZv Ges Zvi djvdj wbq AviI wek`
AvjvPbvi AeKvk AvQ| mgvR Kb wewQbZv `Lv `q, wecei gvag gvbyl wKfve
Zv _K gy nZ cvi G `vkwbK AvjvPbv GLbI PjQ AviI Pje| GKw`K wZwb
ejQb, KgiW wke`vm Nvl G mgmvq AvjvKcvZ KiQb, Aciw`K wZwbB ejQb, G
mgmvi MfxiZv Ges Zvi djvdj wbq AviI wek` AvjvPbvi AeKvk AvQ|

Avgiv gb Kwi| Dciv aviYvi mc wZwb wke`vm Nvli wKQz iZc~Y KvUkbI
DjL Kib| A_vr wZwb 20Zg KsMm, 12 I 81 cvwUi `wji ck wmwcwm-i mgvjvPbv
I wke`vm Nvli cksmv KiwQjb| AvR wK m~Y wecixZ K_vB ejQb| GLvb ejv
`iKvi, 20Zg KsMm mskvabev`i wmsnvi DbvPb KiQ wke`vm Nvli GB
ee KvbI cKvwkZ cywKvq bB| wK GB gewU wZwb 1956 mvji g gvmi
eZvZB KiwQjb, mB eZv c~Yfve cKvwkZ nqwb, mswfve cKvwkZ nqQ|
wke`vm Nvl wbRB Pvbwb GB gewU cKvwkZ nvK, hgb wZwb wmwcwm-i beg cvwU
KsMm mK Zuvi eZv cKvk nZ `bwb, hZY ch wmwcwm wbRB beg KsMmi
mgvjvPbv Ki ee bv iLQ| KviY wke`vm Nvl hwK Abygvbi wfwZ
ejwQjb Ges wmwcwm-i gZv gnvb cvwUi ghv`v b nZ `bwb| 1956 mvj _K
cieZx KqK eQi hZY ch GUv wbtksmq cgvwYZ nqQ mvwfqZ cvwU
wWRbviU KiQ wZwb wmwcGmBD mKI GKB `wfw wbq PjwQjb| Ab w`K
1956 mvj _KB wmwcGmBD Ges mvwfqZ ivi cZKwU mskvabev`x fwgKvi wZwb
Zxe mgvjvPbv KiwQjb, 1962 mvj wmwcwm c_g wmwcGmBD-Gi wei cKvk gyL
Lvjvi AvM _KB KiwQjb| DjLhvM h, mvwfqZ cvwUi mv_ Pxbi cvwUi
cZ mvsMVwbK hvMvhvM wQj, `yB `ki cviwiK wbqwgZ hvZvqvZ wQj, hvi Kvbv
myhvMB GmBDwmAvB(wm)-i wQj bv| G AevZI wZwb 1956 mvji g gvmi eZvq
h mwVK uwkqvwi w`Z ciwQjb, mUv LyeB weqKi| hLb wmwcwm-mn weki mKj
`ki KwgDwb cvwU (Avjewbqvmn) 20Zg KsMmi wmvwjK ^vMZ RvbvQ,
ZLb wke`vm NvlB GKgv K^i whwb 20Zg KsMmi wKQz weklYi Zxe mgvjvPbv
Ki ejwQjb, KvbI m`n bB h, zfi GB wPv wewfb `ki mvgev`x
Av`vjb kvabev`x-msviev`x ceYZvi Rb w`Z mvnvh Kie| jYxq, Zuvi c~ev
`wfw Abyhvqx zfK mivmwi mskvabev`x AvLv bv w`jI Zuvi wPv h mskvabev`msviev`K kwkvjx KiQ, GUv wZwb `wLqwQjb| Kvbv cZ hvMvhvM bv _vKv
mI gv wZb gvmi ga GB wmv cuQvbv KZUv gvKmev`x cv I `~i`w _vKj
me, mUv Abygvb KivI KwVb| mw`b weki Ab Kvbv KwgDwb cvwU wK GB wmv
DcbxZ nZ ciwQj?

g~jevai mvgvwRK cqvRbxqZv A^xKvi Kiv, KwgDwbRgI agxq g~jevai gZv

Avi GKUv WMgv, wWKUUiwkc Ad w` cjZvwiqZ ew ^vaxbZvK niY Ki, h
KvbI ewB Zvi BQvgZv h Kvbv KvR KiZ cvi KviY gvb BR KbWgW Uz wdWg
BZvw` hwj GMwRmUbwmqvwjRgi gvag `kbMZ AvgY, hv eZgvb eyRvqv mgvRi
cqvRbxq DM ew^vaxbZvi cPvi Ki mgM KwgDwb Av`vjbi mvgb GK wecbK
AvgY wnmve MU wWckbi ci Gj Zvi wei AvRvwZK KwgDwb Av`vjbi
^v_ wke`vm NvlB GKgv gvKmev`x `vkwbK wnmve `kb-Av`kMZ msMvg KiQb G
K_v ^xKvi KiZ LvjKzvgvbi Avcw Kv_vq? wZwb wK `LvZ cvib Ab Kvbv
gvKmev`x A_wiwU G welq Kvbv AvjvPbv KiQb? bvwK GB welq AvjvPbv iZc~Y
wQj bv? wke`vm Nvli GB HwZnvwmK fwgKvK GK w`K cyivcywi A^xKvi KiZ bv
ci ejQb, AvjvKcvZ KiQb, Ab w`K Zuvi f~wgKvK jNy Kievi Rb AviI
wek` AvjvPbvi AeKvk AvQ G K_v ej evSvZ PqQb wke`vm Nvli
AvjvPbvI h_ bq| LvjKzvgvb wK wke`vm Nvli g~jevb fvlY fviZeli
mvswZK Av`vjb I Avgv`i KZe cywKvwU gb w`q coQb? bv nj Avi GKevi
cob| Zvnj eySZ cvieb, G aibi `yej Pvi viv wke`vm Nvli fwgKvK jNy Kiv
hvq bv| wZwb h welqwj ZzjQb, mwj QvovI AviI KZjv iZc~Y welq
AvjvPbv wke`vm Nvl KiQb, hvi Zvrch evSvi Rb vbi MfxiZv `iKvi|
KwgDwbRgi wei GZeo AvgYi wei Kvbv AvRvwZK bZZ wK BZvc~e
AvjvKcvZ KiQb?
6) gZevw`K weZK-3 jLvq dvwmev` ckI AvRv wZK KwgDwb Av`vjb wke`vm
Nvli Avi GKwU HwZnvwmK Ae`vbK bv cviQb ^xKvi KiZ, bv cviQb A^xKvi
KiZ| ZvB AZ AcvmwKfve dvwmev` ki Drcw wbq K Kx Ke ejwQj Zvi
GK wdwiw w`qQb| wK wke`vm Nvli g~jvqbB GKgv mwVK, Zv ejZ cviQb bv|
G mK evm` cKvwkZ GKwU eBqi GKwU Ask ZuvK iY Kwiq w`B| mvgvRev`x
wekvqb : we`gvb cwiwwZ I KiYxq cywKvq ejv nqQ, mvgZi wei msMvg
Ki gvbemfZvq ecweK cwieZb Avbvi mgq cuywRev` h ew^vaxbZv, hywev` I

5) gZevw`K weZK-3 jLvq KgiW LvjKzvgvb muvi GMwRmUbwmqvwjRg mK

g~j welqjv Gwoq wMq `yK_vq Dcmsnvi Ub ejQb, wZxq wekhyi ci G aviYv
AviI Rbwcq nq IV| ... eyRvqv mgvRi wewQbZv, nZvkv, kvlYRwbZ ebv, Rxebi
j m^ w`kvnxbZvi mgq G aviYvi Rb| KgiW wke`vm Nvl G welqwU Zvi `ywU

12

ck nQ, gvKm-Gjm-jwbb-vwjb-gvI mZzO Gu`i A_wiwU MY Kivi

KLbI Kv_vI GB aibi AvjvPbv ev ZK-weZK nqwQj wK? KwgDwb Av`vjbi
MwZc_ Gu`i wkv I Ae`vbK h me KwgDwb `j ev KwgDwbiv MvBWjvBb wnmve
MnY KiQb Zuv`i KvQ Guiv A_wiwU wnmve MY nqQb| Kvbv Kvj Kv_vI eVK
Ki KvDK A_wiwU wnmve NvlYv Kivi Kvbv cveI bIqv nqwb|

mvgi K_v ejwQj, dvwmev` wVK Zvi wecixZ| dvwmev` nj wevbi KvwiMwi w`K I
AvavZev`x ZgmvQb wPvi wewP mswgkY, dvwmev` nj menviv weceK cwZnZ Kivi
Rb eyRvqvkYxi ^v_ mvgwMK cwZwecex Afzvb gvKmev`x wePvicwZ, jwbbvwjb-gvImZzOi wkvi avivevwnKZvq GmZ Zzj aiQb KgiW wke`vm Nvl|
wZwb AviI `Lvb wZxq wekhy dvwmev`i mvgwiK kwi civRq NUjI dvwmev`i
mvgwMK civRq NUwb eis hyvi `ywbqvq wekcuywRev`i AvcwK vwqZ web nIqv
Ges `k `k menviv wecei weRq cvq wbwZ nIqvi cUfwgZ AMmi AbMmi mg
cuywRev`x `kB dvwmev` AvR mvaviY ewk wnmve `Lv w`qQ| wZwb AviI `Lvb
Kej mvgwiK ^iZB bq, evBi msm`xq MYZi VuvUevU eRvq iL, w`jxq GgbKx
e`jxq msm`xq eevi Avovj dvwmev` eyRvqv `ywbqvi mg `ki vqx ewk
cwiYZ nqQ| [mvgvRev`x wekvqb : we`gvb cwiwwZ I KiYxq, deqvwi 2007, cv
: 29]

