LAPORAN PENYIASATAN TENAGA BURUH

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY REPORT

MALAYSIA

SUKU TAHUN KETIGA 2011

THIRD QUARTER 2011

SIRI 28 BIL. 4/2011 DISEMBER 2011

SERIES NO.28 VOL.4/2011 DECEMBER 2011

JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

Pengenalan

Laporan Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh, Malaysia, Suku Tahun Ketiga 2011 membentangkan data suku tahunan berkaitan ciri-ciri tenaga buruh, pengangguran dan struktur guna tenaga berdasarkan penyiasatan yang dijalankan secara bulanan. Maklumat yang diperoleh daripada penyiasatan ini digunakan sebagai input untuk menganalisis situasi pasaran buruh, menggubal dasar dan merancang, melaksana serta memantau program berkaitan dengan pembangunan sumber manusia. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia merakamkan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan di atas kerjasama yang diberikan oleh responden dan juga anggota Jabatan dalam menjayakan penyiasatan ini. Ulasan dan cadangan ke arah menambah baik laporan ini pada masa hadapan adalah amat dihargai. Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia Disember 2011

Introduction

The Labour Force Survey Report, Malaysia, Third Quarter 2011 presents quarterly data on the characteristics of labour force, unemployment and the structure of employment based on monthly surveys. Information obtained from the survey provides input for analysing the labour market situation, policy formulation as well as planning, implementing and monitoring programmes related to human resource development. The Department of Statistics, Malaysia gratefully acknowledges and appreciates the co-operation of respondents as well as the staff of the Department in making this survey a success. Comments and suggestion towards improving future issues of this report would be greatly appreciated. Department of Statistics, Malaysia December 2011

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Kandungan

Muka surat 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Pengenalan .... Perangkaan utama tenaga buruh, Malaysia ............................. Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh mengikut jantina dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 . Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 ........................ Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 .................................. Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 .. Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut jantina dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 . Bilangan penduduk bekerja mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 .................... i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11

10. Bilangan dan taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut industri, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 .............................. 11. Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011 ..

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Contents

Page 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Introduction ... Principal statistics of labour force, Malaysia ............................ Labour force participation rate by sex and age group, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 Labour force participation rate by educational attainment, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 .......... Labour force participation rate by ethnic group, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 .......... Percentage distribution of employed persons by ethnic group, Malaysia Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 .................................. Percentage distribution of employed persons by educational attainment, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011.. Percentage distribution of employed persons by sex and age group, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 ... Number of employed persons by occupation, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 .................................. ii 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22

10. Number and percentage distribution of employed persons by industry, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 ............................. 11. Percentage distribution of employed persons by status in employment, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011 ......

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PERANGKAAN TENAGA BURUH MALAYSIA Q3/2011

Jadual 1: Perangkaan utama tenaga buruh, Malaysia

Perangkaan Utama Tenaga buruh (000) Penduduk bekerja (000) Penganggur (000) Luar tenaga buruh (000) Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh, KPTB (%) Kadar pengangguran (%)
r

Q3/2010r 12,204.8 11,822.7 382.1 7,078.5 63.3 3.1

Q2/2011 12,506.6 12,128.5 378.1 7,024.6 64.0 3.0

Q3/2011 12,648.6 12,259.2 389.3 6,931.5 64.6 3.1

Disemak semula

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh menokok 0.6 mata peratus daripada 64 peratus pada suku sebelumnya kepada 64.6 peratus pada Q3/2011. Peningkatan ini adalah impak daripada peningkatan penduduk dalam pasaran buruh seramai 142,000 orang (1%) kepada 12.65 juta dan pengurangan bilangan penduduk di luar tenaga buruh seramai 93,100 orang (1.3%) kepada 6.93 juta orang. Peningkatan penduduk dalam pasaran buruh disumbangkan oleh pertambahan penduduk yang bekerja dan menganggur masing-masing seramai 130,700 orang dan 11,200 orang kepada 12.26 juta dan 389,300 orang. Walau bagaimanapun, peratus peningkatan penduduk yang menganggur (3%) didapati lebih ketara berbanding penduduk bekerja (1.1%), menyebabkan kadar pengangguran meningkat 0.1 mata peratus kepada 3.1 peratus pada Q3/2011. Kadar pengangguran kekal pada 3.1 peratus manakala KPTB didapati 1.3 mata peratus lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan suku yang sama 2010.

