Broadband Complex Refractive Indices of Ice and Water

Peter S. Ray
A critical survey of the literature is presented. An empirical model of the complex refractive indices for ice and liquid water is constructed from this review. The model is applicable from -20'C to 00C for ice and from -20'C to 50'C for water. The spectral interval for which the model applies extends from 2 , to several thousand kilometers in wavelength for ice and from 2 1i to several hundred meters in wavelength for water.

1. Introduction The complex index of refraction m(= n - in,) of ice and liquid water over a large spectral interval and as a function of temperature is necessary for many studies. Investigations that utilize broadband refractive indices include structure (Whalley and Bertiel), electrical properties (Jaccard 2 ), emissivities (Mikhaylov and Zolotarev'), and scattering (Stephens et al.4 ). Most of the published refractive index data are for discrete frequencies over limited portions of the spectrum and at specific temperatures. Because it is often desirable to obtain the refractive index for any frequency and temperature over a large interval, a model of the complex refractive index of ice and water was constructed. This model is applicable over a large spectral and temperature range. It was designed by subjectively weighting experimental data and fitting them with empirical functions. Review of the Literature Although Irvine and Pollack5 carefully selected the data used in their review, apparently they did not adjust all the absorption data to the same temperature. Their values for water were not used except for comparison since better data have become available. Pontier and Dechambenoy 6 presented data from 1 p to 40 pu(1 p = 1 micron) at 350 C. Their values of ni are over 30% larger than those of Irvine and Pollack' in some regions where ni is small. The values of Querry et al.7 are in the interval 2-20 puat 240 C. They used the ni values of Irvine and Pollack 5 except in the 2.93 .1-u and 13- 2 0-pu ranges. The agreement with Pontier and Dechambenoy 8 is within experimental uncertainty. Zuev et al.8 compared their data at 1S-20'C from 2.5 ,u to 25 u with several earlier investigators and found I.
The author is with Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306. Received 16 February 1972.
1836 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol.11, No.8 / August1972

sharper maxima and minima and additional fine structure. Zolotarev et al.9 used four independent methods to obtain optical constants from 1 to 106 p at 25C. They did not confirm any of the new absorption bands

reported by Zuev et al.8 Rusk and Williams"0 presented values of nr from 2 puto 30.3 u and ni from 2.5 p to

30.3 4 at 250 C. The agreement with other recent investigations is within experimental uncertainty over much of the spectrum. The extreme values of nr around 3.15 pu and 2.86 A found by Zolotarev et al.9 were not confirmed. There is also disagreement regarding the shape of the absorption band centered about 2.94 p. Robertson and Williams"' used a novel cell design to obtain values of ni from 2 p to 36.364 p. Their more precise data may be used with values of fractional spectral reflectance from Rusk et al.'0 to obtain more precise values of nr. The data of Stanevich to 2000 . and Yaroslavskii' 2 extended from 42 8.1 u to 200 p at 32CC. Their analysis of temperature dependence was used here to adjust their data to 250C. They did not confirm the series of absorption bands reported by Stanevich and Yaroslavskii' 2 around 50 , but are in agreement for wavelengths longer than 80 1.
Chamberlain et al. 5 '6 concluded from measurements of Draegert' 3 and Draegert et al.'4 presented data from

nr and ni that the temperature variation of nr and ni at 337,p could be almost entirely explained by the temperature dependence of the Debye' 7 absorption band. They also listed additional data in the resonance of liquid lattice (Chamberlain et al. 185region and compared them to previous measurements. The temperature dependence of the Debye absorption was found to account adequately for the temperature variation for all higher frequencies and therefore was the temperature correction employed. Data from millimeter to centimeter wavelengths for temperatures from - SOC to 75 0 C have been published by a number of investigators.' 8 -2 8 The agreement in the microwave range is good for all temperatures. More detail is given in Table I. Temperature and

Table I. Characteristics of Some of the Data Used in the Model for Water Percent relative error 2 X 100% real part/ imaginary part 7.56/ /18.33 /4.03 4.87/6.38 3.08/67.90 0.57/4.86
2.94/82.38 1.84/32.36 /49.08

E' =

nlr -ni

(la)

nni.

