Expert English Course THE CLAUSES

Speaking / Grammar Program

Clause A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. Independent clause An independent is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. It is also called main clause. Dependent clause A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to a dependent clause. It is also called sub clause. Kinds of clause: No kinds of clauses

Example

adjective clause (relative pronoun)

I forget the day when you came I knew when you came I was watching television when you came

Noun clause

Adverbial clause

explanation An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about noun (An adjective clause is also called a relative clause). Noun clause is clause whose function is as noun. And it is used as subject or object in sentence. Adverbial clause is clause whose function is as adverb in sentence.

1. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE A. USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS (who, which, that) 1. MC : The man will go abroad. SC : He can speak English. RP : (a) The man who can speak English will go abroad. : (b) The man that can speak English will go abroad. 2. MC : I visited the man. SC RP : He can speak English. : (a) I visited the man who can speak English. Page 1

Expert English Course : (b) I visited the man that can speak English. 3. MC : The book is broken.

Speaking / Grammar Program

SC : It is in your bag. RP : (a) The book which is in your bag is broken. : (b) The book that is in your bag is broken. 4. MC : I found the book. SC : It is still good. RP : (a) I found the book which is still good. : (b) I found the book that is still good. Notes: If the main nouns (the man, the book) are modified in the subject of sub clause, they use subject pronoun. The position of the main nouns in the main clauses can be in subject or object. The subject pronouns are always placed after main noun. Who(m) : Used for people. Which : Used for thing. That : Used for both of people and thing.

Exercise: 1. MC : This girl is happy. SC : She won the race. RP : . T : Gadis yang memenangi perlombaan itu bahagia. 2. MC : The teacher helped me. SC : . RP : The teacher who always comes on time helped me. T : 3. MC : SC : He sits beside me. RP : The student who sits beside me is from Germany. 4. MC : She is reading a story. SC: It makes her curious. T : . 5. MC : The taxi driver is humble. SC: . RP: The taxi driver who took me to the airport is humble. T : Page 2

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 6. MC : Did the judge decide fairly? SC: He always upholds justice. RP: . T : .. 7. MC : What will the carpenter make? SC: .. RP: What will the carpenter who always smile make? 8. MC : .. SC: RP: .. T : Apakah pria yang sedang tidur itu selalu mendengkur? 9. MC : Who is struck by the trainer? SC: He is often insulted. RP : . T : . 10. MC : Why do you admire the car? SC: It can reach 200 km/h. RP: .. T : .. B. USING OBJECT PRONOUNS (who(m), which, that) 1. MC : The boy was swimming. SC RP : I saw him : (a) The boy who(m) : (b) The boy that : (C) The boy 2. MC : I visited the boy. : You helped him. : (a) I visited the boy who(m) : (b) I visited the boy that : (c) I visited the boy 3. MC : The book is broken. : You bought it. : (a) The book which : (b) The book that : (c) The book 4. MC : I took the book.

I saw was swimming. I saw was swimming. I saw was swimming.

SC RP

you helped. you helped. you helped.

SC RP

you bought is broken. you bought is broken. you bought is broken.

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Expert English Course SC RP

Speaking / Grammar Program

: You borrowed it. : (a) I took the book which you borrowed. : (b) I took the book that you borrowed. : (c) I took the book you borrowed. Notes: Place an adjective clause pronoun as possible to the noun it modifies. Who is usually used instead of whom, as specially in speaking. Whom is generally used only in very formal omitted from an adjective clause (a subject pronoun may not be omitted)

C. PRONOUNS USED AS THE OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION. 1. MC : The boy was swimming. SC : I told you about him. RP : (a) The boy about whom I told you was swimming. : (b) The boy who(m) I told you about was swimming. : (c) The boy that I told you about was swimming. : (d) The boy I told you about was swimming. 2. MC : the music made us sleepy. : We listened to it last night. : (a) The music to which we listened last night made us sleepy. : (b) The music which we listened to last night made us sleepy. : (c) The music that we listened to last night made us sleepy. : (d) The music we listened to last night made us sleepy. 3. MC : the servant was ironing SC : I was angry with her. : (a) The servant with whom I was angry was ironing. : (b) The servant who(m) I was angry with was ironing. : (c) The servant that I was angry with was ironing. : (d) The servant I was angry with was ironing. Notes: In very formal English, the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause. Usually in everyday usage, the preposition comes after the subject and verb of the adjectives clause. If the preposition comes at beginning of the adjective clause, only whom or which may be used. A proposition is never immediately followed by that or who. RP SC RP

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Exercises: 1. MC : The magazine was very interesting. SC : I read it yesterday. RP : T : Majalah yang sya baca kemarin itu sangat menarik. 2. MC : I liked that woman. SC : . RP : I liked that woman whom I met at the party last night. 3. MC : SC : You wrote it. RP : They admired the composition that you wrote. T : . 4. MC : The people were very friendly. SC : We visited them yesterday. RP : .. T : . 5. MC : Who will marry the girl? SC : . RP : Who will marry the girl whom we advised last week? T : . 6. MC : Was the meeting successful? SC : You went to it. RP : . T : . 7. MC : What will the seller promote? SC : RP : What will the seller whom we met yesterday promote? 8. MC : . SC : . RP : . T : Apakah guru yang kita kagumi itu sabar dan bijaksana? 9. MC : Who was invited by the composer? SC : We often see him on television. RP : . T : . 10. MC : Must we thank the people? SC : I got a present from them. RP : T : ..

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Expert English Course D. USING WHOSE 1. MC : The man will go abroad. SC RP 2. MC SC RP

Speaking / Grammar Program

: His wife is getting sick. : The men whose wife is getting sick will go abroad. : I visited the man.

: His car was stolen. : I visited the man whose car was stolen. 3. MC : I have motorcycle : Its color is blue. : I have motorcycle whose color is blue. 4. MC : The book was broken. : Its price was expensive. : The book whose price was expensive was broken. 5. MC : Mr. Catt has a painting. : Its value is inestimable. : Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable. Notes: Whose is used to show possession. It carries the same meaning as other possessive pronouns used as adjectives: my, your, his, her, their, and its. Whose is connected to a noun. His car whose car Their books whose books Both whose and the noun it is connected to are placed at beginning of the adjective clause. Whose cannot be omitted. Whose usually modifies people, but it may also be used to modify thing as in 5. Exercises: 1. MC : I have forgiven the student. SC : His father is a farmer. RP : T : Saya telah memaafkan siswa yang ayahnya seorang petani. 2. MC : I apologize to the woman. SC : I spilled her coffee. RP : T : Page 6

SC RP

SC RP

SC RP

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 3. MC : .. SC : Her husband is a lecturer. RP : I met the woman whose husband is a lecturer. 4. MC : She bought the umbrella. SC : Its color is blue. RP : . T : . 5. MC : . SC : .. RP : Whose friend visited the boy whose car is new? 6. MC : Will the king feel happy? SC : His son wants to study at Harvard. RP : T : 7. MC : What has the worker done? SC : RP : What has the worker whose hat is red done? T : . 8. MC : .. SC : .. RP : T : Apakah wanita yang anaknya akan menikah itu senang? 9. MC : When did the man propose her? SC : His parents want to have a grandchild soon. RP : . T : . 10. MC : Why do you hit the car? SC : Its tail is long and black. RP : T : E. USING WHERE AND WHEN 1. MC : Do you know Bandung? SC RP : I was born there. (In Bandung) : (a) Do you know Bandung where : (b) Do you know Bandung in which : (c) Do you know Bandung which : (d) Do you know Bandung that Page 7

I was born. I was born. I was born in. I was born in.

Expert English Course : (e) Do you know Bandung 2. MC : Ill never forget the day. SC RP

Speaking / Grammar Program I was born in.