Carta 1: Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh mengikut jantina dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

KPTB lelaki adalah lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan pada setiap kumpulan umur. Pada Q3/2011, KPTB lelaki dan perempuan merekodkan peningkatan terutamanya perempuan sebanyak 1 mata peratus kepada 48.6 peratus manakala lelaki sebanyak 0.2 mata peratus kepada 80.0 peratus. KPTB lelaki tertinggi dicatatkan pada kumpulan umur 3544 tahun manakala perempuan pada kumpulan umur 2534 tahun. Trend KPTB perempuan menurun dengan signifikan mulai kumpulan umur 3544 tahun berbanding trend KPTB lelaki yang terus mencatatkan peningkatan marginal. Bagaimanapun, KPTB lelaki mula menyusut pada kumpulan umur 4554 tahun.

Carta 2:

Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Pada Q3/2011, KPTB bagi semua kategori pencapaian pendidikan merekodkan peningkatan, terutamanya bagi mereka yang tiada pendidikan rasmi sebanyak 1.9 mata peratus kepada 55.4 peratus. Sebaliknya, penurunan kecil dialami oleh KPTB golongan berpendidikan menengah sebanyak 0.1 mata peratus kepada 64.2 peratus. Mereka yang berpendidikan rendah merekodkan KPTB tertinggi pada Q3/2011 sebanyak 66.9 peratus diikuti oleh mereka yang berpendidikan tertiari sebanyak 65.5 peratus.

Jadual 2: Kadar penyertaan tenaga buruh mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Kumpulan etnik Jumlah Warganegara Malaysia Bumiputera Melayu Bumiputera lain Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara Malaysia

Q2/2011 64.0 62.0 61.3 60.9 63.3 63.5 61.6 66.6 79.9

Q3/2011 64.6 62.6 62.1 62.0 62.8 64.5 59.9 66.7 80.0

KPTB penduduk bukan warganegara Malaysia kekal lebih tinggi berbanding warganegara Malaysia. Pada Q3/2011, KPTB bagi kedua-dua kewarganegaraan meningkat iaitu daripada 62.0 kepada 62.6 peratus manakala bagi bukan warganegara, daripada 79.9 kepada 80.0 peratus. KPTB bagi etnik Cina dan Bumiputera mencatatkan peningkatan pada Q3/2011 masing-masing sebanyak 1.0 dan 0.8 mata peratus kepada 64.5 dan 62.1 peratus . Sebaliknya, KPTB etnik India menyusut dengan ketara sebanyak 1.7 mata peratus kepada 59.9 peratus pada Q3/2011 berbanding 61.6 peratus pada suku sebelumnya.

Jadual 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Kumpulan etnik Jumlah Warganegara Malaysia Bumiputera Melayu Bumiputera lain Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara Malaysia

Q2/2011 100.0 85.4 55.0 44.8 10.2 22.7 6.8 0.9 14.6

Q3/2011 100.0 85.6 55.4 45.5 9.9 22.8 6.4 1.0 14.4

Taburan penduduk bekerja adalah konsisten dengan komposisi penduduk. Etnik Bumiputera masih lagi kekal sebagai penyumbang utama guna tenaga di Malaysia iaitu 55.4 peratus pada Q3/2011 diikuti oleh Cina (22.8%) dan India (6.4%). Selaras dengan peningkatan KPTB di Jadual 2, peratusan penduduk warganegara yang bekerja pada Q3/2011 didapati meningkat 0.2 mata peratus kepada 85.6 peratus berbanding penduduk bukan warganegara yang menyusut 0.2 mata peratus kepada 14.4 peratus.

Carta 3: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Lebih separuh penduduk bekerja di Malaysia mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan menengah. Pada Q3/2011, peratusannya menyusut sebanyak 0.7 mata peratus kepada 55.0 peratus. Peratusan penduduk bekerja yang berpendidikan tertiari pula mencatatkan peningkatan tertinggi sebanyak 0.3 mata peratus kepada 23.2 peratus.