A_wiwU `yB aibi _vK| jwbb hgb ejQb, We do not regard Marxist theory
as something completed and inviolable; on the contrary we are convinced
that it has only laid the corner stone of the science which socialists must
further advance in all directions if they wish to keep pace with life.
jwbbi GB wkv Abyhvqx huviv Pjgvb Rxebi mv_ mvgm iL wecex Av`vjbi
mvgb DZ `kbMZ wevbMZ ivRbwZK I mswZMZ Ges msMVbMZ ckwjZ
gvKmev`i wfwZ bZzb AvjvKcvZ Kib ZuvivB mvgev`x Av`vjb AvRvwZK A_wiwU
wnmve MY nb| KD Kzhyw Ki Mvqi Rvi G K_v A^xKvi KiZ cvi, wK Zvi viv
mZ cv hvq bv| G cm jwbbi Aci GKwU ee jYxq| wZwb ejQb, Avgiv
gb Kwi gvKmev`x Zi GKwU ^Kxq evLv hv ivwkqvi mgvRZx`i Rb weklfve
cqvRb GRb h GB Z mvaviY `wfx I bxwZ Zzj aiQ hv cqvMi
Bsjvi _K dv wfb, dvi _K RvgvwbZ wfb Ges Rvgvwb _K ivwkqvq
wfb|13 huviv jwbbi wkv mywbw` fve wbR `k KswUvBR Ki cqvM KiZ cvib,
Zuviv mB `ki mvgev`x Av`vjb A_wiwU wnmve MY nb| Aek c_gv AvRvwZK
A_wiwUiv GKB m `ywU fwgKvB cvjb KiQb|

evm` cKvwkZ eB _K GB DwZwU wK GLb LvjKzvgvbi Mjvq KuvUvi gZv weuaQ?

dvwmev` mK BZvc~e Kvbv AvRvwZK A_wiwU/bZv wK G aibi gvKmev`-mZ
mvgwMK ee iLQb?
7) KgiW LvjKzvgvb KwgDwb AvPiYwewa mK wke`vm Nvli g~jevb AvjvPbvi
welqwj m~Yfve Gwoq wMq AvPiYwewa mK wKQz AcvmwK welq AeZviYv
KiQb Ges gvI mZzOi GKwU KvUkb w`q kl KiQb| wK GKeviI ^xKvi
KiZ cvijb bv h, Ab gvKmev`x A_wiwUiv AvPiYwewa wbq AbK iZc~Y AvjvPbv
KiQb wVKB, wK Zvu`i wkvi avivevwnKZvq wke`vm Nvl eZgvb gvbeZvev`x
g~jevai Aeqi hyM Ges ewev`RwbZ msKUi cwicwZ AvPiYwewa wbq h
AvjvPbv KiQb, mUv AviI DbZ, mg Ges eZgvb mgq mgM wek KwgDwb
Av`vjbB chvR|

evm` wke`vm NvlK A_wiwU wnmve gvbe wKbv, GUv GZw`b `j Kvbv ck wnmveB
wQj bv| KviY MvUv `jUv Mo DVQ gvKmev`-jwbbev` mK wke`vm Nvli evLvweklY, DbZ I mg Dcjwi wfwZ| dj wke`vm Nvl `j c_g _KB ANvwlZ
A_wiwU wnmveB wQjb| ZvB `Lv hvq, cvwU MVbce, 1981 mvj cKvwkZ
menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi AwaKvsk cvZvq wke`vm Nvli bvg
DjL bv Ki Zuvi ee Zzj `Iqv nqQ A_ev Kv_vI Kv_vI ZuviB ee wKQz ki
A`je`j Ki `Iqv nqQ| 2009 mvj AbywZ evm` K`xq Kbfbkb DcwZ Kiv
mvsMVwbK-ivRbwZK cwZe`b cywKvq evm` KZK cKvwkZ eBqi ZvwjKvq hme
gvKmev`x wPvbvqKi cyK cybgyw`Z Kiv nqQ ej DjL Kiv nqQ, Zvi ga gvKmGjmi GKgv iPbv wnmve AvQ KwgDwb cvwUi BkZnvi| evwK gvKmev`
msv mKj cyK wke`vm Nvli ee| hgb GZ AvQ gvKmev` I gvbe mgvRi

8) Kb wke`vm NvlK AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjbi A_wiwU ejv Pj bv, Zv `LvZ

wMq LvjKzvgvb ejQb, AvRvwZK Z_v wek mvgev`x Av`vjbi bZv wnmve
KvDK Dcvcb KiZ nj c_g `iKvi hviv G D`vM beb Zv`iK weki `k
`k wecex msMvg wbqvwRZ`i mvgb wbR^ hywmn Ave`b nvwRi KiZ ne| Zvici
cviwiK Avjvc-AvjvPbv, hywZK, gZv`wkK chvjvPbv BZvw`i cwZ GKUv gZ
AvmZ ne| AZ c_g vZcwZg cvwUmg~ni gvS AvjvPbv-mgvjvPbv, ZK-weZK
DcvwcZ nIqv cqvRb| Zv bv nj AvRvwZK A_wiwUi `vwe hwK wKsev bwZK nq
bv|

13

HK, `wfwi HK, h_ Rxeb, h_ bZZ, ewev`i mgmv, Zvi wei msMvg,
cvwU, MYZvwK K`xKZv BZvw` welqwj mK Zuvi h GKUv evcK wWmKvm, Gi
GKUv evcK Avjvc-AvjvPbv Ki mUv AvZ Kiv ... hLb wke`vm Nvli eB cwo,
ZLb gb nqwQj GiKg GKUv welq Zv PqwQjvg ..., wZxqZ, Rxebi me evcx
msMvg| vwjb K_vUv ejQb mvaviYfve, Avi mB wkv wbq wke`vm Nvl hLb
cqU Ki ejQb ZLb Zvi Zvrch wfb nq hvq| GB cywKvwU LvjKzvgvb
AviKevi co `Leb? GB ck mekl DjLhvM, evm` gyLc fvbMvW 2011
mvji AvM-m^i msLvq 5 AvM wke`vm Nvl mK LvjKzvgvb wK
ejwQjb| wZwb ejwQjb, gvKmev`x `kbK nvwZqvi Ki wecex `j Mo Zvjvi
KgiW wke`vm Nvl GK AweiYxq `v| kvabev`x wPv I msviev` hLb
wecex Av`vjbi c_ cavb wec` wnme `Lv w`wQj Ges weki c_g mgvRZvwK iv
mvwfqZ BDwbqbK wfZi _K asm Ki w`wQj ZLb Zuvi weklY mgmvi KviY I
djvdj mK mZK Ki w`qwQj| aygv ivRbwZK-mvgvwRK-A_bwZK B bq,
Rxeb I vbRMZi meiK ev Ki h_v wevb I `kb, bxwZ-bwZKZv, mswZ I
wkmvwnZ mgwelq jwbb-cieZx mgq h mg mgmv `Lv w`qQ mjvK evLv
I mgvavb KiZ wMq wZwb gvKmev`-jwbbev`i bZzb I mywbw` g~Z Dcjw Mo
Zvjb| Pxbi mvswZK wece I Zvi ZvrchK wZwb Zuvi cv viv Dcjw KiwQjb|
Zuvi weklY I `j Mo Zvjvi msMvg AvR mviv `ywbqvi mvgev`x Av`vjbi
c_c`kK| G Kvb LvjKzvgvb ejQb, AvRKi LvjKzvgvb ZuvK wPbZ cvieb
wK? cKZc 2012 mvj ch wke`vm Nvl mK wZwb hv ejwQjb Ges KvhZ ZuvK
AvRvwZK mvgev`x Av`vjbi A_wiwU wnmve ^xKwZ w`qwQjb, 2013 mvji
LvjKzvgvb Zuvi c~eZb eeKB Lb KiQb gZevw`K weZK-Gi bvg| GK
LvjKzvgvbi wei joZ nQ AviK LvjKzvgvbK, GUvB BwZnvmi wbgg
cwinvm!