: You came here on Sunday. : (a) Ill never forget the day when you came. : (b) Ill never forget the day on which you came. : (c) Ill never forget the day which you came on. : (d) Ill never forget the day that you came on. : (e) Ill never forget the day you came on. Notes: Where is used in an adjective clause to modify a place (city, country, room, house, etc) if where is used, a preposition is not included in the adjective clause. If where is not used, the preposition must be included. When is used in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, time, century, etc). The use of preposition in an adjective clause that modifies a noun of time is somewhat different from that in order adjective clauses. The preposition is used preceding which. Otherwise the preposition is omitted. Exercises: 1. MC : The city was beautiful. SC : We spent our vacation there. (In that city) RP : T : 2. MC : That is the restaurant. SC : RP : That is the restaurant where I will meet you. T : 3. MC : .. SC : .. RP : T : Desa dimana saya dilahirkan itu akan dikunjungi president. 4. MC : That is my drawer. SC : I keep my jewelry there. (In that drawer) RP : .. T : .. 5. MC : .. SC : .. RP : Who remembers the place where we were camping? Page 8

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program T : . 6. MC : . SC : Will you remind me to write the year? RP : We finished our course then. (In that year) T : .. 7. MC : 6:00 AM is the time. SC : He always goes to school then. (At that time) RP : . T : . 8. MC : . SC : . RP : . T : Apakah kita harus mengingat hari pada saat kita menikah? 9. MC : . SC : . RP : That is the lake where you were swimming. T : . 10. MC : How can you forget the day? SC : You made a big decision then. (On that day) RP : T : F. USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS a) There is someone (whom) I want you to meet. b) Everything he said was pure nonsense. c) Anybody who wants to come is always received. d) Jacky was the only one I knew in the party. e) Scholarships are available for those who need financial assistance. f) It is I who am responsible. g) He who swims in sins will sink in sorrow. Notes: Adjective clauses can modify indefinite pronoun (e.g. someone, everyone). Object pronouns (e.g. whom, which) are usually omitted in the adjective clauses. See (a), (b), (c). Adjective clauses can modify the one(s) and those. See (d), (e). An adjective clauses with which can also be used to modify the pronoun that. Example: 1. We sometimes fear that which we dont understand. 2. The cake my mother makes is much better than that which you can buy at a store. Page 9

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

Adjective clauses rarely modify personal pronouns. (f) is very formal and uncommon. (g) Is a well-known saying in which he is used as an indefinite pronoun (meaning anyone, any person).

Exercises: complete the sentences below with adjective clause! 1. Ask John. He is the only one who knows the answer. 2. I have a question. There is something .. 3. He cant trust anyone. There is no one . 4. I know someone . 5. I listen to everything .. 6. You can believe him. Everything 7. The test we took yesterday was easier that the one 8. All of the students are seated. The teacher is the only one 9. You must be patient. Everything .. 10. Dont disturb her. Anyone . G. PUNTUATION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES a) Do not use commas if the adjective clause is necessary to identify the noun it modifies. (Essential, restrictive, identifying) b) Use commas if the adjective clause simply gives additional information. (Nonessential, nonrestrictive, not identifying). Examples: a) The professor who teaches us is very old. No commas are used. The adjective clause is necessary to identify which professor is meant. b) Professor Lee, who teaches us, is very old. Commas are used. The adjective clause is not necessary to indentify who Mr. Lee is. We already know he is: he has a name. The adjective clause simply gives additional information. Page 10

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Who(m) c) The man that I met teaches me. If no commas are used. Any possible pronoun may be used in the adjective clause. Object pronouns mat be omitted. d) Mr. John, whom I met yesterday, is from German. When commas are necessary, the pronoun that may not be used (only who, whom, whose, where, and when may be used), and object pronoun cannot be omitted. Compare the meaning: a) We took some children on a picnic. The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. (The use of commas means that all of the children ran to an open field. The adjective clause is used only to give additional information about the children). b) We took some children on a picnic. The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. The others played a different game. (The lack of commas means that only some of children wanted to play soccer. The adjective clause is used to identify which children ran to the open field).

Exercises: Add commas where necessary. Change the adjective clause pronoun to that if possible. 1. Jacky and John, who did not come to class yesterday, explained their absence to the teacher. (Commas are necessary; who cannot be changed to that) 2. The students who did not come to the class yesterday explained their absence to the teacher. (No commas; who can be changed to that) 3. The geologist who lectured at Browning Hall last night predicted another earthquake. 4. Dr. William who lectured at Browning Hall last night predicted another earthquake. 5. Only people who speak Russian should apply for the job. 6. Richard who speaks Russian applied for the job. 7. The rice which we had for dinner last night was very good. Page 11

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 8. Rice which is grown in many countries is a staple food throughout much of the world. 9. I have found memories of my hometown which is situated in a valley. 10. I live in a town which is situated in a valley. 11. The Mississippi river which flows south from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico is the major commercial river in the United States. 12. A river which is polluted is not safe for swimming. 13. Mr. Brown whose son won the spelling contest is very proud of his sons achievement. The man whose daughter won the science contest is also very pleased and proud. 14. Goats which were first tamed more than 9.000 years ago in Asia have provided people with milk, meat, and wool since prehistoric times. 15. Mrs. Green has two goats. She is furious at the goat which got on the wrong fence and is eating her flowers. 16. The man who is sitting next to you is my brother. 17. Andy who is sitting next to you often makes us annoyed. 18. You dont need to take heavy clothes when you go to Bangkok which has one of the highest average temperatures of any city in the world. 19. The girl who falls in love usually feels shy. 20. Susie who usually comes late will be unsuccessful. H. USING EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE MC : In my class there are 20 students. SC : Most of them are from Bandung. RP : In my class there are 20 students, most of them are from Bandung. An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with of: some of, many of, most of, none of, two of, half of, both of, several of, a few of, little of, a number of, etc. MC : He gave several reasons. : Only a few of them are valid. : He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid. The expression of quantity precedes the pronoun. Only whom, which, and whose are used in this pattern. : The teachers discussed John. : one of his problems was poor study habits. RP : The teachers discussed John, one of whose problem was poor study habits. Page 12

SC RP

MC SC

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

Adjective clauses that begin with an expression of quantity are more common in writing than speaking. Commas are used.

Exercises: 1. MC : I tried on six pairs of shoes. SC : I liked none of them. RP : .. T : .. 2. MC : The village has 200 people. SC : RP : The village has around 200 people, most of whom are farmers. T : 3. MC : . SC : I borrowed some of his books. RP : I met Jacky, some of whose books I borrowed. T : .. 4. MC : .. SC : .. RP : The city has sixteen schools, two of which are broken. T : Kota itu memiliki 16 sekolah, yang 2 rusak. 5. MC : After the riot, over one hundred people were taken to the hospital. SC : Many of them had been innocent by standers. I. USING NOUN + OF WHICH MC : We have an antique table. SC : The top of it has jade inlay. RP : We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay An adjective clause may include a noun + of which (e.g. the top of which). This pattern carries the meaning of whose (e.g. we have an antique table whose top has jade inlay). J. USING WHICH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE MC : Tom was late. SC : That surprised me. RP : Tom was late, which surprised me. The pronoun that and this can refer to the idea of a whole sentence which comes before. The word that refers to the whole sentence Tom was late. Page 13

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

The word this refers to whole sentence The elevator is out of order. Using which to modify a whole sentence is informal and occurs frequently in spoken English. This structure is generally not appropriate in formal writing. Whenever it is written, however, it is preceded by a comma to reflect a pause in speech.

Exercises: 1. MC : They own an original Picasso painting. SC : The value of the painting is over million dollars. RP : . T : . 2. MC : I bought a magazine. SC : . RP : I bought a magazine, the title of which is contemporary architectural style. T : 3. SC RP T 4. SC RP T 5. SC RP T MC : Jack was fired from his job. : That surprised us. : .. : .. MC : the student next to me kept cracking his knuckles. : ............... : The student next to me kept cracking his knuckles, which bothered me. : MC : Max isnt home yet. : That worries me. : : ..

K. REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSE TO ADJECTIVE PHRASE Clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb. Phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.

Examples: Adjective clause : The girl who is crying in my room is Ratih. Adjective phrase : The girl crying in my room is Ratih. Adjective clause : The girl whom I visited is studying now. Adjective phrase : (none) Page 14

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program An adjective phrase is a reduction of an adjective clause. It modifies a noun. It does not contain a subject and a verb. The adjective clause can be reduced to the adjective phrase. They have the same meaning. Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun--who, which, or that-cannot be reduced to modifying adjective phrases. The adjective clause that does not have a subject pronoun cannot be reduced to an adjective phrase. There are three ways in which an adjective clause is changed to an adjective phrase. 1. The subject pronoun is omitted and the be form of the verb is omitted. Clause : The man who is talking to john is friendly. Phrase : The man talking to john is friendly. Clause Phrase : The book which was stolen is mine. : The book stolen is mine.

Clause : The bags that are on the table are good. Phrase : The bags on the table are good. 2. If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its ing form. Clause : English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters. Phrase : English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters. 3. If the adjective clause requires commas, the adjective phrase also requires commas. Clause : Mr. Fahmi, who is the teacher of AEC, is teaching. Phrase : Mr. Fahmi, the teacher of AEC, is teaching. Exercises: Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases 1. The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet. . 2. I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country. . 3. The children who attend that school receive a good education. ... 4. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 5. The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood. 6. They live in a house that was built in 1681. 7. We have an apartment which overlooks the park. .. 8. Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting? .. 9. There must exist in a modern community a sufficient number of people who possess the technical skill that required maintaining the numerous devices upon which our physical comforts depend. .. 10. Many of the students who hope to enter the university will be disappointed because only one-tenth of those who apply for admission will be accepted. ..

2. NOUN CLAUSES A. NOUN CLAUSES: INTRODUCTION Noun clause is clause whose function is as noun. And it is used as subject or object in sentence. Words used to introduce noun clauses: what, who, whom, what, which, whose, when, where, why, how, whether, if, that. NO EXAMPLES Page 16 EXPLANATION

Expert English Course -I know what you bought last night 1 (true). -I knew what did you buy last night (false) 2 -What she says make me angry (true). -What does she say make me angry (false) 3 -she is sick makes me sad (false) -that she is sick makes me sad (true) 4 -I dont know what I should do. -I dont know what to do. -ask him where he could find it. -ask him where to find it. 5 -The teacher demands that we be on time. -I insisted that he pay me the money. -I recommended that she not go to the concert. -It is important that they be told the truth. -I suggested that she see a doctor. -I suggested that she should see a doctor.

Speaking / Grammar Program What you bought last night is noun clause which is used as object. What he says is noun clause which is used as subject. The position noun clause in subject must be put conjunction Question word and whether may be followed by an infinitive. The meaning expressed by the infinitive is either should or can/could. In these sentences, the subjunctive verb is used only in its simple form. It doesnt have present, past, future form; it is neither singular nor plural. Should is also possible after suggest And recommend. Notes: Ask, advise, propose, it is necessary/ essential/ vital, imperative.

`B. NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD In a) where she lives is the QUESTION NOUN CLAUSE Where does she live? a) I dont know where she. object of the verb know. Do What did he say? b) I couldnt hear what he not use question word order When do they arrive? said. in a noun clause, the subject c) Do you know when they precedes the verb. arrive? Notice: does, did, do are used in question but not in noun clause Who lives there? d) I dont know who lives In d): the word order is the What happened? there. same in both the question Who is at the door? e) Please tell me what and the noun clause because happened. who is the subject in both. Page 17

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program f) I wonder who is at the door. g) I dont know who she is. h) I dont know who those men are. i) I wonder whose house that is. j) What she said surprised me k)What they should do is obvious.

Who is she? Who are those men? Whose house is that?

In g): she is the subject of the question, so it is placed in front of the verb be in the noun clause. In j): what she said is the subject of sentence. Notice in k): a noun clause subject takes a singular verb (e.g: is)

What did she say? What should they do?

Exercises 1: Change the question in parentheses to a noun clause 1. (How old is she?) I dont know how old she is. 2. (What was he talking about?) . was interesting. 3. (Where do you live?) please tell me 4. (What did he say?) ..wasnt true. 5. (When are they coming?) do you know .? 6. How much does it cost?) I cant remember .. 7. (Which one does he want?) lets ask him .. 8. (Why did they leave the country?) .is a secret. 9. (What are we doing in the class?) ...is easy. 10. (Whose pen is this?) do you know .. Exercises 2: Make a question from the given sentence. The words in parentheses should be the answer to the question you make. Use a question word (who, what, how, etc) then change the question to a noun clause. 1. That man is (Mr. Robertson). QUESTION : who is that man? Page 18

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program NOUN CLAUSE : I want to know who that man is. 2. George lives (in Los Angeles). QUESTION : ... NOUN CLAUSE : I want to know .. 3. Ann bought (a new dictionary). QUESTION : .. NOUN CLAUSE : do you know ? 4. It is (1 hour) to Pare from here. QUESTION : . NOUN CLAUSE : I need to know .. 5. Jack was late to class (because he missed the bus). QUESTION : NOUN CLAUSE : the teacher wants to know . 6. That is (Anns) pen. QUESTION : . NOUN CLAUSE : Tom wants to know .. 7. Alex saw (Ms. Frost) at the meeting. QUESTION : NOUN CLAUSE : I dont know .. 8. (Jack) saw Ms. Alice at the meeting.

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program QUESTION : .. NOUN CLAUSE : I dont know .. C. NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH WHETHER OR IF When a yes/no question is NOUN CLAUSE a) I dont know whether she will come. changed to a noun clause, I dont know if she will come. whether or if is used to b) I wonder whether she needs help. introduce the clause. I wonder if she needs help. (note: whether is more c) I wonder whether or not she will come. acceptable in formal English, d) I wonder whether she will come or not. but if is quite commonly e) I wonder if she will come or not. used, especially in speaking) In (c, d, e): notice the patterns when or not is used. f) Whether she come or not is unimportant In f): notice that the noun clause is in the subject position. D. QUESTION WORDS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES a) I dont know what I should do. Question words (when, where, b) I dont know what to do. how, who, whom, whose, what, c) Pam cant decide whether she should go or which) may be followed by an stay home. infinitive. d) Pam cant decide whether to go or (to) stay Each pair of sentences in the examples has the same meaning. home. e) Please tell me how I can get to the bus station. Notice that the meaning f) Please tell me how can get to the bus station. expressed by the infinitive is g) Jim told us where we could find it. either should or can/could. h) Jim told us where to find it. Exercises: Give sentences with the same meaning by using infinitives. 1. He told me when I should come He told me when to come. 2. The plumber told me how I could fix the leak in the sink. 3. Please tell me where I should meet you. 4. Don had an elaborate excuse for being late for their date, but Sandy didnt know whether she should believe him or not. Page 20 YES/NO QUESTION Will she come?