(lb)

Investigator Irvine and Pollack Stanovich and Yaroslavskii Draegert Zolotarev et al. Pontier and Dechambenay Chamberlain Querry et al. Rusk et al.
Robertson and Williams

Spectral interval (u) 1-200 41.5-2067.0 58-200 1-5000/10-5000 1-40/2-40 118,337/228-1340

2-20 1.0-30.3/2.52-30.3/ 2.286-36.364 (cm)

Temperature (IC) 26 room temp. 32 25 35 25

24 24 24

The absorption spectrum for the liquid phase is characterized by vibration bands, hindered rotation bands, a hindered translation band, and the dipole resonance absorption centered from 1 cm to 3 cm. The Debye equations are
' = + [esE,]/[l + (X,/X)2],

(2) (3)

= [(es- e)(x 8/x)]/[1 + (/X)2],

where e is the high frequency dielectric constant, , the static constant, and the relaxation wavelength. The temperatures dependence of e, is given by Wyman and Ingalls.' 7 es 78.54[1.0 - 4.579 X 10-3 (t - 25.0) + 1.19 X 10-5 X (t - 25.0)2 - 2.8 X 10-8(t - 25.0)3], (4) where t is given in degrees Celsius. The equations used in this study for centimeter absorption were extensions of the Debye theory by Cole and Cole' 8 modified by a frequency independent conductivity o-:
e = e + (-e, - e) [1 +

Collie et al. Cook et al. Grant et al.

Grant and Shack Hasted and Sabeh Lane and Saxton Rampollia et al.

1.27-10.0 1.258-10.0 1.26-52.0

8.6 1.267-9.220 0.62-3.21 3.1

0-60 0-60 0-60

0-40 0-60 -8-50 20

1.71/2.73 0.89/4.61 0.33/7.84

2.33/3.10 0.87/4.19 1.41/4.30 2.52/7.23

1 + 2(X/X),, 1 (u - e,,)(X,/X)1

(X,/) asin(ar/2)] sin (air/2) + ()i/X)2(1-a)'

2

(5)

Sandus and Lubitz Saxton

3.2 1.58

20-40 0-30

2.43/1.92 4.06/6.99

a cos(acrr/2)

1 + 2(X/X) - sin(czr/2) + (/X)

(i-a)
(6)

solution effects on the dielectric parameters for very long wavelengths were considered by Saxton.'9 The only phase of ice that is of meteorological interest is ice Ih.'0 The available measurements of n and n, were obtained over a wide range in temperature and phases and are in poor agreement. The composite values of Irvine and Pollack5 were accepted since no additional ice data are available in the ir. The values for the microwave region cited by Gunn and East" have been widely used. They based their results on the work of Dunsmuir and Lamb' 2 after Gunn and East," Lamb," Lamb and Turney,"' and Cumming.' 8 Cumming's measurements of n are considered to be the best but are only at 3.2 cm between 0 - 18 C and C. There is agreement among all the investigators on the value of 1.78 for n in the microwave region. The effects of impurities become increasingly important at low frequencies where electrical conductivity and small dielectric losses become important. Wrz and Cole' 6 measured the dielectric properties of ice at low frequencies from -80'C to C. They fit the Debye relaxation equation with a superposed frequency independent conductivity for any temperature of meteorological interest.

+ 18.8496 X 1010'

which reduce to the classical Debye equations when and the spread parameter a are equal to zero. Here a -= 12.5664 X 108 as derived from Saxton.29 The data for wavelengths greater than 0.1 cm were weighted and a least-squares fit imposed at each temperature with e,, Xs, and a as parameters. Figure 1 illustrates for several temperatures the experimental data and by the solid line the fit obtained. Where there were simultaneous measurements, the additional data are indicated by arrows. The parameters were fit as functions of temperatures with the result
E = 5.27137 + 0.0216474t - 0.00131198t2, a = -16.8129/(t + 273) + 0.0609265,

(7a) (7b) (7c)

X = 0.00033836 exp[2513.98/(t + 273)].

The complex index of refraction is given by Eqs. (1), (5), and (6) with the parameter specification of Eqs. (7). The dashed line in Fig. 1 represents the Debye contribution m = (nrD - inD)i as a function of temperature. The remaining absorption bands were fit with the empirical expression
N ni niD
+

III.