weKvk cm, gvKmev` I g~jK eev`i KqKwU w`K, wecex Kgx`i AvPiYwewa
I KwgDwb Pwi Mo Zvjvi msMvgi KqKwU w`K, PKvvfvwKqvq mvwfqZ
wgwjUvwi nc, ivwkqvq mskvabev`i wec` I cuywRev`i wec` cm Ges kir
g~jvqb cm| Gwj wK wbQK mnReva evsjvq fvlY ej QvwcqQb? Ab Kvbv
gvKmev`x A_wiwUi Kvb cyKi evbyev` LuyR cvbwb?
GQvov LvjKzvgvb 2012 mvji 10 RyjvB cKvwkZ menviv kYxi `j MVb cm
cywKvq Zuvi cwZev` welq cgvY Kivi Rb Ab gvKmev`x A_wiwU`i KvU I idvi
KijI eve gvKmev`x A_wiwU wnmve wke`vm NvlK mePq ewk, A_vr cvq 11 evi
KvU I idvi KiQb| Avkv Kwi cieZx msiY wZwb nqZ GB wU mskvab Ki
beb| ZvQvov mvgvRev`x wekvqb cywKvi GK RvqMvq wke`vm Nvli dvwmev`
mwKZ ee Zzj ai ejv nqQ, gvKmev`x wePvicwZ, jwbb-vwjb-gvImZzOi
wkvi avivevwnKZvq GmZ Zzj aiQb KgiW wke`vm Nvl| AviK RvqMvq ZuvK
KvU KiZ wMq ejv nqQ, jwbb I vwjbi wkvwji wfwZ weklY Ki
fviZi wewk gvKmev`x `vkwbK KgiW wke`vm Nvl hyvi mvgvRev`i A_bxwZi
mvgwiKxKiY ewkwU AviI fve `wLqQb| GB `ywU Gckb wK wke`vm
NvlK A_wiwU wnmve gvbvi mv w`Q bv?
2011 mvj bf^i gvm evm` cKvwkZ evsjv`ki ivRbwZK cwiwwZ : AZxZ I
eZgvb cywKvq Kx ejv nqQ? ejv nqQ, ... Rvm` nIqvi ci GK ZvwK msKUi
ga vMvb DVwQj Avgiv jowQ mvgvwRK wecei gvag evwbK mgvRZ cwZvi
Rb| wK evwbK mgvRZ Kxfve cwZwZ ne? wece Kx aibi ne? wecei i
Kx? `j hUv MoZ ne, mUv Kgb ne? `ji bxwZMZ cwZMZ msMvg Kx ne? G
welqwj wQj A| Zvi m^ Kvbv cwivi aviYv Avgv`i bB| m mgq KgiW
wke`vm Nvli wPvfvebv Avgv`i cvwUi bZv KgiW gywebyj nvq`vi Payixi gvag
Avgiv cjvg| ... hviv mw`b wece PqQ, evsjv`k mgvRZ cwZv PqQ, Zv`i
KvQ GUv hywhy I MnYhvM nq DVj ... GKUv cvwU MVb jwbbxq h bxwZcwZ,
59Uv cqU Ki _vW BUvibvkbvj hUv wjwce nqwQj, mLvb wKQz welq Avgv`i
KvQ cwiQb wQj bv| dj LwZfve wewfb welq Dcvcbv wQj, wK mvgwMKZvq GKUv
w`K wb`kbv Avgv`i mvgb wQj bv| m KgiW wke`vm Nvli h evLv-weklY,
mUvi ga w`q mvgwMKZvq GKUv w`Kwb`kbv Avgv`i mvgb cwivi nq Avm, ...
gvKmev`-jwbbev`, gvKm-Gjm-jwbb-vwjb-gvI mZzO-Gi wPvfvebvi GKwU
weKwkZ aviYvi Dcjw hwj wke`vm Nvl wbq Gjb, m wPvi HK, Dki

G K_v A^xKvi Kiv fzj ne h, wZwb c_g w`K mr I AvwiKZvi mv_B wke`vm
NvlK wkK I A_wiwU MY Ki msMvg bgwQjb Ges GKUv i ch ZuviI AMMwZ
NUwQj, wke`vm Nvli wkvK cqvM Ki AvRvwZK I RvZxq cwZKj cwiwwZ mI
evm`-Gi AMMwZ NUwQj| GKUv i ch GUv wQj| wK cieZx i `ji kw I iZ
ewi mv_ mv_ bZv wnmve Zuvi cPvi, ev wnmve cPvi, Ab evg `jwji KvQ iZ
cvIqv Zuvi ga ewev`x ceYZv I AngK evwoq Zvj| c_gw`K h_ Rxebhvvi
msMvg Ask wbjI cieZxKvj Zv ev` w`q ewMZfve cvwU Awdm _vKZ i
14

cwiwk K

Kijb| Avgv`i `ji bZv-Kgx`i DbZ ivRbwZK PZbvi gvb Ges mvswZK gvb
Mo IVvi h `yejZv wQj m KviY bZv-Kgx`i ga h_v_ vwK mK Mo IVvi
I NvUwZ wQj| GB vwK mK Mo Zvjvi `vwqZ wQj cavbZ ZuviB| wK wZwb
m `vwqZ Gwoq mgvjvPbv-AvZmgvjvPbvi c_ cwinvi Kiv, GgbwK mgvjvPbv I
mgvjvPK`i mn KiZ bv ci cwZkvavZK AvPiY Kiv, AvgjvZvwK AvPiY Kiv,
h_ AvjvPbvi wfwZ wmv bv wbq GKKfve wmv bIqvi c_ nuvUZ i
Kijb| Gme eyRvqv fvBmm Zuvi c_g Rxebi msMvgi Q` NUvq Ges axi axi
AatcZb nZ _vK| c_g w`K wZwb AvwiKfveB wke`vm Nvli wkv DjL KiZb,
cieZxKvj axi axi wke`vm NvlK idvi Kiv AbKUv cvMgwUK cqvRb _K
KiZ _vKb `ji Kgx`i wke`vm Nvl mK AveM j Ki| BZvga `ji
Afi wke`vm Nvli wkvi PPvi dj cieZx ii bZv I Kgx`i ga h `wfw
Mo IV, ZviB gvag Zuviv LvjKzvgvbi cwieZb, wU-wePzwZ Gwj mK mPZb
nZ _vKb Ges bvbvfve e KiZ _vKb| hZ wZwb GUv Dcjw KiZ _vKb, ZZ
wec` eyS axi axi wke`vm Nvli iZ I A_wiwU jNy Kivi Pvq wj nb| PZbvi
wbggvb, `j I bZZi cwZ A AvbyMZ, kLjv mK hvwK aviYv BZvw` KvR
jvwMq wZwb wke`vm Nvli wPvi wei KgiW`i wbRi c Uvbvi Pv KiQb|
GfveB wZwb wbRK Avgv`i `ji Av`wkK wfw, KgiW wke`vm Nvli wPv _K
wbRK m~Y wewQb Ki djb| Gici `ywU jvBbi weiva cKvk Pj Avm|

1| "The development of the proletariat proceeds everywhere amidst internal

struggle. ... And when like Marx and myself, one has fought harder all one's life
long against the alleged socialist than against anyone else (for we only regarded
the bourgeosie as a class and hardly ever involved ourselves in conflicts with
individual bourgeois), one cannot greatly grieve that the inevitable struggle has
broken out ... "
2| "To expound Leninism means to expound the distinctive and new in the works
of Lenin that Lenin contributed to the general treasury of Marxism and that is
naturally connected with his name." (Stalin - Problems of Leninism)
"We do not regard Marxist theory as something completed and inviolable; on the
contrary, we are convinced that it has only laid the corner-stone of the science,
which, socialists must further advance in all directions if they wish to keep pace
with life." (Lenin, Vol II, p. 492)
3| "The whole truth about Leninism is that Leninism not only restored Marxism,
but also took a step forward, developing Marxism further under the new
conditions of capitalism and of the class struggle of the proletariat. Leninism is
the Marxism of the era of imperialism and the proletarian revolution." (Stalin Problems of Leninism)

G _K wkv wbZ ne h, hZeo gZvevbB nvK bv Kb, `wfw I RxebmsMvgi g~j

jvBb _K wePzZ nj Zvi cZb Awbevh| ZvB KwgDwb Av`vjbI ejv nq, bv ewW
BR Bbdwjej| BZvc~e wZxq AvRvwZK, wmwcGmBD, wmwcwmi KZ weLvZ bZvi
AatcZb NUQ, hv`i mv_ vb, msMvg LvjKzvgvbi Kvbv ZzjbvB Pj bv| ZvB
wke`vm Nvl ejZb, wecex Pwi ARb I ivi Rb mgM Rxebevcx mevZK wbii
msMvg PvB| GKUz kw_j, Avcm eo wechq Avbe| wbRi mKI ejZb, Avwg h
KwgDwb _vKjvg AvgvK gZzi c~e gynZ ch Zvi cixv w`q hZ ne| gb ivLZ
ne, eve Mo IVv A_wiwUK A^xKvi Kij Zv hgb Kvbv kwgK `ji wePzwZ I
Aejyw NUvq, ZgbB Avevi whwb h_v_fve A_wiwU wnmve Mo IVbwb, ZvK MnYI
`ji wePzwZ I Aejyw NUvq|