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 5. Jim found two shirts he liked, but he had trouble deciding which one he should buy. 6. Ive done everything I can think of to help Andy get his life straightened out. I dont know what else I can do. E. NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH THAT In (a): that he is a good actor is STATEMENT NOUN CLAUSE (expression of an a noun clause. It is used as the idea or fact) object of the verb think. He is a good actor. a) I think that he is a good The word that, when it introduces a noun clause, has actor. The world is b) I think he is a good actor. no meaning in itself. It simply round. c) We know (that) the world marks the beginning of the clause. Frequently it is omitted, is round. as in (b), specially in speaking, (If it is used in speaking, it is unstressed) She doesnt d) That she doesnt In d): The noun clause (that she understand spoken understand spoken English is doesnt understand spoken) is English. obvious. used as the subject of the e) It is obvious (that) she sentence. The word that is not doesnt understand spoken omitted when it introduces a English. noun clause used as the subject The world is f) That the world is round is a of a sentence, as in (d) and (f). round. fact. more commonly, the word it g) It is a fact that the world is functions as the subject, and the round. noun clause is placed at the end of the sentence, as in (e) and (g) E. QUOTED SPEECH (DIRECT SPEECH) Quoted speech refers to reproducing word exactly as they were originally spoken. Quotation marks () are used. In (a): use comma after she said. Capitalize QUOTING ONE SENTENCE a) She said My brother is a student. the first word of quoted sentence. Put the final quotation marks outside of the period at the end of the sentence. In (b): use a comma, not a period, at the end b) My brother is a student, she said. of the quoted sentence when it precedes she said. In (c): if the quoted sentence is divided by Page 21

Expert English Course c) My brother, she said, is a student. QUOTING MORE THAN ONE SENTENCE d) My brother is a student. He is attending a university, she said. QUOTING A QUESTION OR AN EXCLAMATION e) She asked, when will you be here? f) When will you be here? she asked. g) She said, Watch out!

Speaking / Grammar Program she said, use a comma after the first part of the quote. Do not capitalize the first word of the second half of the quoted sentence. In (d): quotation marks are placed at the beginning and end of the complete quote. Notice: there are no quotation marks after student. In (e): the question mark is inside the quotation. In (f): if a question mark is used, no comma is used before she said. In (g): The exclamation point is inside the quotation marks

F. REPORTED SPEECH AND THE FORMAL SEQUENCE OF TENSES IN NOUN CLAUSES Reported speech refers to using a noun clause to report what someone has said. No quotation marks are used. Notice the changes in the verb forms quoted speech to reported speech in the following examples. QUOTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH -he said, I watch TV every day. -he said (that) she watched TV every day. -he said, I am watching TV. -he said he was watching TV. -he said, I have watched TV. -he said he had watched TV. -he said, I watched TV. -he said he had watched TV. -he said, I will watch TV. -he said he would watch TV. -he said, I am going to watch TV. -he said he was going to watch TV. -he said, I can watch TV. -he said he could watch TV. -he said, I may watch TV. -he said he might watch TV. -he said, I might watch TV. -he said he might watch TV. -he said, I must watch TV. -he said he had to watch TV. -he said, I have to watch TV. -he said he had to watch TV. -he said, I should watch TV. -he said he should watch TV. -he said, I ought to watch TV. -he said he ought to watch TV. -he said, watch TV. -he told me to watch TV. -he said, do you watch TV? -he asked (me) if I watched TV. In reported speech, an imperative sentence is changed to an infinitive. Tell is used instead of say as the reporting verb. Also note that tell is immediately followed by a (pro)noun object, but say is not: Page 22

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program He told me he would be late. He said he would be late. Also possible: he said to me he would be late.

GENERAL GUIDELINES ON TENSE USAGE IN A NOUN CLAUSE 1) If the reporting verb (the main verb of the sentence, e.g., said) is in the past, the verb in noun clause will usually also be in a past form. 2) This formal sequence of tenses in noun clauses is used in both speaking and writing. However, sometimes in spoken English, no change is made in the noun clause verb, especially if the speaker is reporting something immediately or soon after it was said. Immediate reporting: A: what did the teacher just say? I didnt hear him. B: He said he wants us read Chapter Six. Later reporting: A: I didnt go to class yesterday. Did Mr. John make any assignments? B: Yes. He said he wanted us to read Chapter Six. 3) Also, sometimes the present tense is retained even in formal English when the reported sentence deals with a general truth: she said that the world is round. 4) When the reporting verb is simple present, present perfect, or future, the noun clause verb is not changed. She says, I watch TV every day. She says she watches TV every day. She has said, I watch TV every day. She has said that she watches TV every. day. She will say, I watch TV every day. She will say that she watches TV every day. G. USING THE SUBJUNTIVE IN NOUN CLAUSES a) The teacher demands that we be on In (a): be is a subjunctive verb. The time. subjunctive is used in a noun clause that b) I insisted that he pay me the money. follows certain verbs and expressions. The c) I recommended that she not go to the sentences generally stress importance. In concert. these sentences, the subjunctive verb is d) It is important that they be told the used only in its simple form. It does not truth. have present, past, or future form; it is neither singular nor plural. Negative; not + simple form, as in (c). Passive: simple form of be + past participle, as in (d). e) I suggested that she see a doctor. Should is also possible after suggest and f) I suggested that she should see a recommend. doctor. Page 23

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COMMON VERBS AND EXPRESSION FOLLOWED BY THE SUBJUNTIVE IN A NOUN CLAUSE Ask (that) recommend (that it is important (that) Demand (that) request (that) it is necessary (that) desire (that) require (that) it is essential (that) Insist (that) suggest (that) it is vital (that) Prefer (that) urge (that) it is imperative (that) Propose (that) The subjunctive is more common in American English that British English. In British English, should + simple form is more usual than the subjunctive: e.g. The teacher insists that we should be on time. Exercises: Give the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Some of the verbs are passive. 1. Her advisor recommended that she (take) .five courses. 2. He instead that new baby (name) ...after his grandfather. 3. The doctor recommended that she (stay) ....in bed for a few days. 4. The students requested that the best (postpone) .., but the instructor decided against a postponement. 5. I requested that I (permit) to change my class. 6. It is essential that pollution (control) and eventually (eliminate) .. 7. It was such a beautiful day that one of the students suggested we (have) class outside. 8. The movie director insisted that everything about his production (be) authentic. 9. It is vital that no one else (know) .about the secret government operation. 10. She asked that we (be) ....sure to lock the door behind us. 11. It is essential that no one (admit) to the room without proper identification. Page 24

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 12. It is important that you (be, not) .late. 13. It is imperative that he (return) .home immediately. 14. The governor proposed that a new highway (build) .. 15. She specifically asked that I (tell, not) ..anyone else about it. She said it was important that no one else (tell) about it. H. USING EVER WORDS The following ever words give the idea of any. Each pair of sentences in the examples has the same meaning. Whoever (a) whoever wants to come is welcome. Anyone who wants to come is welcome. Who(m)ever (b) He makes friends easily with who(m)ever he meets. He makes friends easily with anyone who(m) he meets. Whatever (c) He always says whatever comes into his mind. He always says anything that comes into his mind. Whichever (d) there are four good programs on TV at eight oclock. We can watch whichever program (whichever one) you prefer. We can watch any of the four programs that you prefer. Whenever (e) You may leave whenever you wish. You may leave any time that you wish. Wherever (f) She can go whenever she wants to go. She can go anyplace that she wants to go. However (g) The students may dress however they please. The students may dress in any way that they please. In (b): whomever is the object of the verb meets. In American English, whomever is rare and very formal. In British English, whoever (not whomever) is used as the object form: he makes friend easily with whoever he meets.

Exercises: Complete the following by using ever words. 1. He is free to go anyplace he wishes. He can go whenever he wants. 2. He is free to go anytime he wishes. He can go he wants. Page 25

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 3. I dont know what I should do about that problem. Do seems best to you. 4. There are five flights going to Chicago every day. I dont care which one we take. W can take .one fits in best with your schedule. 5. I want you to be honest. I hope you feel free to say is on your mind. 6. .leads a life full of love and happiness is rich. 7. No one can tell him what to do. He does ..he wants. 8. I have a car. I can take you .you want to go. 9. Those children are wild. I feel sorry for ..has to be their babysitter. 10. I have four. Take ..one pleases you most. 3. THE ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Adverbial clause is clause whose function is as adverb in sentence. A. INTRODUCTON a) When we were in Bandung, we saw When we were in Bandung, is an adverb several plays. clause. It is a dependent clause. It cannot b) We saw several plays when we were in stand alone as a sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Bandung Punctual: when an adverb clause precedes an independent clause, as in (a), a comma is used to separate the clauses. When the adverb clause follows, as in (b), usually no comma is used. c) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. Like when, because introduce an adverb d) He went to bed because he was sleepy. clause. Because he was sleepy is an adverb clause.