Model of the Refractive Index

, exp-

log(x/Xo)/Aiji X < 3000,

(8)

Frequently data are given in terms of the complex permittivity = ( - i), where e' is the dielectric constant and e", the loss. These are related to the complex index of refraction by

where 3iB, A, and i are parameters; N is the number of terms in the sum, and Xoi is the center of the ith band. For X > 3000y, e' = 2(t + 273)/5 + 72. The details are summarized in Table II.
August 1972 / Vol. 11, No. 8 / APPLIED OPTICS 1837

10C

illll

11111

11.

80. 60. 40.

- --

FINAL RESULT

z
z

0 I4
Ia

20.

TEMPERATURE: 10-C GRANT, BUCHANAN AND COOK * + COLLIE, HASTED AND RITSON *E GRANT AND SHACK LANE AND SAXTON AND SABEN -4 HASTED COOK >

tr
'rW
U. x

10. 8.0 -t 6.0 _DD

REAL PART *

UJ

4.0

*'

z x

z
2.0 -I
0.

\MAGINARY

PART

0C" 1.0 _7: U. 0.8 0.6 0.4

0.2
A.

d)
.

oI.1

.1

I . .2

. .-

,,,,,1 .4

.6 .8 1.0

,,, 2.0

4.0

,,1 6.0 8.0tO. (CM)

,,,,, 20.

40.

60.80.10(

WAVELENGTH Inn. 80. 60. 40.

z 0

(C M) ., '

WAVELENGTH . I I I I I I 1.

........

,, I

20.

FINAL RESULT ---TEMPERATURE: O'C GRANT, BUCHANAN AND cook * + COLLIE, HASTED AND RITSON S GRANT AND SHACK LANE AND SAXTON 0 AND SABEH HASTED 4 D> COOK A SAXTON REAL PART 0. _ , 0, REAL PART . WI ,,, ,, I * \ / -_ I I I L J.1L!W

cr
W

10. 8.0

6.0 4.0
x

,~~~~~~~6
O.0
-

it

I, >-,t.-*

8.0 60 4.0 PART

2.0

'N

IMAGINARY

z C).0
4 -. 0

2.0

ARY PART

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4-

1.0 0.8 0.6 - *' - --- FINAL RESULT 30-C TEMPERATURE: * GRANT, BUCHANAN AND COOK GRANT AND SHACK E LANE AND SAXTON 0 AND SABEH HASTED 4 I>- COOK COLLIE, HASTED AND RITSON + A SANDUS AND LUBITZ

N
(b)
_
, .2 . .4 , .6 .8 1.0 2.0 I I, , ,1 ,J 4.0 6.0 8.010. (C M)
I I

x
0

0.4

0.2

N\.

0.2
X-'-

N N

0.1
1r00.80.:

20.

40.

60.80.100.
1111t.

WAVELENGTH
11111 111111

a. o0.1 0 0. 08 U~~~~~~. 0.06 0.04j-

60.
40.

6-

- - - - FINAL RESULT 5C TEMPERATURE:

>

COOK SAXTON
_

0.02

z 0

(e)
I
I . . . . .

20.

0.01

....

, I

.,,.
....

.,

, , , , ,,1
. . ...

..

.1

.2

.4

.6 .8 1.0

2.0

4.0

6.0 8.010.

20.

40.

60. 80100.

10. LI 8.0

REAL PART A

WAVELENGTH

(CM)

6.0
0

4.0

2.0 Ia 4 1.0 C-) 0.8 -

/IMAGINARY

PART

0.6
0.4

Fig. 1. Debye resonance absorption temperatures for temperatures from 30C to -8C. The solid line represents the fit for each particular temperature, the dashed line the fit when the parameters were fitted as functions of temperature.

0.2 -

Cn
V.l
.2 .4 .6 .8 1.0

i
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.010. (CM) 20. 40. 60.80.100. WAVELFNGTH

i838 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August 1972

rT

#gI

r I

I
-

I
I.4 -

I-/

O -o 0

z2j 4

I.-

.0
It 'In

C.

NC
:~~~~~~~~~~~~~

0 I.0

'It

z W

Fig. 2. Analytic model of the complex index of refraction for liquid water with a sample of experimental data to illustrate the fit. The temperature is 25C.