4| "In the pre-revolutionary period, the period of more or less peaceful

development, when the parties of the Second International were the predominant
force in the working-class movement and parliamentary forms of struggle were
regarded as the principal forms-under these conditions the Party neither had nor
could have had that great and decisive importance which it acquired afterwards,
under conditions of open revolutionary clashes. ... But matters have changed
radically with the dawn of the new period. The new period is one of open class
collisions, of revolutionary action by the proletariat, of proletarian revolution, ...
Hence the necessity for a new party, a militant party, a revolutionary party, ...

huviv gvKmev`-jwbbev`-wke`vm Nvli wPvavivq bZzb Ki h_v_ wecex `j wnmve

evm`-K Mo Zvjvi msMvg eZx nqQb, Zuv`iI GB `ytLRbK AwfZv _K g~jevb
wkv wbZ ne|

15

joke to subordinate one's wishes to those of the party It looks as though

Martov is sorry for certain professors and high school students who are loth to
subordinate their wishes to the wishes of the party. .... "

This new party is the party of Leninism. What are the specific features of this
new party? 1) The Party as the advanced detachment of the working class. ... 2)
The Party as the organised detachment of the working class. ... 3) The Party as
the highest form of class organisation of the proletariat. ... 4) The Party as an
instrument of the dictatorship of the proletariat. ... 5) The Party as the
embodiment of unity of will, unity incompatible with the existence of factions. ...
6) The Party becomes strong by purging itself of opportunist elements. ..." (Stalin
- Problems of Leninism)

10| "A real communist's personal trouble occupy a subordinate place in his mind,
if something unpleasant happens in the family, it is painful, of course, but I do
not think socialism would suffer as a result, and hence the job on hand should not
suffer either. It goes without saying that if you are concernned solely with
domestic affairs, if you always think only of yourself and your Felsla, you will
not be a real comunist."

5| "The organic unity in the Communist Party organisation must be attained

through democratic centralism. Democratic centralism in the Communist Party
organisation must be a real synthesis, a fusion of centralism and proletarian
democracy. This fusion can be achieved only on the basis of constant common
activity, constant common struggle of the entire party organisation."

11| "At all times and all question a party member should give first consideration
to the interest of the party as a whole and put them in the foremost and place
personal matters and interests second. ... a party member can and must
completely merge his personal interests with those of the party. ...But this by no
means implies that our party does not recognise, or brushes aside, the personal
interest of its members or that it wants to wipe out their individualality. Party
members do have their personal problems to attend to ..."

6| "To establish and consolidate the Party means estabishing and consoliding
unity amongst all Russian Social-Democrats and ... such unity cannot be brought
about by decree; it cannot be brought about by, let us say, a meeting of
representatives passing a resolution. Definite work must be done to bring it
about. In the first place, it is necessary to bring about unity of ideas which will
remove the differences of opinion and confusion."

12| "We think that an independent elaboration of the Marxist theory is especially
essential for Russian socialist, for this theory provides only general guiding
principles, which, in particular, are applied in England differently from France, in
France differently from Germany and in Germany differently from Russia."

7| "There can be no absolute infallible and unalterable form of organisation for

the comunist parties. The conditions of the proletarian class struggle are subject
to changes in a continuous process of evolution, and in accordance with these
changes, the organisation of the proletarian vanguard must be constantly seeking
for the corresponding forms."
8| "Only when we join one of the party organisation and thus merge our personal
interests with the party's interest can we become party members and,
consequently, real leaders of the proletarian army."
9| "... don't listen to those people who maintain that a party member must belong
to one of the party organisations and thus subordinate his wishes to the wishes of
the party. In the first place, it is hard for a man to accept these conditions, it is not

16

cwiwk L

(5) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 7 cvq DwjwLZ, ... GKRb kwgK, m
kwgK ejB mv_ mv_B wecex nq hvq bv| KviY, cyuwRev`x mgvReevi ga GKRb kwgKi
h Aevb, mLvb Zvi wPvfvebv, Zvi gbb, Zvi mswZ, AvPvi-AvPiY, Afvm meB eyRvqv
mswZi cfve cfvevw^Z| GgbwK wePvi Kij `Lv hve Zvi gbi ga h kYx gvbwmKZv
KvR Ki, ZvI eyRvqv kYxMZ PZbvi KvVvgvi gaB ewMZ wel I ClvK K` Ki GK
GKwU gvbwmKZv gv| A_P menviv kYxPZbvi icB Zv bq| menviv kYxPZbvq Dy GKRb
jvKi eyRvqvi wei jovBUv nQ bewK kYxmsMvg (Impersonal class fight)|
AskUzKz bIqv nqQ wke`vm Nvl wbevwPZ iPbvejx wZxq Li 262 cv _K : ... GKRb
kwgK ay kwgK ejB mv_ mv_B wecex nq hvq bv| KviY, cyuwRev`x mgvReevi ga GKRb
kwgKi h Aevb, mLvb Zvi wPvfvebv, Zvi gbb, Zvi mswZ, AvPiY, Afvm GmeB
eyRvqv mswZi cfve cfvevw^Z| GgbKx wePvi Kij `Lv hve, Zvi gbi ga h IqvKvm
Kgc-Uv KvR Ki, ZvI eyRvqv kYxMZ PZbvi KvVvgvi gaB gwjK`i wei ewMZ
wel I ClvK K` Ki GK GKwU Kgc gv| A_P menviv kYxPZbvi icB Zv bq|
menviv kYxPZbvq Dy GKRb jvKi eyRvqvi wei jovBUv nQ bewK kYx jovB|

(1) 1981 mvji gvP cKvwkZ menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi (4_ msiY, gvP
2011) 5 cvq DwjwLZ, ... hKvb ivRbwZK `jB KvbI bv KvbI kYxi `j A_vr Drcv`b
weKvki GKwU wekl i GKwU `k h kYxmg~ni AwZ _vK, Zvi Kvb bv Kvb GKwUi
ivRbwZK Av`kMZ I bwZK Avkv-AvKvLvjvK eve icvwqZ Kivi ivRbwZK AB nQ
mB kYxi ivRbwZK `j| GwU bIqv nqQ wke`vm Nvl wbevwPZ iPbvejx wZxq Li 196197 cv _K : h Kvb ivRbwZK `jB KvbI bv KvbI kYxi `j| A_vr Drcv`bi
weKvki GKwU HwZnvwmK i GKwU `k h kYxwji AwZ eZgvb _vK Zvi Kvb bv Kvb
GKwUi ivRbwZK, A_bwZK, Av`kMZ I bwZK Avkv-AvKvLvwjK eve icvwqZ Kivi
ivRbwZK AB nQ mB kYxi ivRbwZK `j|
(2) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 5 cvq DwjwLZ, ... hv GKwU wekl
kYxMZ wek`wfx (Definite world outlook) Ges mgmv weklY I mgvavbi wekl
kYxi `wfx Abyhvqx wPvMZ cwqv I cwZi (Class methodological approach of
problems) DciB Mo IV bIqv nqQ wke`vm Nvl wbevwPZ iPbvejxi wZxq L cv 197
_K : ... hv GKwU wekl kYxMZ wek`wfx Ges mgmv weklY I mgvavbi wekl
kYxi `wfx Abyhvqx wPvMZ cwqv I cwZi IciB Mo IV|

(6) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm 7 cvq DwjwLZ, ... A_bwZK I mvgvwRK

`bw`b msMvg _K ^Zt~Zfve h kYxPZbvi De nq, PZbvi mB iK DxY Ki hLb
h_v_B kwgKiv wecex kYxPZbvq Dy ne Ges kYxmsMvg mwKZ gvKmev`x Z wK, Zv
Dcjw KiZ mg ne, ZLbB kwgKkYx _K Avmv KvWviiv ewMZ wel _K bq, mwVK
kYxMZ PZbvi wfwZB eyRvqv kYxi AvwacZi wei mwVKfve msMvg KiZ wkLe| G
AskUzKz bIqv nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejxi wZxq Li 262 cv _K : ... A_bwZK I mvgvwRK
`bw`b msMvg _K ^Zt~Zfve h kYxPZbvi De nq, PZbvi mB iK DxY Ki
hLb h_v_B kwgKiv wecex kYxPZbvq Dy ne Ges kYxmsMvg mwKZ gvKmev`x Z wK
Zv Dcjw KiZ mg ne, ZLbB gRyi kYx _K Avmv KvWviiv ewMZ wel _K bq,
mwVK kYxMZ PZbvi wfwZ A_vr bewK kYxPZbvi wfwZ eyRvqv kYxi AvwacZi ...
wei mwVKfve joZ wkLe|