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SUMMARY LIST OF WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES TIME CAUSE AND EFFECT OPPOSITION CONDITION After because even though if Before since although unless When now that though only if While as whereas whether or not As as/so long as while even if By the time (that) inasmuch as providing (that) Since so (that) provided (that) Until in order that in case (that) As soon as in the event (that) Once As/so long as Whenever Every time (that) The first time (that) The last time (that) The next time (that)

Words that are introduce adverb clauses are called subordinating conjunctions. B. USING ADVERBIAL CLAUSES TO SHOW TIME RELATIONSHIPS after After she graduates, she will get a job A present tense, not a After she (had) graduated, she got a job. future tense is used in an adverbial clause of before I will leave before he comes. time. Notice examples I (had) left before he came. (b) and (d). when When I arrived, he was running. When = at that time When I got there, he had already left. (Notice the different When it began to rain, I slept. time relationships when I was in Pare, I got many friends. expressed by tenses.) when I see him tomorrow, Ill ask him. While while I was walking home, it began to rain While, as = during as As I was walking home, it began to rain. that time. By the time by the time he arrived, we had already left By the time = one By the time he comes, well already have event is completed left. before another event (Notice: The present perfect tense is used in Page 27

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Speaking / Grammar Program the main clause.) since I havent seen him since he left this morning. Since = from that time to the present (Notice: the present perfect tense is used in main clause.) Until We stayed there until we finished our work. Until, till = to that till p) We stayed there till we finished our work. time and then no longer (Till is used primarily in speaking rather than writing.) As soon as As soon as it stops raining, we will leave. As soon as, once = once Once it stops raining, we will leave. when one event happens, another event happens soon afterwards. As long as Ill never speak to him again as long as I As/so long as = during So long as live. all that time, from Ill never speak to him again so long as I beginning to end. live. Whenever Whenever I see her, I say hello. Whenever =every time Every time Every time I see her, I say hello. The first time The first time I went to Bandung, I went to Adverbial clauses can Dago. be introduced by the The last time I saw Gedung sate the last time I went to following: Bandung. First The next time The next time I go to Bandung, Im going to Second see my darling. The third time Last next Compare between after and afterwards a) After I ate dinner, I took a walk. After can be used to introduce an adverbial I took a walk after I ate dinner. clause. b) I ate dinner. Afterwards, I took a Afterwards is an adverb meaning later, walk. after that. I ate dinner. I took a walk afterword. Afterwards can also be spelled without s: afterward.

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program C. USING ADVERBIAL CLAUSES TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS because Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. An adverbial clause may He went to bed because he was sleepy. precede or follow the independent clause. Notice the punctual in both. since Since hes not interested in classical Since means because. music, he decided not to go to the concert. Now that Now that the semester is finished, Im Now that means because going to rest a few days and then take a now. Now that is used for trip. present and future situations as As she had nothing in particular to do, As means because she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie. As/so long As/so long as youre not busy, could you As/so long as means as help me with this work? because. Inasmuch as Inasmuch as the two government leaders Inasmuch as means could not reach an agreement, the because. Inasmuch as is possibilities for peace are still remote. usually found only in formal writing and speech. D. USING PREPOSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT: BECAUSE OF AND DUE TO Because the weather was so cold, we stayed Because introduces an adverbial home. clause; it is followed by a subject and verb. Because of the cold weather, we stayed Because of and due to are home. prepositions; they are followed by a Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. noun object. Due to the fact that the weather was cold, Sometimes, usually in more formal we stayed home. writing, due to is followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that. We stayed home because of the cold Like adverbial clauses, these phrases weather. can also follow the main clause. We stayed home due to the cold weather. We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold.

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program E. USING TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT: THEREFORE AND CONSEQUENTLY a) Al failed the test because he didnt study. (a), (b), and (c) have the same b) Al didnt study. Therefore, he failed the meaning. Therefore and consequently test. mean as a result. In grammar, they c) Al didnt study. Consequently, he failed are called transitions (or the test. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB). Transitions connect the ideas between two sentences. d) Al didnt study. Therefore, he failed the A transition occurs in the second of test. two related sentences. Notice the e) Al didnt study. He, therefore, failed the pattern and punctuation in the test. examples. A period (NOT a comma) is f) Al didnt study. He failed the test, used at the end of the first sentence. therefore. The transition has several possible positions in the second sentence. The POSSITION OF A TRANSITION: Transition + S + V ( + rest of transition is set off from the rest of the sentence) sentence by commas. S + Transition + V ( + rest of sentence) S + V ( + rest of sentence) + Transition g) Al didnt study, so he failed the test. COMPARE: A transition (e.g., therefore) has different possible positions within the second sentence of a pair. A conjunction (e.g., so) has only one possible position: between the two sentences. So cannot move around in the second sentence as therefore can. F. EXPRESSING PURPOSE: USING SO THAT a) I turned off the TV in order to enable In order to expresses purpose. I turned my roommate to study in peace and off the TV for a purpose. The purpose has quiet. to make it possible for my roommate to study in peace and quiet. b) I turned off the TV so (that) my So that also expresses purpose. It roommate could study in peace and expresses the same meaning as in order quiet. to. The word that is often omitted, especially in speaking. Page 30

Expert English Course SO THAT + CAN or COULD c) Im going to cash a check so that I can buy my textbooks.

d) I cashed a check so that I could buy my textbooks. SO THAT + WILL or WOULD/SIMPLE PRESENT e) Ill take my umbrella so that I wont get wet. f) Ill take my umbrella so that I dont get wet. g) Yesterday I took my umbrella so that I wouldnt get wet.

Speaking / Grammar Program So that is often used instead of in order to when the idea of ability is being expressed. Can is used in the adverbial clause for a present/future meaning. In (c): so that I can buy = in order to be able to buy. Could is used after so that in past sentences. In (e): so that I wont get wet = in order to make sure that I wont get wet. In (f): it is sometimes possible to use the simple present after so that in place of will; the simple present expresses a future meaning. Would is used in past sentence.

Notes: In order that has the same meaning as so that but is less commonly used: I turned off TV (in order) that my roommate could study in peace and quiet. Both so that and in order that introduce adverbial clauses. It is unusual, but possible, to put these adverbial clauses at the beginning of a sentence: so that my roommate could study in peace and quiet, I turned off the TV. Could is also possible but less common: the use of may or might in place of can or could: e.g., I cashed a check so that I might buy my textbooks. G. EXPRESSING THE IDEA OF DURING THE SAME TIME IN MODIFYING PHRASES a) While I was walking down the street, I ran into Sometimes while is omitted but an old friend. the ing phrase at the beginning b) While walking down the street, I ran into an old of sentence gives the same friend. meaning (i.e., during the same c) Walking down the street, I ran into an old time). (a), (b), and (c) have the friend. same meaning.