0>
0

S- <

U
0

II
I* 4\

-N

|,

%\

0 .0

o~~

w ~~~
5 S- ^<_. X

\s~~~~~~~~~N
04&xSU U+ It

\\

_~~~~~N 0
I 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~N O, M X~~~~~~~~~~~~~N

In W

~
l ll ll l

~
1ll

'
\~~~~~~~

llll llll

ll

ll

11N

1
'In

LJIl,00P0Oo

0 c 0

06 o6d 6o

0ooC 0ot-O~o 0 0 0 0 o 0 oNo 0

0o0 0 8 0 0 0 E 3SS "

0 0 0
0

N011O VU 38 .10 X3GNI X31dV40

0 o

August 1972

Vol. 11, No. 8 / APPLIED OPTICS

1839

Table II. Parameter Values for ni in the Model for Water

Spectral interval
X < 2.97 2.95 < X < 4.95 4.95 < X < 6.1 6.1 < X < 17.0 17.0 < X <62.0 62.0 < X < 300.0 300.0

X0i
(A)

i 0.27 0.01 0.27 0.01 0.01 0.12 0.12 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.41 0.25 0.39 0.41 0.25 0.39 0.41 0.25

A; 0.025 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.042 0.165 0.22 0.45 0.22 0.40 0.45 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.35 0.47

Yi 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.6 2.4 1.8 1.3 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.3 1.7 3.0

and so that ni agreed with the values found by Cumming at 3.2 cm as a function of temperature. The results are
e. = 3.168,
a

X < 3,000.0

2.97 4.95 2.97 4.95 4.95 6.1 6.1 17.0 62.0 17.0 62.0 300.0 17.0 62.0 300.0 17.0 62.0 300.0

(12a) (12b) (12c) (12d) (12e)

= 0.288 + 0.0052t + 0.00023t2,

a = 1.26 expI-12,500.0/[(t + 273.0)1.9869] },

X
=

13,200.0/[(t + 273.0)1.9869] 9.990288 X 10-4 exp {

},

e,

203.168 + 2.5t + 0.15t2.

The real part was fit with

N
flr=(1+T)jai+Z

Substitution of Eqs. (12) into Eq. (1), (5), and (6) gives the Debye type absorption for ice as a function of temperature. This has been plotted for - 20 0C and 00 C in Fig. 3 together with the results of W6rz and Cole.' 6 The remaining absorption bands were fit using Eq. (8) with the values of ni taken from Irvine and Pollack.' The parameter values are listed in Table IV; n, in the ir was obtained using Eq. (9) with T = 0 and the data from Irvine and Pollack.' Details are given in Table V. The model is plotted in Fig. 3 with a sample of data to illustrate the error envelope. It is plotted in an expanded form in Fig. 4. Table VI summarizes the data and lists 2.

X
[woi2
-

0itwoi -

(10,000/X) ]

(10,000/X)2]2 + yi(10,000/X)2

(9) (

V. Conclusions
An empirical model of the complex refractive index that is suitable over a large portion of the spectrum and for a wide range in temperature is given. Some Limitations of the model are that a few of the minor ir bands were not treated separately, the minima at high frequencies were not well represented, and no attempt was made to include such effects as changes in the frequency of maximum absorption in the ir bands. For a better fit in these areas, the spectrum should be broken into smaller intervals and the original data refit.
Table Ill. Parameter Values for nr in the Model for Water Spectral
interval (/i) ce
Woi
p

where coi = 10,000/Xo, X is in microns; al, 13i, ys are parameters fitted in the jth spectral interval; and T was empirically determined by comparison with observations to be T =
0.0001(t - 25.0) exp [X(u)/4.0] . (10)

The details are given in Table III. The model is plotted in Fig. 2 with a sample of experimental data that illustrates the error envelope. The error bars on some of Draegert's" data represent his estimate of the measurement errors and are typical over the spectral region. The Debye contribution has been extended to illustrate its relative importance. The relative rootmean-square deviation 2 is given by

1 Iv

LNt,1

(Vidata \

Vmonel

Vimodl

(11)

(a) X< 6.0

and is listed for a number of investigators in Table I. There are no strong absorption bands in the microwave region for ice; the only absorption bands that need be considered are in the ir and one temperaturedependent absorption centered between 1-km and 100km wavelength. W6rz and Cole' 6 measured the parameters in Eqs. (2) and (3). They also included a conductivity that was independent of frequency. Their approach was adjusted to include the spread parameter were then adjusted a giving Eqs. (5) and (6); a and e, spectrum microwave the entire so that nr = 1.78 over
1840 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August1972

1.79907 3352.27 99.914 X 104 15.1963 X 104 1639.0 50.4835 X 103 9246.27 10.7615 X 105 588.24 84.4697 X
104

(b) 340.0X > 7.0

1.83899 1639.0 52,340.4 688.24 345,005.0 43,319.7 161.29 nr = nr(7.0\.