Carta 4: Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut jantina dan kumpulan umur, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Pada Q3/2011, sejumlah 57.5 peratus daripada keseluruhan penduduk bekerja adalah terdiri daripada mereka yang berumur di antara 25 hingga 44 tahun. Taburan mengikut jantina menunjukkan majoriti penduduk lelaki dan perempuan yang bekerja juga berada dalam kumpulan umur 25 hingga 44 tahun dengan peratusan masing-masing sebanyak 55.8 dan 60.4 peratus.

Carta 5: Bilangan penduduk bekerja mengikut pekerjaan1, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008

Guna tenaga kategori Profesional merekodkan peningkatan paling tinggi pada Q3/2011 iaitu seramai 152,400 orang kepada 1.25 juta orang berbanding 1.09 juta pada suku sebelumnya. Sebaliknya, guna tenaga kategori Pekerjaan asas merekodkan penyusutan tertinggi seramai 75,500 orang daripada 1.6 juta pada suku kedua kepada 1.52 juta orang pada Q3/2011.

Jadual 4: Bilangan dan taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut industri1, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Industri1

Q2/2011 Bilangan Peratus (000) (%) 12,128.5 1,404.2 64.5 2,170.5 48.5 77.3 1,193.4 1,989.0 564.3 968.7 157.9 284.4 55.5 329.1 440.5 704.3 750.2 395.4 103.7 188.1 238.0 1.2 11.6 0.5 17.9 0.4 0.6 9.8 16.4 4.7 8.0 1.3 2.3 0.5 2.7 3.6 5.8 6.2 3.3 0.9 1.6 2.0 0.0

Q3/2011 Bilangan (000) 1,389.7 70.6 2,090.7 50.2 77.5 1,167.7 1,963.2 614.3 960.1 204.3 299.1 60.4 324.8 470.3 807.2 813.0 408.1 89.0 177.0 215.6 6.5 Peratus (%) 100.0 11.3 0.6 17.1 0.4 0.6 9.5 16.0 5.0 7.8 1.7 2.4 0.5 2.6 3.8 6.6 6.6 3.3 0.7 1.4 1.8 0.1

Jumlah Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Perlombongan dan pengkuarian Pembuatan Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Pembinaan Perkhidmatan Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman Maklumat dan komunikasi Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/ takaful Aktiviti hartanah Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib Pendidikan Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain Aktiviti isi rumah sebagai majikan2 Aktiviti badan dan pertubuhan luar wilayah
1 2

100.0 12,259.2

Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008 Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh tidak mengelaskan aktiviti pengeluaran barangan dan perkhidmatan sara hidup untuk kegunaan isi rumah sendiri sebagai penduduk yang aktif dalam ekonomi. Oleh itu, klasifikasi MSIC 2008 bagi industri Aktiviti isi rumah sebagai majikan; aktiviti mengeluarkan barangan dan perkhidmatan yang tidak dapat dibezakan oleh isi rumah untuk kegunaan sendiri hanya mengambil kira Aktiviti isi rumah sebagai majikan.

Pada Q3/2011, guna tenaga di sektor Pembuatan didapati menguncup dengan penyusutan seramai 79,800 orang kepada 2.09 juta berbanding 2.17 juta orang pada suku sebelumnya. Begitu juga dengan sektor Pembinaan dan sektor Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan yang turut merekodkan pengurangan guna tenaga masingmasing seramai 25,700 dan 14,500 orang kepada 1.17 dan 1.39 juta orang. Sektor perkhidmatan merekodkan peningkatan guna tenaga pada Q3/2011 terutamanya bagi industri Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib seramai 102,900 orang kepada 0.81 juta orang, diikuti oleh industri Pendidikan seramai 62,800 orang kepada 0.81 juta orang. Sebaliknya, guna tenaga di industri Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal merekodkan penurunan kecil iaitu seramai 25,900 orang kepada 1.96 juta orang.