(3) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi cv 7-G DjwLZ, ... jwbb GKB mv_
cv`c` `kwjZ kwgKkYxi bZZi ck kYxPzZ eywRxex`i (Declassed
intellengtia) ZwUKI GbQb, GUv bIqv nqQ wke`vm Nvl wbevwPZ iPbvejx wZxq
Li 261 cv _K : ... jwbb GKB mv_ cvrc` `kMywjZ kwgKkYxi bZZi ck
kYxPzZ eywRxex`i (wW-KvmW& BbUwjRbwkqvi) ZwUI Zzj aiwQjb|
(4) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvq 7 cvq DwjwLZ, ... KviY, cv`c`
`kwjZ mvgvwRK Aev, wkv cfwZ bvbv KviYi Rb ^fveZB ekxifvM Kgxiv Avme
MvgxY Ges ki eywRxex wbg-gawe cwU-eyRvqv cwievi _K| GRbB cvwUi kYx Pwii
MvivwU Mo Zvjvi Rb kYxPzZ menviv wecex (Declassed proletarian revolutionary)
wnmve Mo Zvjvi msMvgwU cvwU MVbi ck Gme `k AwZ iZc~Y msMvg GUv bIqv
nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejx, wZxq Li 261 cv _K : ... KviY GB mg cv`c` `kwjZ
mvgvwRK Aev, wkv cfwZ bvbv KviYi Rb ^fveZtB ekxifvM cvwU Kgxiv Avme MvgxY Ges
knii eywRxex wbggawe cwU-eyRvqv cwievi _K| Ges GRbB cvwUi kYxPwii MvivwU
Mo Zvjvi Rb wW-KvmW& cvjZvwiqvb ifvwjDkbvwi wnmve Mo Zvjvi msMvgwU cvwU
MVbi ck Gme `k AwZ iZc~Y msMvg|

(7) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 7 cvq DwjwLZ, Avevi AbK gvKmev`xjwbbev`x wecex Zi meRb ^xKZ GKwU K_viI AwZ mijxKZ I weKZ eYbv KiQb GBfve
h, mwZKvii cjUvwiqvb Pwi AvqZ KiZ nj RbMYi m Ges menviv gvbyli mv_
wgkZ ne| GK_v wVK h RbMYi KvQ, menviv Avav-menviv`i mv_ wgk, kwgK`i mv_
hvIqv, Zv`i ga _vKv Ges Zv`i ga wecex Z I cvwU cvMvg Abyhvqx KvR Kiv wecex
nIqvi GKwU Aek kZ, G cwqv Kgx`i ga wKQz wKQz cwieZb mvnvhI Ki _vK| wK
gawe eywRxex cwievi _K Avmv KvWviiv aygv Gi viv m m wecex Pwi AvqZ Ki
dje G evLv kYxPZbv AZ mijxKZ evLv GUv bIqv nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejxi
17

`vkwbK`i hZ jLv AvQ mjv co kl Kijb Ges m m fveZ i Kijb Zvi

cvKwUKvj AwfZv Zv wQjB, Gevi Zvi mv_ Zvbi mshvM mvab nq Mjv KvRB
gvKmev` kLvi Zvi Avi wK evKx iBj? wK evcviwU gvUB GZ mijxKZ bq| gvI-m Zys
ejQb, Z I eenvii Kv-wijkb ejZ GUv evSvq bv| G aviYv mg^q mwKZ hvwK
aviYv| Zvnj gvKmev`K mwVKfve AvqZ Kiv, w_Iix I cvKwUmi h_v_ mg^q, h_v_ vwK
cwZi Kv-wijkb wKfve evSv hve? GUv evSv hve menviv kYxi Av`vjbi mv_
Divi mw Ges mvsMVwbK `Zv ARbi cvkvcvwk gvKmev`x vbi ewntKvk Zvi wPvPZbv, AvPvi-AvPiY AvQ wKbv m gvbylwUi Rxeb iwP mswZi DPgvb cwZdwjZ nQ wKbv
A_vr Zvi Rxeb I Rxebi evaUv cv MQ wKbv Ges Zv Zvi cvwicvwkKZvK cfvweZ KiQ
wKbv Zvi Dci| G AskUzKz bIqv nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejxi ZZxq Li 310-11 cv _K :
... ay eB co gvKmev` AvqZ Kiv hvq bv| gvKmev` m^ KD AbK K_v ejZ cvi,
wjLZ cvi, eo eo cwZ`i jLv _K hLb ZLb KvU (DZ) KiZ cvi ZvnjB evSv
hvq bv h, gvKmev` m^ Zvgvi h_ Dcjw NUQ, Zzwg PKm vbi AwaKvix nqQv|
Avevi Zzwg gvV-NvU, gRyi-Pvlx, mbevwnbxK msMwVZ KiQ, Gi _K AbK AwfZvI ARb
KiQ, msMVbi I AbK cwZfv `wLqQ Gi vivI cgvY nq bv h, Zzwg gvKmev` h_v_
Dcjw KiQ Ges Zvi PKm vbi AwaKvix nqQ| Zvnj wK w`q evSv hve h, gvKmev`jwbbev`i h_v_ Dcjw NUQ? evSv hve, G `yUvK vwK cwqvq gjvZ cvij, KvwijU KiZ cvij| wK Kv-wijU Kiv, A_vr mg^q mvab Kiv ejZ Kx eySvq? aib, GKRb
eB co, Avjvc-AvjvPbv Ki, e ZK-weZK Ki Z Avq KiQb, cwZ nqQb| Gevi
wZwb Mvg Pj Mjb, mLvb wMq GK eQi-`yeQi Pvlx Av`vjb AskMnY Kijb| m m
Zvi aviYv nj Zi vbZv Avgvi wQjB, Gevi Avwg Pvlx`i gaI KvR Kijvg| dj
Avgvi Zvbi m eenvwiK vb A_vr cvKwUmi mg^q mvab nq Mj, Avevi GKRb `k
eQi Pvlx-gRyi`i wbq msNl KiQb, jovB KiQb, Rj MQb, GB evcvi h_
AwfZvI ARb KiQb| Gevi wZwb bvkbvj jvBeixZ em eQi LvbKi ga gvKmev`jwbbev`i hZ KvwmKm-Gi eB eo eo gvKmev`x `vkwbKi jLv AvQ mjv co kl Ki
djjb| m m wZwb fveZ i Kijb cvKwUKvj AwfZv Zuvi Zv wQjB Gevi Zvi
m Zvbi mshvM mvab nq Mjv| KvRB, gvKmev` kLvi Zvi Avi wK evKx iBj? bv
KgiWm&! evcviUv GZ mnR bq, GZ mijxKZ bq| gvI m Zys ejQb, w_Iwi Av cvKwUmGi (Z I eenvii) Kv-wijkb ejZ GUv evSvq bv| GUv Kv-wijkb msv hvwK aviYv|
Zvnj Kx Ki evSv hve h, h_v_ vwK cwZZ Kv-wijkb NUj? mZ mZB w_Iix Ges
cvKwUm G `yUvi GKUv h_v_ wgjb NUj I gvKmev`i PKm vb AvqZ nj? evSevi
GKwUB gv Dcvq| Zvnj, `LZ ne, m gvbylwUi Rxeb iwP-mswZi DPgvb cwZdwjZ nQ
wKbv| Kx Ac~e, Kx AyZ K_v A_vr Zvi RxebUvB cvj&U MQ wKbv|

wZxq Li 263 cv _K : AvRKvj gvKmev`x-jwbbev`x wecex Zi meRb^xKZ GKwU

K_viI AwZ mijxKZ I weKZ eenvi PjQ h, mwZKvii cjUvwiqvb Pwi AvqZ KiZ nj
RbMYi m Ges cjUvwiqZi m wgkZ ne| GK_v wVK, GB RbMYi KvQ hvIqv,
cjUvwiqZi m gkv, kwgK`i m wgk hvIqv, Zv`i ga _vKv Ges Zv`i ga wecex
Z I cvwU cvMvg Abyhvqx KvR Kiv Gjv wecex nIqvi GKwU Aek kZ, Gjv Kgx`i
ga wKQz wKQz cwieZb AvbZ wbqB mvnvh Ki _vK| wK gawe eywRxex cwievi _K
Avmv KvWviiv aygv Gi vivB m m cjUvwiqvb wecex Pwi AvqZ Ki dje GUv nQ
AwZ mijxKZ evLv|
(8) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 8g cvq DwjwLZ, ... GB KwgDwb
nIqvi cwqvq gawe kYxK QvoZ ne gawemyjf fvevjyZv, cwU-eyRvqv `v`yjgvbZv,
Afvm, AvPiY Ges mevcwi ewKw`K wPvcwZ| Avi kwgKkYxK QvoZ ne Zv`i
hjv Rustic habbits A_vr cyivbv mvg mgvRi Kzmsvi Ges bvbv aiYi AcmswZ I
eyRvqv fvebv-aviYv| Zv`i weKZ (Vulgar) ewev`i cfve _K wbR`i gy KiZ ne|
GUv bIqv nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejxi wZxq Li 265 cv _K : ... GB KwgDwb nIqvi
cwqvq gawe kYxK QvoZ ne gawekYxmyjf fvevjyZv, cwU-eyRvqv `v`yjgvbZv,
Afvm, AvPiY I mevcwi ewKw`K wPvcwZ| Avi, kwgKK QvoZ ne kwgK`i hjv
Mvg Afvm A_vr cyibv mvgx mgvRi Kzmsvi Ges bvbv aiYi eyRvqv AcmswZ Ges bvsiv
ewev`i cfve _K Zv`i wbR`i gy KiZ ne|
(9) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 8-9 cvq DwjwLZ, ... ay eB co
gvKmev` AvqZ Kiv hvq bv| gvKmev` m^ KD AbK K_v ejZ cvij, wjLZ cvij ev eo
eo cwZ`i jLv _K DwZ w`Z cvijB evSv hvq bv h gvKmev` mK Zvi h_
Dcjw nqQ| Avevi KD gvV NvU kwgK-KlK-mbevwnbxK msMwVZ KiZ cvijB Gi
_K AbK AwfZv ARb KijB ev msMVbi AbK cwZfvi cwiPq w`jI Zvi viv
cgvY nq hvq bv h m h_v_B gvKmev`K Dcjw KiQ| Zvnj wK w`q evSv hve h
gvKmev`-jwbbev`i h_v_ Dcjw NUQ? evSv hve G `yqi A_vr Z Ges eenviK
(Theory and practice) vwK cwqvq gjvZ cvij, Corelate KiZ cvij| wK KvwijU Kiv A_vr mg^q mvab Kiv ejZ wK eySvq? aib GKRb eB co, Avjvc AvjvPbv Ki,
e ZK Ki Z Avq KiQb, cwZ nqQb| Gevi wZwb Mvg Pj Mjb, mLvb wMq GK
eQi `yeQi KlK Av`vjb AskMnY Kijb| m m Zvi aviYv nj Z vbZv Zvi
wQjB, Gevi wZwb Pvlx`i ga KvR Kijb| dj Zvi Zvbi mv_ eenvwiK vb A_vr
cvKwUmi mg^q mvab nq Mj, Avevi GKRb `k eQi kwgK-KlK`i wbq msMvg KiQb,
jovB Ki RjI MQb, kwgK-KlK`i msMvgi evcvi h_ AwfZvI ARb KiQb;
Gevi wZwb jvBeixZ em eQi LvbKi ga gvKmev`-jwbbev`i KvwmKm&mn gvKmev`x