10,399.2 259,913.0 27,661.2

6.0 < X < 7.0

) + nrb(X- 6X) /

340. 0 < X < 1000. 0 nr = nrD

(1000.- XX - 340.0\ (x ) + nrbt X

660.0

k660.0/

1000.0 < \

nr

rD
-

^ 2

10

Fig. 3. Analytic model of the complex index of

refraction for

ice
\~~
._

with

t)

sample

of

-~l _

I
>

/
-

n
O

r
o_0~~~~~~

.I

|@2| /l

I!l

llX|

|u I

III I

X||

fX

,n

_ CD Z WJ

data to illustrate the fit. The dashed line represents the Worz-Cole model.

W -o

_M

0 0

a Q

a 0

NOI1V8.J38

30 X3aNI

XfrO0

0* 0

5 0
0 0 0

0 0

0C

August 1972 / Vol. 11, No. 8 / APPLIED OPTICS

1841

Table IV. Parameter Values for ni in the Model for Ice Spectral interval ()
X < 1.5 1.5 < X < 2.0

xoi (A)
1.5 1.5 2.0 4.5 2.0 3.075 4.5 3.075 4.5 4.5 6.05 6.65 9.0 11.0 4.5 6.05 6.65 9.0 11.0 4.5 6.05 6.65 9.0 11.0

li
0.00063 0.00063 0.00158 0.0325 0.00158 0.3428 0.0325 0.3428 0.0325 0.0325 0.064 0.011 0.008 0.0855 0.0325 0.064 0.011 0.008 0.0855 0.0325 0.064 0.011 0.008 0.0855

Ai
0.027 0.043 0.017 0.052 0.03 0.022 0.052 0.019 0.052 0.043 0.032 0.009 0.06 0.038 0.043 0.13 0.009 0.06 0.038 0.043 0.13 0.075 0.06 0.038

Yi
1.4 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.35 1.2 1.0 1.14 1.0 1.05 1.32 0.7 1.3 0.91 1.05 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.91 1.05 1.0 0.85 1.3 0.91

Spectral interval (u)

Xio
()i

Ai

yi

9.0 < X < 11.0

2.0 < X < 3.075

3.075 < X < 4.5 4.5 < X < 6.05

11.0 < X < 13.5

13.5 < X < 44.8

6.05 <

< 6.65

6.65 < X < 9.0

44.8< X < 62.0

62.0 < X

6.05 6.65 9.0 11.0 44.8 6.05 6.65 11.0 13.5 44.8 6.05 6.65 11.0 13.5 44.8 62.0 13.5 44.8 62.0 44.8 62.0

0.064 0.011 0.008 0.0855 0.581 0.064 0.011 0.0855 0.087 0.58 0.064 0.011 0.0855 0.087 0.581 0.242 0.087 0.581 0.242 0.581 0.242

0.13 0.075 0.01 0.038 0.06 0.13 0.075 0.0008 0.0025 0.06 0.13 0.075 0.0008 0.14 0.06 0.04 0.14 0.055 0.04 0.055 0.23

1.0 0.85 2.0 0.91 0.90 1.0 0.85 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.0 0.85 0.3 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6

Table V. Parameter Values for nr in the Model for Ice Spectral interval
(s)
as X0i i Yi

(a)

< 3.5

1.75

(b) 4.0 < X < 7.5

2.15622

(c) 9.5 < X < 200.0

1.2225

3252.27 1652.9 909.09 3252.27 1652.9 909.09 1652.9 909.09 223.2

10,18140.0 588,684.0 46 X 10-11 29.8023 X 10-9 744,332.0 1,645,160.0 1,120.820.0 416,441.0 47,031.8 X)

76,183.4 73,801.1 46 X 10-11 10.7118 X 1018 1,100,350.0 434,408.0 46 X 10-11 118,852.0 126,834.0

3.5 <-X < 4.0

nl

(X -3.5) + 7.5

(4.0-

7.5 < X < 9.5

200.0 < X < 800.0

n, = nr (X

nC 2.0

+ n a (9.5
+b(9

*25 0

nr =
fr

rD flrD

A-

00. 600.0

200.0
/
+

nI

/800.0600.0

800.0 < X

Table VI.