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Carta 6:

Taburan peratus penduduk bekerja mengikut taraf pekerjaan, Malaysia, Q2/2011 dan Q3/2011

Sebahagian besar penduduk bekerja terdiri daripada mereka yang bertaraf pekerja. Peratusannya didapati meningkat sebanyak 0.9 mata peratus kepada 75.6 peratus pada Q3/2011. Sebaliknya, peratusan mereka yang bekerja sendiri merekodkan penyusutan pada Q3/2011 sebanyak 1.0 mata peratus kepada 15.5 peratus, diikuti oleh pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji sebanyak 0.2 mata peratus kepada 4.1 peratus.

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LABOUR FORCE STATISTICS MALAYSIA Q3/2011

Table 1: Principal statistics of labour force, Malaysia

Main Indicators Labour force (000) Employed (000) Unemployed (000) Outside labour force (000) Labour force participation rates, LFPR (%) Unemployment rate (%)
r

Q3/2010r 12,204.8 11,822.7 382.1 7,078.5 63.3 3.1

Q2/2011 12,506.6 12,128.5 378.1 7,024.6 64.0 3.0

Q3/2011 12,648.6 12,259.2 389.3 6,931.5 64.6 3.1

Revised

Labour force participation rate rose 0.6 percentage point from 64 per cent in the previous quarter to 64.6 per cent in Q3/2011. This increase was the impact of population increase in the labour market by 142,000 persons (1%) to 12.65 million and a decline of persons outside the labour force by 93,100 persons (1.3%) to 6.93 million persons. The increase in the labour market was contributed by the rise of employed and unemployed persons respectively by 130,700 persons and 11,200 persons to 12.26 million and 389,300 persons. However, the percentage increase for unemployed (3%) was more significant than employed persons (1.1%), lead the unemployment rate rose 0.1 percentage points to 3.1 per cent in Q3/2011. The unemployment rate remained at 3.1 per cent while the LFPR was 1.3 per cent higher as compared with the same quarter of 2010.

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Chart 1:

Labour force participation rate by sex and age group, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

LFPR for males was higher than females in every age group. In Q3/2011, LFPR for males and females reported an increase, especially females by 1 percentage point to 48.6 per cent while for males by 0.2 percentage point to 80.0 per cent. LFPR for males was the highest in the 35-44 age group while for females in the 25-34 age group. LFPR trend for females decreased significantly starting from the age group of 35-44 years while LFPR trend for males continued to record marginal increases. However, LFPR for males began to decline in the 4554 age group.

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Chart 2: Labour force participation rate by educational attainment, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

In Q3/2011, LFPR for all educational attainment categories recorded an increase, especially for those with no formal education by 1.9 percentage point to 55.4 per cent. On the other hand, those with secondary education experienced a small decrease in the LFPR by 0.1 percentage point to 64.2 per cent. Those with primary education recorded the highest LFPR in Q3/2011 amounted to 66.9 per cent, followed by those with tertiary education by 65.5 per cent.

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Table 2: Labour force participation rate by ethnic group, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

Ethnic group Total Malaysian citizens Bumiputera Malay Other Bumiputera Chinese Indians Others Non-Malaysian citizens

Q2/2011 64.0 62.0 61.3 60.9 63.3 63.5 61.6 66.6 79.9

Q3/2011 64.6 62.6 62.1 62.0 62.8 64.5 59.9 66.7 80.0

LFPR for non-Malaysian citizens was higher than Malaysian citizens. In Q3/2011, LFPR for both citizenships increased, that is from 62.0 to 62.2 per cent and from 79.9 to 80.0 per cent for the non-citizens. LFPR for Chinese and Bumiputera registered an increase in Q3/2011, respectively by 1.0 and 0.8 percentage point to 64.5 and 62.1 per cent. In contrast, LFPR for Indians decreased significantly by 1.7 percentage point to 59.9 per cent in Q3/2011 compared to 61.6 per cent in the previous quarter.

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Table 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons by ethnic group, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

Ethnic group Total Malaysian citizens Bumiputera Malay Other Bumiputera Chinese Indians Others Non-Malaysian citizens

Q2/2011 100.0 85.4 55.0 44.8 10.2 22.7 6.8 0.9 14.6

Q3/2011 100.0 85.6 55.4 45.5 9.9 22.8 6.4 1.0 14.4

The distribution of employed population is consistent with the population composition. Bumiputera remained as the major contributor to employment in Malaysia that is 55.4 per cent in Q3/2011, followed by Chinese (22.8%) and Indians (6.4%). In line with the increase of LFPR in Table 2, the percentage of employed citizens in Q3/2011 reported an increase of 0.2 percentage point to 85.6 per cent compared to non-citizens which declined 0.2 percentage points to 14.4 per cent.