18

wqvKjvci viv wewfb cwqvq gwi wqvKjvcK cfvweZ KiQ| gwi mv_ Bw`q Ges
AcZwji GB mKwU g~jK mKi bxwZ Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ| GKwU KwgDwb cvwUi
MVbI GBiKg| GKwU mwZKvii KwgDwb cvwUZ bZvi mv_ ivsK G dvBji mK,
K`xq KwgwUi mv_ mj _K i Ki cvwUi Abvb ewWjvi mK nj gwi mv_ wewfb
AcZ Ges Bw`qwji mKi gZ| Avevi wbPz _K mevP i ch GB mKj cvwU
ewWwjI Avjv`v Avjv`vfve KZjv Kgx ev bZvi mgvekgv bq| cZKi wbR^ wbR^
mUvi Ad AvUvKkb ev bZv AvQ|

(10) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 10g cvq DwjwLZ, ... kYxwef mgvR
GB MYZi aviYvI `yaibi| GKUv nQ eyRvqv MYZ hv ewMZ gvwjKvbv, Drcv`bi
Dci ewMZ AwaKvi Ges eyRvqv Rxebhvv A_vr ewev`K cwZdwjZ KiQ| AviKUv nQ
menviv MYZ hv h_ gvwjKvbv, Drcv`b Ges ebi Dci h_ KZZ Ges menviv Rxebhvv
A_vr h_ RxebhvvK cwZdwjZ KiQ| GUv bIqv nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejxi wZxq Li
203 cv _K : ... kYxwef mgvR GB MYZi aviYvI `yaibi| GKUv nQ eyRvqv
MYZ hv ewMZ gvwjKvbv, Drcv`bi Dci ewMZ AwaKvi Ges eyRvqv Rxebhvv A_vr
ewev`K cwZdwjZ KiQ| Avi GKUv nQ menviv MYZ hv h_ gvwjKvbv, Drcv`b Ges
ebi Dci h_ KZZ Ges menviv Rxebhvv, A_vr h_ Rxebhvv cwZK cwZdwjZ
KiQ|

(13) 2012 mvji 10 RyjvB cKvwkZ menvivkYxi `j MVb cm (Lmov) cywKvq 66 cvq
LvjKzvgvb ejQb, mwZKvii GKwU KwgDwb cvwU Rxe mv evLv KiZ wMq wke`vm
Nvl ejQb, gb ivLZ ne, KwgDwb cvwU GKwU eyRvqv ev cwUeyRvqv cvwUi gZ KZwj
ew ev Mc-Gi mgw bq| cZKiB wbR^ mUvi Ae AvUvKkb ev bZv AvQ| jwbb
GKwU KwgDwb cvwUK Rxe `ni (living organism) mv_ Zzjbv KiQb| A_vr,
KwgDwb cvwU GKUv gKvwbKvj nvj bv, GUv GKUv AiMvwbK nvj (cvYnxb h bq, GKwU
Rxe mv) wVK hgb gvbe`n GUv GKUv gbvwjw_K AiMvwbRg, Gi GKUv mvqyK` ev
gw (centre of nerves or brain) AvQ| Rxe `ni GUvB nj K`we`y ev cwiPvwjKv
kw| GB gwB mg AcZwjK cwiPvjbv Ki| Avevi, AcZ Ges Bw`qwjI
(sense organ) Zv`i wqvKjvci viv wewfb cwqvq gwi wqvKjvcK cfvweZ KiQ|
gwi mv_ Bw`q Ges AcZwji GB mKwU g~jK mKi bxwZ Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ|
GKwU KwgDwb cvwUi MVbI GBiKg| GKwU mwZKvii KwgDwb cvwUZ bZvi mv_ ivsK
G dvBji mK, K`xq KwgwUi mv_ mj _K i Ki cvwUi Abvb ewWjvi mK nj
gwi mv_ wewfb AcZ Ges Bw`qwji mKi gZ| Avevi wbPz _K mevP i ch
GB mKj cvwU ewWwjI Avjv`v Avjv`vfve KZjv Kgx ev bZvi mgvekgv bq| cZKi
wbR^ wbR^ mUvi Ad AvUvKkb ev bZv AvQ| 74 cvq ejQb, MYZvwK
GK`xKiY cm jwbbxq aviYvK evLv Ki wke`vm Nvl ejb, MYZvwK GK`xKiYK
hw` Avgiv GbvUwgi gZ KU fvM Kwi, Ze `yUv fvM cve| GKUv nQ Av`kMZ Kw`KZv ,
Avi GKUv nQ mvsMVwbK Kw`KZv| GB Av`kMZ Kw`KZv cvwUi Afi GKgv gvKmev`jwbbev`Z wfw Ki, g~jK eev`K wfw Ki, ay A_bwZK ivRbwZK weklYi B
bq, ewMZ Rxebi mg w`KK ev Ki Iqvb cmm Ae w_ws, BDwbdwgwU Ae w_ws,
Iqvbbm Bb GvcvP Ges wmjbm Ae cvicvm (mg-wPvcwZ, mg-wPv, mg-wePviaviv, mg
DkgyLxbZv) Mo Zvjvi msMvgi ga w`q Mo IV| G wRwbm Mo ZzjZ cvijB cvwUi
Afi MYZvwK cwqvq cvjUvwiqvb MYZvwK bxwZ Pvjy nqQ eySZ ne|

(11) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 13 cvq DwjwLZ, ... gb ivLZ ne h

gvKmev`x `ji bZZi aviYvwU mgvivj bZZi aviYv bq| G aviYv nj bZvi bZv aviYv|
GUv bIqv nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejxi wZxq Li 213 cv _K : ... gb ivLZ ne ne,
KwgDwb cvwUi Afi wjWviwkc-Gi GB dbvgbb, cvivjvj (mgvivj) jxWvim&-Gi
dbvgbb bq, GUv wjWvi Ae w` wjWvim&-Gi (bZv`i ga bZvi) dbvgbb|
(12) menvivkYxi `j MVbi mgmv cm cywKvi 15-16 cvq DwjwLZ, jwbb GUvK
GKUv living organism ev Rxe`ni mv_ Zzjbv KiQb| A_vr KwgDwb cvwU GKwU hvwK
AL mv bq, GwU Rxe AL mv, wVK hgb gvbe`n| GwU GKwU monolithic organism
(GKK`xK Rxe AL mv) Gi mvqyK` Centre of nerves ev gw iqQ, Rxe`ni
GwUB K`we`y ev cwiPvwjKv kw| GB gwB mg A-cZjvK cwiPvjbv Ki, Avevi
A-cZ Ges Bw`qjvI Zv`i wqvKjvci viv wewfb cwqvq gwi wqvK cfvevw^Z
KiQ| gwi mv_ Bw`q Ges A-cZjvi GB mKwU g~jK mKi bxwZ Abyhvqx
cwiPvwjZ| GKwU KwgDwb cvwUi MVbI AbKUv GiKg| GKwU mwZKvii KwgDwb cvwUZ
bZvi mv_ Rank and file-Gi mK, K`xq KwgwUi mv_ mj _K i Ki cvwUi Abvb
ewWjvi mK nj gwi mv_ wewfb A-cZ Ges Bw`qjvi mKi gZ| Avevi wbPz
_K mevP i ch GB mKj cvwU ewWjv Avjv`v Avjv`vfve KZjv bZv ev Kgxi
mgvekgv bq| cZKi wbR wbR Center of attraction ev bZv AvQ| G AskUzKz
bIqv nqQ wbevwPZ iPbvejxi wZxq Li 212-13 cv _K : jwbb GKwU KwgDwb
cvwUK Rxe `ni (living organism) mv_ Zzjbv KiQb| A_vr, KwgDwb cvwU GKUv
gKvwbKvj nvj bv, GUv GKUv AiMvwbK nvj (cvYnxb h bq, GKwU Rxe mv) wVK hgb
gvbe`n GUv GKUv gbvwjw_K AiMvwbRg, Gi GKUv mvqyK` ev gw (centre of
nerves or brain) AvQ| Rxe `ni GUvB nj K`we`y ev cwiPvwjKv kw| GB gwB mg
AcZwjK cwiPvjbv Ki| Avevi, AcZ Ges Bw`qwjI (sense organ) Zv`i