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THE GERUND Gerund is the ing form of a verb such as walking, standing, dreaming, talking, etc: that is used like a noun or takes position as noun (for instance, as subject or object of a sentence or after preposition). Examples: Smoking is dangerous. You cannot get to school by walking. It is so far. Do you really enjoy watching that movie? A. kinds of gerund 1. Gerund as subject Gerund takes the position as the subject of a sentence. It acts like other nouns. Examples: Is studying interesting? Smoking will not release the pain. Reading very much helps us improve our knowledge, doesnt it? Jogging in the morning regularly makes the body fit. Notes: Even gerund has function as a noun or takes position as a noun but it still brings the characteristic of a verb. It is still followed by object or even by adverb as in c & d are called gerund phrase. 2. Gerund as object Gerund takes position as the object of a sentence. It can be the object of preposition, the object of certain verbs, or the object of complement or as complement of sentence. The object of preposition Examples: Page 32

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Im afraid of meeting you. She always thinks about moving to a new country. Im interested in studying English. She is fond of dancing. The object of certain verbs. The verbs like: enjoy, deny, avoid, admit, delay etc, are followed by the gerund. Examples: I could not enjoy watching a movie last night. He always denies making mistakes, doesnt he? Why did they delay hiking to that mount? The thief whom the police caught finally admits stealing my car. She doesnt mind helping you if you ask. The object complement (complement of a sentence) Examples: My favorite sport is not surfing Is your hobby dancing? One of his bad habits is having a meal without paying. What I want to do this time is going home. Isnt your talent painting? 3. Gerund as noun modifier The gerund modifies the noun that follows. The gerund mostly tells what function of the noun is. Examples: She just bought a new walking stick for her grandfather, didnt she? Is this your sleeping bag you told me last night? Take that drawing pen for me! James had fixed those washing machines Who took my painting brush? When did he bring back our hiking tools? 4. Gerund as a short prohibition The gerund can be also used as a short prohibition. It is normally used in written sign and found in public places. Examples: No parking No littering No hunting

No loitering No trespassing No smoking Page 33

No feeding No bathing No climbing

No scratching No hiking No fishing .etc.

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Notes: No parking is not same as dont park!. It is a direct command. No parking area is not gerund as short prohibition but gerund as noun modifier. It means the place that is not used for parking. B. Keys of gerund 1. Gerund after adjective The adjective such as beautiful, sad, dangerous, new, happy, interesting, sudden, wonderful etc can be followed by gerund. Examples: The movie we watched last night has a happy ending, doesnt it? We will be able to make an interesting meeting if no one cares? Where did they join a dangerous surfing with us last month? She is not doing a wrong moving, isnt she? 2. Gerund after possessive adjective The possessive adjective such as my, your, our, his, her, their, its, and genitive such as Anns, Gharrys,etc can be directly followed by gerund. Examples: Her interfering to my problem is absolutely upsetting my whole life. Everyone adores his painting he made when he was a little boy. No one thought her simple thinking could figure out some problems in our company. Do you really need their doing this way? Lorys coming late is really upsetting me. The dogs barking always colors my days. 3. Gerund after idiomatic expressions There are some common idiomatic expressions in English that can be normally followed by gerund. The common expression such as: It is/there is no use It is no much use spending our lifetime doing nothing It is no use listening your complaining. There is much use improving our skill in speaking by practicing over and over. It is/there is no fun It is so much fun going out to video arcade with some friends on Sunday. There is no fun making someone angry. Isnt it fun speaking English with foreigners? It is/there is no good Page 34

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program It is good knowing what the effect is before doing something, isnt it? There is no much good talking about somebody behind his or her back. Is there any good spending our money for cigarette? It is/there is no worth Is it worth buying so many fish if no one likes? It is no worth helping the bad guy. It is so much worth doing effort and praying to get blesses. Cant stand She couldnt stand laughing when watching Mr. bean at TV program. He really cant stand working any longer. He is so tired and looks very hungry. Can they standing a whole day without drinking and eating? Cant help He cant help working for his own father, because he is the only child and someday he has to take over his fathers place. They cant help spending another night in that desert after a long time walk. I can help teaching English because I must get money for my life Notes: Cant stand and cant help are different. Cant stand means cant endure or cant bear. But cant help means cant avoid or cant prevent. Would you mind? Would you mind moving this car aside? Would you mind not coming late another time? Would you mind passing the salt for me? Would you mind not standing beside the door? Go + verb ing The boys went camping to Bromo Mountain. Will you go surfing this weekend with him? Why does she go shopping alone? We didnt go skiing last winter. Isnt it dangerous to go hiking now? The weather is not with us. Go + verb ing is mostly to express recreational activities. The speaker means to get joy and fun from the activity. 4. Gerund after time The expression of time as Monday, Sunday, January, July, tonight, 9 oclock, winter, annual, daily...etc can be directly followed by gerund. Examples: I was absent on Saturday meeting because I had very much urgent business. Page 35

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Summer surfing will be very great. What do you think about it? She promises she will give me a ride to go to Monday briefing. 7 oclock meeting is very interesting, isnt it? The police cannot find the evidence for last month murdering. 5. Gerund after number The gerund can come directly after the expression of number cardinal, ordinal, or fraction and other expression of number such as some, many, and a lot of. Examples: He has to make two new drawings this semester. The first calling makes my heart beat very hard. Do you think she has finished half writing? The criminal died after getting three shootings. I was about finish my ninth writing when the power was off. Jimmy found some strange painting in his grandfathers room. 6. Gerund after demonstrative words and question words. The demonstrative or question words such as the a/an, this, that, these, those, what, which, whose, or how many can be followed by gerund directly. Examples: Is this writing yours? Didnt she give you those drawings? Which moving is not perfect yet? Just tell me! I dont really care whose interfering that was. Please take care! Were those housings built in colonialism period? 7. Gerund after preposition A proposition is divided into two groups. a. free proposition Such as: for, on, before, after, without, besides, by,etc. Examples: Save me from drowning in the sea and pick me upon the beach! Her father left her family without saying a word. What do you do in your spare time besides studying English? Is this tool for digging a hole? She didnt say anything after being punished by her mother. We decided to choose the chief by voting. On coming to my house last night. She ran to me crying. I didnt really know whats going on.

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b. connected/fixed/bound preposition This preposition can be bound to adjective, noun or verb. Adjective + preposition + gerund Be fond of be afraid of be suspected of be eager of Be capable of be sorry of be responsible for be sick of Be successful in be accustomed to be interested in be good at Be used to be ashamed of be accused of be tired of Be clever at be scared of be better of be sick to etc Examples: Are you used to coming on time? She was not responsible for delivering invitations. They are not tired of waiting for their turn to get into the train. Those girls are capable of swimming and dancing in the water. The man who is sitting before the judge is accused of keeping a thousand ecstasies. Noun + preposition + gerund Success in habit of way of possibility of Chance of ability of skill at opportunity of Art of right of objection to honor of Hope of plan for apology for surprise at Excuse for process of astonishment at mean of Difficulty in intention of importance of idea of Necessity of experience in thought of interest in Pride in danger of meaning of .etc Examples: Is there any chance of passing all exams? My little brother didnt have opportunity of riding this bike. She doesnt care the way of earning living. She just spends much money again and again. The habit of getting up late is not good. Anton hasnt got much success in selling these days. Verb + proposition + gerund Think of/about object to put off insist in Depend on feel like fine for look forward to Dream of/about keep on go on give up Page 37

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Complain of care for charge with die of etc Examples: The fisherman never dreamt of meeting pirates in the sea. Dont put off doing what you can do! Why did she insist on going home alone? The people object to paying a new electric bill. Dont you feel like taking a rest? 8. Gerund after other verbs A. several verbs followed by the gerund which have a passive meaning. The verbs are: Need deserve require want Examples: Does she deserve treating well after what she has done? Your hair needs cutting, doesnt it? The cat didnt want feeding. Do these dresses need washing? The flowers that my mother planed required fertilizing, didnt they? Note: It is not necessary to add by phrase in this structure. B. several verbs are followed by gerund which has an active meaning. The verbs such as: Deny enjoy risk mind delay Appreciate anticipate dread miss suspect Suggest postpone accuse prefer avoid Recommend recall detest resist mention Finish imagine escape practice consider Understand admit prevent keep .etc They have active meaning after being followed by gerund. Examples: Does he prefer staying at home? My father didnt appreciate attending to that meeting. The manager didnt want to risk getting bankrupt. So that he fired some employees. John enjoys staying in Indonesia. We always practice speaking English. C. several verbs followed by either gerund or to infinitive which have no different meaning. The verbs such as: Page 38