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Chart 3: Percentage distribution of employed persons by educational attainment, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

More than half of the employed population in Malaysia has a background in secondary education. In Q3/2011, their share declined by 0.7 percentage point to 55.0 per cent. Meanwhile, the share in percentage of employed persons with tertiary education recorded the highest increase of 0.3 percentage point to 23.2 per cent.

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Chart 4: Percentage distribution of employed persons by sex and age group, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

In Q3/2011, a sum of 57.5 per cent of the total employed population comprised of those aged 25 to 44 years. The distribution by sex showed that the majority of employed males and females were also in the age group 25 to 44 years with their respective percentages by 55.8 and 60.4 per cent.

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Chart 5: Number of employed persons by occupation1, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

1Occupation

is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Classification of Occupations (MASCO) 2008

Employment in the Professional category recorded the highest increase in Q3/2011 that is by 152,400 persons to 1.25 million as compared with 1.09 million in the previous quarter. In contrast, employment in the Elementary occupations category reported the highest decline of 75,500 persons from 1.6 million in the second quarter to 1.52 million persons in Q3/2011.

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Table 4: Number and percentage distribution of employed persons by industry1, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

Industry1

Q2/2011 Number Per cent (000) (%) 12,128.5 1,404.2 64.5 2,170.5 48.5 77.3 1,193.4 1,989.0 564.3 968.7 157.9 284.4 55.5 329.1 440.5 704.3 750.2 395.4 103.7 188.1 238.0 1.2

Q3/2011 Number Per cent (000) (%) 100.0 11.3 0.6 17.1 0.4 0.6 9.5 16.0 5.0 7.8 1.7 2.4 0.5 2.6 3.8 6.6 6.6 3.3 0.7 1.4 1.8 0.1

Total Agriculture, forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying Manufacturing Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities Construction Services Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Transportation and storage Accommodation and food service activities Information and communication Financial and insurance/takaful activities Real estate activities Professional, scientific and technical activities Administrative and support service activities Public administration and defence; compulsory social security Education Human health and social work activities Arts, entertainment and recreation Other service activities Activities of households as employers2 Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies
1 2

100.0 12,259.2 11.6 0.5 17.9 0.4 0.6 9.8 16.4 4.7 8.0 1.3 2.3 0.5 2.7 3.6 5.8 6.2 3.3 0.9 1.6 2.0 0.0 1,389.7 70.6 2,090.7 50.2 77.5 1,167.7 1,963.2 614.3 960.1 204.3 299.1 60.4 324.8 470.3 807.2 813.0 408.1 89.0 177.0 215.6 6.5

Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classifications (MSIC) 2008 Labour Force Survey does not classify the subsistence goods and services producing activities of household as persons who are economically active. Therefore, the classification of industry by MSIC 2008 for Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of households for own use only accounted for activities of households as employers.

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In Q3/2011, employment in the Manufacturing sector is contracting with a drop of 79,800 persons to 2.09 million as compared to 2.17 million persons in the previous quarter. Similarly, the Construction sector and Agriculture, forestry and fishing sector also recorded a decline in the number of employed persons each of 25,700 and 14,500 to 1.17 and 1.39 million persons. The services sector recorded an increase of employment in Q3/2011, especially for the Public administration and defence; compulsory social security activities by 102,900 persons to 0.81 million persons, followed by the Education industry by 62,800 persons to 0.81 million persons. In contrast, employment in the Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles industry registered a small decline of about 25,900 persons to 1.96 million persons.

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Chart 6: Percentage distribution of employed persons by status in employment, Malaysia, Q2/2011 and Q3/2011

A large number of the employed population consisted of those who were employees. Their share reported an increase of 0.9 percentage point to 75.6 per cent in Q3/2011. On the contrary, the percentage of own account workers recorded a decline in Q3/2011 by 1.0 percentage point to 15.5 per cent, followed by unpaid family workers by 0.2 percentage point to 4.1 per cent.

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