(14) G cywKvi 74 cvZB Aviv ejb, jwbb GB AM`~Z evwnbxi bZZ mK ejQb,
`ji mKj m`mi h_vbB h_ bZZ| wke`vm Nvl G cm ejb, ... G hyM KvbI
19

kYxi wecex `j wnmve MoB ZzjZ cvibwb, G mZKI Avwg KvbgZ A^xKvi KiZ cvwi
bv| ... AvRvwZK KwgDwb bZZK GB `ji bZviv eiveiB Ai gZ AbymiY Ki
GmQb| GB A AbyKiYi dj Zuviv `ki AfiI hgb mwVK wecex mvgev`x Av`vjb
Kvb w`bB Mo ZzjZ cvibwb, Abw`K wewfb `ki KwgDwb cvwUwji gZevw`K msNli
ga w`q h AvRvwZK KwgDwb bZZ Mo IV, mB AvRvwZK KwgDwb bZZ MVbi
I Kvbic f~wgKvB cvjb KiZ cviwb| ei, GB A AbyKiYi viv Zuviv eve
AvRvwZK KwgDwb bZZK `yej KiZB mvnvh KiQb| ... bZZKvix KwgDwb cvwUi
`vnvB co GB cvwUwU Rbi ci _K mvwfqZ bZZK Ges mvwfqZ-Pxbi ga weiva
`Lv `Iqvi ci _K `yfvM wef nq wMq GK`j mvwfqZ bZZK Ges Avi GK`j Pxbi
bZZK GLvb Pxb ev mvwfqZ K wVK, K ewVK m ck MY Ai gZ AbymiY
KiQ| ... wmwcAvB (Gg) bZe` GLb Pxb I mvwfqZi `yB avivi ga gacv Aej^b
KiQb, A_vr Zuviv GLb wbic| GB wbic K_vUvi eve cqvM Zuv`i ga wK `Lv hvQ?
Avmj Zuviv eZgvb GKwU ^vaxb RvZxq KwgDwb cvwU UvBci cvwU MVbi Pv KiQb ...
dj G`k KwgDwb cvwU bvgavix `jwUi Rbi ci _K msMvgi BwZnvm A_vr msMvg
cwiPvjbvi Kvq`v I cwiPvjbvi mgqKvi `wfx chvjvPbv Ki Ges `ki g~j ivRbwZK Aev
Ges ivi Pwi wbaviY Kievi Rb GB cvwUwU hZevi g~j iYbxwZ wbaviY Kievi Pv KiQ
A_vr g~j wecex Z MnY Kievi Pv KiQ, mB mg Z weklY Ki Ges `ji bZv I
Kgx`i Rxebi `wfx Ges cvZwnK AvPiYi mswZMZ gvb ... m mg welq
j Ki GB `jwU h MVbi i _KB KwgDwbRgi ZK&gv GuU GKwU cwU eyRvqv cvwUi
gZ AvPiY Ki GmQ GB wmv DcbxZ nqB Kejgv Avgiv fviZeli menviv kYx
wecex `j, A_vr gvKmev`x-jwbbev`x `j wnmve GmBDwmAvBK Mo ZzjwQ|

GKwU `j AfixY MYZvwK cwqvi ga ew bZZ I ewev`i Aemvb NwUq GKgv

ZLbB GB h_ bZZ cwZv KiZ mg, hLb cvwUi mg bZv I Kgxi wPv fvebvi
mg^qi ga w`q h h_ vb Mo IV mUvi ewKiY I weklxKZ cKvk NUQ, A_vr
GKRb bZvi ga w`q GB h_ bZZi mevgic ewKiY NUQ| KviY, `ji bZv I
Kgx`i wPvfvebv I AwfZvi mg^qi ga w`q h h_ vb `ji Afi Mo IV mB
bZZ, A_vr A_wiwUi aviYv, Kvbv gZB weg~Z (abstract) nZ cvibv| Avi, GB RbB h_
bZZi Afzvb NUQ GK_vi eve cgvY nj h, m Kvb bv Kvb GKRb bZvi ga
w`q GB h_vbi mekic ewKiY (Personification) NUQ|
(15) 124 cvq ejQb, wK fviZi KwgDwb cvwU GjvK mwVK gvKmev`x wecex avivq
Ajxb Ki GwMq hZ cviwb| Kb cviwb Zvi g~j KviY Abymvb KiZ wMq evsjv`k
RbMnYKvix fviZi GmBDwmAvBqi cwZvZv KgiW wke`vm Nvl Zvi GK weklYagx
g~jvqb ejb, ... G `k KwgDwb cvwU bvg GKwUB cvwU wQj| 1964 mvj mwU f
wmwcAvB I wmwcAvB (Gg) bvg `ywU cvwU nqQ| GLb Avevi bKkvjcx ej cwiwPZ KwgDwb
bZv Ges Kgxiv wmwcAvB (Gg) _K ewiq Gm AviKwU `j Movi AvqvRb KiQb| dj,
cyivbv KwgDwb cvwU bvgavix `jwU GLb wZbwU fvM wef| ... c_gB GKwU welq Avwg
cwivi Ki wbZ PvB| G`ki KwgDwb cvwU bvgavix `jwU AmsL fzj KiQ, Kejgv GB
KviYB h Avgiv GmBDwmAvB-K Avi GKUv cvv KwgDwb cvwU wnmve Mo ZzjwQ GK_v
wVK bq| GKwU kwgKkYxi wecex `j KLbB fzj KiZ cvibv GK_v Avgiv gb Kwibv, ev m
`jwU fzj KijB ZrYvr Avi GKwU cvv KwgDwb cvwU Mo ZzjZ ne GK_vI Avgiv gb
Kwibv| Kvb mwZKvii gvKmev`xB Gfve wPv Kibv| ... GKwU `j `yaibi fzj KiZ cvi|
Zvi GKwU nj, gvKmev`x g~j `wfw, wePvi weklY I cqvMcwZ AvqZ KiZ bv cvivi dj,
aygv ivRbwZK I A_bwZK B bq, Rxebi cwZwU B gvKmev` wbavwiZ g~jbxwZwj
AbymiYi fzj Ges Zvi dj GKwU wekl wecei i Ges Zvi iYbxwZ, A_vr wecei
g~jbxwZ wbaviYi fzj| ... G aibi fzji mv_ `ji kYx Pwii ckwU Avxfve
RwoZ| Avi, wZxq aibi fzjwU njv, gvKmev`x `wfw, wePvi weklY I cqvMcwZ
AbymiYi g~jZ wVK _KI `ji Dchy vb I AwfZvi Afve, gvKmev`x `wfwi
mvnvh eve Aevi weklY Ki g~jbxwZwj cqvMi fzj| GB klv aibi fzj njB
h mv_ mv_ `jwUi kYx Pwi cv hvq, Zv bq| Aek G aibi fzj hw` GKUvi ci GKUv
nZB _vK Ges GB fzjwji _K Dchy wkv wbq hw` kl ch mwjK mskvab Kiv
me bv nq, Zvnj axi axi GKw`b `jwUi kYxPwi cv hZ eva| ... G `ki KwgDwb
cvwU bvgavix `jwU MVbi wcQb G `ji cwZvZv`i ga AbKi Ges AbK bZv I AmsL
Kgxi Mfxi wbv, mZZv I AvZZvMi BwZnvm Avwg Rvwb Ges Avwg Zv`i AZ kvi PvLB
`wL| wK Zv`i GZv AvZZvM I wbv mI Mvov _KB KwgDwb cvwU MVbi mwVK
evwbK cwZ AbymiY bv Kivi Rb Zviv h GB `jwUK GKwU gvKmev`x-jwbbev`x kwgK