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Continue start begin cant stand Hate love cant bear prefer Intend discontinue learn .etc Have different meaning when being followed either by gerund or to infinitive. Examples: a) My little brother wants to continue to study in university in Bandung. Or b) My little brother wants to continue studying in university in bandung. c) I hate to break things these days. Or d) I hate breaking things these days. e) It begins to rain heavily. Or f) It begins raining heavily. g) She cant bear to live in the dorm. Or h) She cant bear living in the dorm. Notes: There is no different meaning a and b, c and d, e and f, g and h. d) Several verbs are followed by either gerund or to infinitive which have different meaning. The verbs such as: Forget remember stop Go on try regret like. Have different meaning when being followed either by gerund or to infinitive. Forget + gerund means forget what has happened or what someone has done. Examples: Andy forgets sailing across the Indian Ocean. Did she forget giving a special prize to me? Tyara will never forget being betrayed by her boyfriend. Forget + to infinitive means forget what has to be done or what someone has to do. Examples: She forgets to lock the door. Did you forget to return my book? Brian forgot to buy medical herbs for his mother, so that he got angry from her. Remember + gerund means remember what has happened or what someone has done. Examples: Does he still remember getting an accident? They didnt remember visiting Borobudur temple. Page 39

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Do you still remember having dinner with me? I will always remember studying at BEC in my lifetime. Remember + to infinitive means remember what has to be done or what someone has to do. Examples: I always remember to bring my pen and book wherever I go. Anne remembered to take her mother to see the doctor, didnt she? They remember to play soccer in the field with the boy next village. Dont you still remember to take me home before 9?

Stop + gerund means stop what someone is doing or has been doing. Examples: Will she stop writing novel? I dont want to spot helping my parents. I cannot stop thinking about going abroad. Stop + to infinitive means stop or make pause/break in order to do something. Examples: I stopped to talk to him about the party on Sunday. Does he always stop to help you before going to school? They dont stop to take a rest. Go on + gerund means go on/continue what someone is doing or has been doing. Examples: They go on playing volley ball even they can hardly see the ball. Why does the sun go on shinning? He went on explaining the problem even nobody listened. Will you go on sailing in this stormy weather? Go on + to infinitive means move to do something new. Examples: The teacher goes on to give some exercise to students. Lets go on to put up the tent! Adnan went on to explain why he was late. When she saw me in my room, she went on to ask me how I was.

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Regret + gerund means be sorry for what has happened or what someone has done. Examples: I regret forgiving him. She regrets working for landowner He will not regret helping the orphaned children. Did the old man was talking to your father regret working in hospital? Does your young brother regret not obeying your dads advise? Ridwan regrets not telling the true about his mistake. Regret + to infinitive means be sorry what someone is going to tell, say, or inform. It is usually about some bad news. Examples: I regret to tell you that it is the time to do a sudden test. He regrets to say that there was no love anymore to her. They regret to inform him that they cancelled visiting him. Try + gerund means make an experiment to see whether it works or not. Example: I saw a baby crying alone at corridor. I tried making her calm but she didnt stop. And I tried giving her a bottle of milk. Finally she stopped. try + to infinitive means attempt to do something or make an effort. Example: I try to speak English event it id very hard. After she finished her study, she tried to get a job in her hometown. Like + gerund means enjoy. She likes dancing very much. Do you like touring to this city? George didnt like hiking, but he does. Like + to infinitive means choose to. Example: Do you like to drink hot chocolate, sir? Freed didnt like to be alone on Saturday night. What would you like to order, madam? She doesnt like to sing, does she? C. forms of gerund The gerund has four forms. They are: Page 41

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program 1. Present active: verb + ing Examples: The hikers didnt dread going on their hiking, because the trip was very dangerous. Is the boy you met few minutes ago afraid of crossing the river? I appreciate her coming. Ali tries to finish making his assignment on time. The students are really sorry for upsetting their teacher. Why do you want to risk helping him carry that bag? 2. Present passive: being + V3 (past participle) Examples: Sally is not afraid of being rejected by all her friends. Professor Wilson smith really appreciates being invited to be presenter in seminar. Some people come and gather in town hall to celebrate New Year without being asked. I dread being interviewed by the manager. Is there any chance of being hired in that automobile company for me? No one likes being betrayed, do they? Being insulted over and over makes her give up studying. Any looks very arrogant after being rewarded as the best student in her school. 3. Past / perfect active: having + V3 (past participle) Instead of using present gerund, perfect gerund is also possible. Past gerund is used to emphasize that the action in gerund happened before the main verb. Examples: She denied having told my secret to Maria my friend. (Having told my secret happened before she denied) I appreciate having met the dean. (Having met the dean happened before I appreciate) Tommy was accused of having killed the judge. 4. Past / perfect passive: having been + V3 (past participle) Examples: Did the defendant admit having been threatened before having been sent to the court? (Having been threatened happened before the defendant admitted) The doctor appreciated having been given a reward by the president. (Having been given a reward by the president happened before the doctor appreciated) Page 42

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Having been banished by his family causes him suffer in his whole life. Alexandra is suspected of having been told what the matter was.

THE PARTICIPLE Participle is an ing form of verbs like: speaking, dancing, dreaming etc. and verbs like broken, driven, playedetc. when it used as verb tenses. Or in adjectival or adverbial expression. A. kinds of participle 1. Present participle Simple form of a verb ending in -ing The example of present participles: speaking, dancing, interesting, amusing, playing, etc. 2. Past participle The verbs like broken, stolen, amused, driven, operated, given etc. are called past participle. The past participles of regular verb end in ed or d just like past tense, for examples: played, fried, killed, helped, named, invited, closed etc.

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program B. usage 1. as verb a. Present participle: speaking, dancing, walking...etc. is used as verb in continuous/progressive tense. Examples: Are you calling me? Where will you be going? We have been doing this party for ten years. b. Past participle: stolen, played, listened, broken, waited, invited...etc. are used as verb in perfect tenses and passive sentences. Examples: Why are they being interrogated by police? The teacher has tough the lesson early. Some people were migrated to a new land last year. 2. As adjective a. the adjective modifies noun that follows and that is used in compound noun. Present participle Examples: She gave me an interesting book. Did you get an exciting trip to Australia? The students cannot figure out some confusing question. The present participle: interesting, exciting, confusing tell the characteristic of the noun that follow. We probably do not mean that the book is interesting somebody at the moment when we speak but we are talking about a general quality of the book. An exciting trip, some confusing question have same rule. The present participle usually expresses some permanent characteristic of the noun. Other examples: Running water Developing country Falling leaves Dancing bear Sleeping boy Screaming child Growing up girl Pleasing personality Fucking word

frightening face scaring face smiling face shining hair biting cold glittering snow surprising gift terrifying accident fading color Page 44

amusing experience amazing waterfall glistening eyes confusing lesson challenging activities tiring job inspiring speech encouraging words .etc

Expert English Course

Speaking / Grammar Program

Past participle Examples: Do you like eating fried chicken? The police get no clues to catch an escaped prisoner. They didnt know where the stolen car is. Can you solve the complicated problem? As like the present participle, the past participle: fried, escaped, complicated, stolen also give an idea to tell about the characteristic of the noun that follows. Other examples are: Written exam boiled water spoken language Salted fish developed country frightened girl Roasted beef retired general lost world Animated movie marked road fallen leaves Jumbled sentence faded color Tired driver Broken bottle .etc We notice here examples like: Developing country Boiling water Falling leaves Growing up girl Present participle Examples: Clause : the girl who is wearing bright red dress is calling me. Phrase : the girl wearing bright red dress is calling me. Clause : someone who hopes to get happiness must do effort. Phrase : someone hoping to get happiness must do effort. Clause : did the man who came to your house last night bring you something? Phrase : did the man coming to your house last night bring you something? Clause : anyone who wishes to watch the display well had better sit in front row. Phrase : anyone wishing to watch the display well had better sit in front row. Clause : the car which is in the garage belong to my grandfather. Phrase : the car in the garage belongs to my grandfather. (No participle used for nominal sentence) Clause : the cat which she always feeds doesnt have long tail.