Characteristics of Some of the Data Used in the Model for Ice

Percent relative error

Spectral interval (9) Irvine and Pollack
Cumming

2 X 100% real part/ Temperature (0 C) imaginary part -50

-18-0 -50-0 -180-0

1-152/2-152
3.2 X 104

1.64/22.95
/1.70

Lamb
Lamb andTurney

1.25 X
3.0 X

104 104

/22.19
/84.81

1842 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August 1972

10.0 -I1111

1 111

11

REAL PART
Z 1.0 Tb

IIW

r
/

----

WORZ

AND

COLE

LL.

0.1

_
l

Ir
LL

_ In I
]

Ho
|-

I
I

\
o
j

" i/ \

IRVINE AND POLLACK_ CUMMING= X LAMB AND TURNEY + LAMB

00X O~l

8_

Z Q o.

| aIMAGINARY

PART

z -J XS 0001teyi . 0
0.0001 01~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

Fig. 4. An enlarged illustration of the ir portion of the spectrum

S Q

for ice.

0.00001 _P

0.000001 10-4 10-3

II I

I I LL1 I I I

11- -L-1

I I I I I 1j

102

10'

10

10I

WAVELENGTH
Conversations with J. J. Stephens and communications with Dudley Williams of Kansas State University were of great assistance. Their contributions were appreciated as well as those of R. J. Kurzeja who assembled much of the literature in the survey. Listings of the Fortran program are available upon request. This research was supported- by the Atmospheric

CM)
5. W. M. Irvine and J. B. Pollack, Icarus 8, 324 (1968). 6. L. Pontier and C. Dechambenoyj Ann. Geophys. 22, 633 (1966). 7. M. R. Querry, B. Curnutte, and D. Williams, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 59, 1299 (1960). 8. V. E. Zuev, V. P. Lopasov, and V. K. Sondnik, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 3, 8 (1967). 9. V. M. Zolotarev, B. A. Mikhailov, L. I. Alperovich, and S. I. Popov, Opt. Spectrosc. 27, 430 (1969)., 10. A. N. Rusk and D. Williams, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 905 (1971). 11. C. W. Robertson and D. Williams, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 1316 (1971). 12. A. E. Stanevich and H. G. Yaroslavskii, Opt. Spectrosc. 10, 278 (1961). 13. D. A. Draegert, Ph.D. Dissertation (Kansas State University, Manhattan, 1967). 14. D. A. Draegert, N. Stone, B. Curnutte, and D. Williams, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 64 (1966). 15. J. Chamberlain, G. Chantry, H. Gebbie, N. Stone, T. Taylor, and G. Wyllie, Nature 210, 790 (1966). August1972 / Vol. 11, No.8 / APPLIED OPTICS 1843

Science Section, National Science Foundation, NSF grants GA-1489 and GA-30942.

References
1. E. Whalley and J. E. Bertie, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 25, 161 (1967). 2. C. Jaccard, Helvetica Phys. Acta. 32, 89 (1959). 3. B. A. Mikhaylov and V. M. Zolotarev, Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys. 6, 52 (1970). 4. J. J. Stephens, P. S. Ray, and R. J. Kurzeja, J. Atmos. Sci.
28, 785 (1971).

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See also pages A16/A17

NEW IETHODS IN OPTICAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING

The New Methods in OpticaZ Design and Egineering Course will be held at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona January 8 - 19, 1973. The purpose of this course is to acquaint both the specand nonspecialist engineer or scientist with the latest ialist techniques in the design and engineering of optical systems. Central to the course will be discussion of methods of optical In support of the general subject design and image analysis. of systems engineering, there will be discussions of detectors and scanning systems, thin films, lasers, methods of fabricating and testing of optical components, and some details of the tolerancing and specifications of complete systems. Inquiries may be addressed to Dr. R. H. Noble, Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

1844 APPLIED OPTICS / Vol. 11, No. 8 / August 1972