NCM 101 Lecture Notes PRELIMS Handout 2

I. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CHART: BIRTH TO ONE YEAR (INFANCY) AGE Birth4wks PHYSICAL Weight gain of 150-270 g per week. Height gain of 1 per mo for the first 6 mo Head circumference increase 1/2 per mo Moro, Babinski, rooting, and tonic-neck reflexes present PERSONALSOCIAL Some smiling FINE MOTOR Grasp reflex very strong Hands flexed GROSS MOTOR Catches and holds objects in sight that cross visual field Can turn head from side to side when lying in a prone position When prone, body flexed position When prone, moves extremities in a crawling fashion Tries to raise shoulders and arms when stimulated Holds head up when prone Less flexion of entire body when prone No longer has Moro reflex Symmetric body positioning Pumps arms, shoulders, and head from prone position Plays with hands Brings objects to mouth Sees bottle, squeals, laughs Aware of new environment and shows interest Smiles at self in the mirror Cries when limits are set or when objects are taken away Grasps objects in crib voluntarily and brings them to mouth Eye- hand coordination begins Holds one object while looking for another one Grasps objects wanted Balances head and body for short periods in sitting position LANGUAGE Cries when upset Makes enjoyment sounds during mealtimes COGNITION At 1 mo, sucking activity with associated pleasurable sensations.

6 wk

Tears appear

Smiling in response to familiar stimuli

Hands open Less flexion noted

Cooing predominant Smiles to familiar voices Babbling Makes noises when spoken to

Primary circular reactions Begins to repeat actions

10-12 wk

Posterior fontanel closes

Aware of new environment Less crying Smiles at significant others Responds to stimulus

No longer has grasp reflex Pulls on clothes, blanket, but does not reach for them

Beginning of coordinated responses to different kinds of stimuli

16 wk

Moro, rooting, and tonic neck reflexes disappear; drooling begins

Grasps objects with two hands

Laughs aloud Sounds n, k,g and b

Likes social situations Defiant, bored if unattended

20 wk

May show signs of teething

Able to sit up Can roll over Can bear weight on legs when held in a standing position Able to control head movements Tonic neck reflex disappears Sits alone in high chair,

Cooing noises Squeals with delight

Visually looks for an object that has fallen

24 wk

Birth weight doubles: birth weight gain slows to 90-150 g per wk

Likes to be picked up Knows family

Holds a bottle fairly well Tries to retrieve a

Makes sounds guh, buh Sounds p, m,

Secondary circular Reactions Repeats actions that

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Ms. April Anne D. Balanon

NCM 101 Lecture Notes PRELIMS Handout 2

Height slows to per mo Teething begins with lower central incisors from strangers Plays Peek-aBoo Knows likes and dislikes Fear of strangers Imitates simple acts Responds to no Shows preferences and dislikes for food Dislikes diaper and clothing change Afraid of strangers Fear of separating from mother Does things to attract attention Tries to follow when being read to Imitates parents Looks for objects not in sight dropped article back erect Rolls over and back to abdomen b and t are pronounced Bubbling sounds affect an object Beginning of object permanence

28 wk

Lower lateral incisors are followed in the next month by upper central incisors

Holds cup Transfers objects from one hand to the other

Reaches without visual guidance Can lift head up when in supine position

Bubbling decreases Duplicates mama and pa-pa sounds

32 wk

Teething continues

Adjusts body position to be able to reach for an object May stand up while holding on

Crawls around Pulls toy toward self

Combines syllables but has trouble attributing meaning to them

40wk- 1 yr

Birth weight tripled Has six teeth Babinski reflex disappears Anterior fontanel closes between now and 18 mo

Holds tools with one hand and works on with it with another Puts toy in box after demonstration Starts blocks Holds crayon to scribble on paper

Stands alone; begins to walk alone Can change self from prone to sitting to standing position

Words emerge Says da-da and ma-ma with meaning

II. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE TODDLER AGE PERSONAL-SOCIAL (Months) 12-15 Seeks novel ways to pursue new experiences FINE MOTOR Builds with blocks; finger paints GROSS MOTOR Movements become more voluntary Postural control improves; able to stand and make few independent steps LANGUAGE First words are not generally classified as true language. They are generally associated with the concrete and are usually activity-oriented. COGNITION Begins to accommodate to the environment, and the adaptive process evolves.