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Phrase : the cat which she always feeds doesnt have long tail. (no participle used for object pronoun) Past participle Examples: Clause : Most of people who were invited to the reception were his old friends. Phrase : most of people invited to the reception were his old friends. Clause : The ideas which are presented in his new book are very interesting. Phrase : the ideas presented in his new book are very interesting. Clause : the photographs which were published in the newspaper were extraordinary. Phrase : the photographs published in the newspaper were extraordinary. Clause : is the car which is hidden in that garage a stolen car? Phrase : is the car hidden in that garage a stolen car? Note: Present participles are used to reduce active clauses, meanwhile past participles are used to reduce passive clauses. 3. Participles after other verbs or expressions Both present and past participle can follow other verbs or expressions. a. present participle after verb of sensation like: hear, smell, listen to, notice, observe, see, feel, look at, watch. The formula as below: S + verb of sensation + o + present participle Examples: Did you hear someone screaming last night? I smelt something burning and I saw smoke rising. Will you observe him working? They felt something creeping on my back. Robby doesnt notice Richard working in dark room. Note: verbs of sensation can be followed by simple form of verb, the formula is S + verb of sensation + o + infinitive (simple form of verb) And please compare! She watched him playing football with his friends this afternoon. She watched him play football with his friends this afternoon. Did you listen to her singing in her room? Did you listen to her sing in her room?

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Present participle used above refers to a part of action or when the action is in progress, mean while the simple form of verb (V1) refers to a whole action (from beginning to end of action). I saw a little boy punished by his mother. Did you ever watch the truck unloaded at the harbor? He notices his works undone. She observes all her works unpublished. b. present participle after the verbs: leave, find, catch. Examples: Dont leave her waiting for you longer! I caught Ana drinking a glass of milk in my room. Had you found him cheating in classroom? Catch and find mean discover, catch usually shows displeasure. c. present participle after the verbs: sit, stand, lie + expression of place Examples: She used to stand at the corridor waiting for her mother from work. I always dream of lying on the beach listening to the wind and starting at the sky. Please, dont sit on that bench doing nothing, come here and help me! d. present participle after the verb: spend, waste + expression of time/money Examples: I want to spend my lifetime loving you. Are they going to spend the money they have collected buying a new video game? That boy wastes his whole day fishing in the river. How could she spend her money shopping for herself? Doesnt she have children? e. participle after verb get, have Examples: Where did you have your article printed? She had her shoes mended. I will not have anyone smoking in my room. Lets get going! Budi invited all his friends. He gets his works done on time. We finally got our policy changed. 4. Participle are used in adverbial clauses (in the form of adverb phrases)

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Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program When participles are used in adverbial clauses, they may explain some meaning such as cause, since, as, effect/result, time, (before, after, while, when, since), condition, and manner. After After I had had breakfast, I came to cashier to pay for my meal. Having had breakfast, I came to cashier to pay for my meal. Having breakfast, I came to cashier to pay for my meal. After Robby picked up the phone, he run to Richards dark room and opened it. Picking up the phone, he run to Richards dark room and opened it. Having picked up the phone, he run to Richards dark room and opened it. Before Before Anne goes to school, she always kisses her mothers cheek. Going to school, Anne always kisses her mothers cheek. Before they put up their tend, they make sure they choose right place to camp. Putting their tend, they make sure they choose right place to camp. Before tom answered what it was, he looked at me and asked an agreement. Answering what it was, he looked at me and asked an agreement.

While While Tina was walking down the street, she was talking to herself. While walking down the street, Tina was talking to herself. Walking down the street, Tina was talking to herself. While the teacher points the board, he explains participle to students. While pointing the board, the teacher explains participle to students. Pointing the board, the teacher explains participle to students. Tina entered to class, she was followed by her friends. Tina entered to class, followed by her friends. He went to party, he was accompanied by his mother. He went to party, accompanied by his mother. Time (since, when) When the night came on, the bats fly out of their nest. When the night coming on, the bats fly out of their nest. On coming the night, the bats fly out of their nest. When I telephoned her, I dialed wrong number. Telephoning her, I dialed wrong number. Page 48

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Since he came back from his school, he acted strangely. Since coming back from his school, he acted strangely. Coming back from school, he acted strangely. Cause Because Robby didnt get someone to help, he made dinner by himself. Not getting someone to help, Robby made dinner by himself. Because sally didnt wish to continue her study, she decided to become dress designer. Not wishing to continue her study, sally decided to become dress designer. Because she wasnt used to living in dorm, she found everything so hard to do. Not used to living in dorm, she found everything so hard to do. Because Richard a rich man, he became socialist. Being a rich a man, Richard became socialist. Since/because/as Ali couldnt help another way, he gave some money and got her to go away Not being able to/being unable to help another way, Ali gave some money and got her to go away. Effect/result Robby chops vegetables quickly, cutting his finger. The hunter fired, wounding a baby bear. It rained all time yesterday, completely ruining my day. My little brother fell down from tall tree, breaking his arm. My boss always scolds me every day, hurting my feeling and making me think to stop working. The Boys Scout didnt bring the map, not being able to get out of the wood. Condition If the weather permits us, we can go picnic. The weather permitting us, we can go picnic. You can camp in the back yard, providing you leave no mess. If it is used to economically, one tin will last for a month. Used economically, one tin will last for a month. If the car is driven carefully, it can bring us home safety. Driven carefully, the car can bring us home safety. Manner Bending on his knees, Tommy said, I love you. Waving her hand, she called out some children playing football. Talking to herself, Cindy took stroll after going back from work. Page 49

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program Giving some arguments, she tried to fool me. He filled a form, writing his name, address, and occupation. Notes: Whenever you wish to make an adverbial clause, please make sure that the subject in adverbial clause is the same as the subject in main clause. Examples: 1. When looking out of the window, there was a beautiful mounts view. As if the beautiful mounts view was looking out of the window. 2. Not finding what she was looking for, there was someone asking her what happened. There is nothing to do between main clause and adverbial clause. 3. Listening to the music in her room, there are many girls passing in front of the house. Participle can also be used in some expression in spoken English, such as: Generally speaking, men can run faster than women. (pada umumnya laki-laki berlari lebih cepat dari pada wanita) Broadly speaking, dogs are more faithful to a man than cats. (pada umumnya anjing lebih setia pada manusia dari pada kucing) Judging from her appearance, she must be the duchess. (dilihat dari penampilannya dia pasti seorang bangsawan) Supposing we lose, what then? (seandainya kita kalah, lalu bagaimana?) Strictly speaking, these foolish ideas are denied. (secara tegas gagasan-gagasan bodoh ini ditolak) 5. Form of participle a. present participle passive Formula: being + a past participle (V3) Examples: The essay being written will be sent to the headmaster (karangan-karangan yang sedang ditulis itu akan dikirim ke kepala sekolah) He looks very nervous when being interrogated about his mothers death. (dia kelihatan gugup ketika sedang ditanyai tentanng kematian ibunya) The topic being discussed by the students is about the abuse of drugs. (masalah yang sedang dibicarakan oleh para siswa itu berisi tentang penyalahgunaan obat-obat terlarang) b. perfect participle active Formula: having + a past participle (V3) Having finished his work, Ali went out for his meal. Page 50

Expert English Course Speaking / Grammar Program (setelah mengerjakan pekerjaannya, Ali keluar makan) Not having done it correctly, I tried again and again. (karena tidak melakukan dengan benar, saya mencoba dan mencoba lagi) Having been to that place many times, he knows everything around. (telah pergi ke tempat itu beberaa kali, dia tahu segalanya tentang tempat itu) c. perfect participle passive Formula: having been + a passive participle (V3) Examples: Having been begged to help, I cannot say no (telah diminta untuk menolong saya tidak bisa berkata tidak) Having been shot on his leg, the thief lied on the ground helpless. (setelah ditembak kakinya, pencuri tergeletak ditanah tigak berdaya)

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