(16) menvivkYxi `j MVb cm cywKvi 30 cvq wjLQb, G `yin KvRwU mwVKfve

mv`b Kivi i _K wKQz NvUwZ wU j Ki wke`vm Nvl 1948 mvji m^i
gvm ejwQjb, wek mvgev`x Av`vjbi e mdjZv I Miegq AvZZvMK h_vh_ Me I
kvi mv_ ^xKvi KiI Avgiv Gi iZi wU wePzwZi cwZ `w AvKlY KiZ GK gynZi
RbI fyj hvBwb| ... GB iZi wU wePzwZwj `Lv `Iqvi g~j KviY nQ wek mvgev`x
wkweii bZZ ejvsk hvwK wPvcwZi viv cfvweZ| ... GB KviYi RbB wewfb `ki
vZcwZg KwgDwb cvwUwji ga mg-AwaKvi I kvevai wfwZ cviwiK wbfikxj I
mnvqK mK Mo Zvjvi gvKmxq vwK cwZwU gvMZ jwNZ nq GmQ| ... jwbbev`x
bxwZZ GK_v hw`I ^xKZ h wekl mgq we`gvb AvRvwZK ivRbxwZi cUf~wgZ wewfb `ki
eve ivwq, mvgvwRK, A_bwZK AevK wfw Ki hme KwgDwb cvwU Mo DVQ, Zv`i
ga wPvi NvZcwZNvZi c_B wecei mvaviY AvRvwZK jvBb Mo DVe| wK ...
AvRvwZK jvBb Mo Zvjvi GB vwK cwZ AbymiY Kivi cwieZ Kejgv GKwU `ywU
bZZKvix KwgDwb cvwU AvRvwZK cwiwwZi hv weklY KiQ ZvKB LuywUq wePvi weklY bv
20

KwgDwb Av`vjb fvb aivbvi Pv kl nq hvqwb| h_ mZK bv _vKj eZgvb AZ

RwUj ivRbwZK cwiwwZZ KwgDwb wkwei bZyb Ki wef` mwi Avkv Dwoq `qv hvqbv|
ay ZvB bq, gZv`kMZ eZgvb h AgvKmxq hvwK `wfwi mgmv iqQ, Zv hw`
mgqgZ wVKfve mgvavb bv Kiv nq, Zvnj wek BwZnvm Ggb NUbv NUjI Avh nIqvi wKQy
_vKebv hLb gvbyl `Le h, wewfb `ki mgvRZvwK eev cwZvi ciI KwgDwbiv
wbR`i ga HKK AviI my`p Kiv Ges wekmvgev`x mgvR cwZvi w`K ewj c`c `Z
GwMq hvIqvi cwieZ wbR`i ga LvjvLywj -Kjn I GgbKx hy weMnI wj nq
coQ|

KiB, AvRvwZK jvBb wnmve MnY KivUv Afvm I c_v nq `uvwoqQ| Gi dj AvRvwZK
bZZ msv Kbm ev aviYv Mo Zvjvi Rb wPvi -msNli cqvRbKB KvhZ A^xKvi
Kiv nqQ| ... GK_v cgvwYZ nqQ h, mvgev`x wkweii mv_ `xN mvnPh I e HwZnvwmK
msMvgi HwZn enb Kiv mI gvkvj wUUvi bZZ hyMvkvwfqvi cvwU gvKmev`i g~j bxwZi
mwVK Abyaveb e_ nqQ| KvRB AZxZ K ^xKvi I AvZZvMi iKW ev BwZnvmB eZgvb
mvgev`x Av`vjb cwiPvjbvq wbfzj
Zvi GKgv MvivwU bq; cwZwbqZB Ges me nj cwZwU
eenvwiK B cvwUi weklY, wmv, `wfx I KgcvK gvKmev`i g~j bxwZwji
gvcKvwVZ wePvi Ki wbZ ne| ... mvsMVwbK msnwZK my`p Kivi Rb eZgvb Kwgbdg
bZZi Avnvb GKw`K hw`I KwgDwb cvwUjvi ga evcK mvov RvwMqQ, wK cvkvcvwk
Avevi e msMvgi ga w`q Mo IVv `p msnwZZ bZzb bZyb dvUj I wPo aivi BwZ cvIqv
hvQ| GB cm BZvwji KwgDwb cvwUi Afi evgcx (left wing) KwgDwb Kgx`i
mv_ ZvMwjqvwi gZ cv_Ki K_v Ges wUUvi gZev`i mv_ AwfbZvi `iY MvgyjKvK
cvwjk IqvKvm cvwUi mvaviY mv`Ki c` _K AcmviYi NUbv DjLhvM| ... Avi GKwU
w`Ki cwZ GLb _KB wekl j `Iqv `iKvi| Zv nQ, ivxq i _K mvwfqZ ciiv
bxwZi wb`ki mv_ wekmenviv wece Zivw^Z Kivi Rb mvwfqZ KwgDwb cvwUi `vwqZKZei mK Kx ne? Zviv wK cwic~iK, bvwK GK Aci _K wewQb? GB ck KwgDwb`i
ga cPzi wevw iqQ| KviI gZ, mvwfqZ ciiv bxwZ I mvwfqZi AvRvwZK menviv
wecei bxwZ GKevi Avjv`v Ges GB `yBqi ga Kvb mK bB| Avevi KviI KviI gZ,
GB `ywU ay AwewQbB bq GK I Awfb| c_gv gZwU UUwev` viv cfvweZ Ges wZxqwU
mvgev`x gnj AZ cwiwPZ GKwU Z| wK eve mvwfqZ ciiv bxwZ I AvRvwZK
menviv wece Zivw^Z Kivi Rb mvwfqZ KwgDwb cvwUi `vwqZ I KZe hgb wewQb bq
Zgwb Avevi GB `ywUK GK I Awfb Ki `LvI fzj ne| ... Avmj GB `ywU cii
mKhy I wbfikxj Ges GKwU AciwUK cfvweZ Ki| ... GKw`K UUwev`xiv hgb
mvwfqZ ciiv bxwZi ZvrchK I AvRvwZK menviv wecex Av`vjb Zivw^Z Kivi
mvwfqZ BDwbqbi f~wgKvK weKZ Ki `LvQ, ZgbB Avevi wewfb `ki KwgDwb
cvwUwj, hviv AZxZi ZZxq AvRvwZKi mv_ hy wQj I eZgvb Kwgbdg Gi mv_ hy,
ZvivI mvwfqZ BDwbqb AbymZ ciiv bxwZ, hv jwbbev`i mv_ g~jZ (basically) msMwZc~Y,
m mK GKwU MZvbyMwZK `wfw wbq Pjvi viv iZi aibi fzj Ki PjQ| Avi GRbB
Zviv eySZ e_ nqQ h, mvwfqZ ciiv bxwZ I `k `k wecex Av`vjbi KgKvi ga
eve GKwU I weivR Ki| GB cvwUwj mvwfqZ ciiv bxwZi ckK wewfb `ki wecei
cki mv_ wjq djQ Ges Zvi dj bZyb bZyb mgmv I RwUjZvi mvgb co Zviv gvMZ
GKi ci GK fyj Ki hvQ| ... myZivs cwZwU KwgDwb Kgxi Aek KZe ne, AveMgy gb
wbq cwiwwZK wePvi Kiv Ges mvgev`x Av`vjbi AZxZ BwZnvm, eZgvb aviv I cebZvwj
Ges fwelZ MwZcKwZ mK mPZb nIqv| gb ivLZ ne, UUwev`i mgvwai mv_ mv_

(17) menvivkYxi `j MVb cm cywKvi 54 cvq, hLvb ejv nqQ, vwjbi Rxeb wQj
GKRb gnvb gvKmev`x-jwbbev`xi Rxeb; GKRb gnvb menviv wecexi Rxeb| GK_v mZ h,
mvwfqZ RbMY I AvRvwZK KwgDwb Av`vjbi Rb GKw`K hgb GKRb gnvb
gvKmev`x-jwbbev`x wnmve vwjb AbK cksmvhvM KvR Ki MQb, Zgwb wKQz fzjI wZwb
KiwQjb| wKQz fzj wQj bxwZMZ, wKQz fzj nqwQj eve KvRKg KiZ wMq| KZjv fzj
Govbv hZ, Avi menviv GKbvqKZi Avi Kvb c~e `v wQj bv ej mmgq wKQz wKQy fzj
Gwoq hvIqv cvq Ame wQj| wbRi wPvavivq vwjb wKQz wKQz ck HwZnvwmK eev` _K
wePyZ nq fveev` I AvZgyLxbZvi Mf wbgwZ nqwQjb Ges Zvi dj eve Aev I RbMY
_K wewQb nq wMqwQjb| cvwUi fZii I evBii msMvg cwiPvjbvq wKQz wKQz NUbvq I wKQz
wKQz ck Avgv`i mv_ k`i I RbMYi gaKvi cKwZMZfve wfb cKwZi GB
`yUv K wZwb wjq djwQjb, wjq djwQjb G`i gxgvsmvi Rb cqvRbxq wfb wfb
DcvqjvKI| cwZwecex`i kvw cvIqvUv hgb h_vhvM wQj, Zgwb m m AbK wbwin
gvbylK kvw `Iqv nqwQj| ... vZcwZg cvwU Ges `kjvi mv_ mK wbaviYi I
wZwb wKQz fzj KiwQjb| AvRvwZK KwgDwb Av`vjb wZwb wKQz wKQz fzj Dc`kI
w`qwQjb| ... vwjbi Y I `vli evcvijv nvjv HwZnvwmK I eMZ mZ| Dfq w`Ki
weePbv Kij Zvi `vli Zzjbvq Yjv AbK ekx| gyLZ wZwb mwVK wQjb, fzjjv wQj
MY| ... gvKmev`-jwbbev`K wZwb iv KiQb weKvkmvab KiQb|

21