Able to reach out with hands Imitations of people are and bring food to mouth more advanced Holds a spoon Drinks from a cup Better control of spoon; good control when drinking from cup

18

Extremely curious Becomes a communicative social

Walks alone; gait may still be a bit unsteady

Begins to use language in Demonstrates a symbolic form to foresight and can represent images or discover solutions Ms. April Anne D. Balanon

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NCM 101 Lecture Notes PRELIMS Handout 2

being Turns page of a book Parallel play Fleeting contacts with other children Make-believe play begins Language facilitates autonomy Sense of power from saying no and mine Increased independence from mother Basic concepts of sexuality are established Separates from mother more easily Attends to toilet needs Places objects in holes or slots Begins to walk sideways and backward ideas that reflect the thinking process Uses some meaningful words such as hi, byebye Comprehension is significantly greater Begins to use words to explain past events or to discuss objects not observably present Rapidly expands vocabulary to about 300 words; uses plurals Quest for information furthered by questions like why, when, where and how Has acquired the language that is used in course of simple conversation during adult years Can think only of one idea at a time Cannot think of all parts in terms of the whole to problems without excessive trial-and-error procedures Can imitate without the presence of a model State of continuous investigations Primary focus is egocentric

24

Turns pages of a book singly Adept at building a tower of six or seven cubes When drawing, attempts to enclose a space

Runs well with little falling Throws and kicks a ball Walks up and down stairs one step at a time Balances on one foot; jumps in place; pedals tricycles

36

Copies a circle and a straight line Grasps spoon between thumb and index finger Holds cup by handle

III. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE PRESCHOOLER AGE PERSONAL-SOCIAL (Months) 3 Sufficiently independent to be interested in group experiences with age mates FINE MOTOR Able to button clothes Copies O and + Uses pencils, crayons paints Shows preference for right or left hand Can use scissors; copies a square GROSS MOTOR Tends to watch motor activities before attempting them Can jump several feet Uses hands in broad movements Rides tricycle Has some hesitation but tends to try achievements beyond ability Greater powers of balance and accuracy Hops on one foot; can control movements of hands LANGUAGE Vocabulary up to 1,000 words Articulates vowels accurately Talks a lot Sings and recites Asks many questions Vocabulary words of 1,500 words Constant questions Believes that words Sentences of four or five make things realwords magical thinking Uses bad words Reports fantasies as truth Ms. April Anne D. Balanon Reality and fantasy are not always clear to the preschooler COGNITION

Energetic

Aggressive physically and verbally but Adds three parts to stick developing behaviors to figures become socially acceptable Accepts punishment fro wrongdoing because it relieves guilt

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NCM 101 Lecture Notes PRELIMS Handout 2

Initiates contacts with strangers and relates interesting little tales Interested in telling and comparing stories about self Peer relations are important

Ties shoelaces Copies a diamond and a triangle Prints a few letters or numbers May print first name Cuts food

Will not attempt achievement beyond ability Throws and catches ball well Jumps rope Walks backward with heel to toe Skips and hops Adept on bicycle and climbing equipment

Vocabulary of about 3,000 words Speech is clear Asks meanings of words Enjoys telling stories

Thinks feeling and thoughts can happen Intrusions into the body cause fear and anxiety (fear of mutilation & castration)

IV. DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES FOR THE SCHOOL-AGE CHILD

AGE PHYSICAL MOTOR (Months) 6 Average height: 45 Tie shoes inches Can use scissors Average weight: 21 kg Runs, jumps, climbs, skips Looses first tooth (upper incisors) Can ride bicycle Molar erupts Appetite increases Cant sit for long periods.

PERSONAL-SOCIAL

LANGUAGE

PERCEPTUAL Knows right from left May reverse letters Can discriminate vertical, horizontal and oblique Perceives pictures in parts or whole but not both

COGNITIVE Recognizes words Conservation number simple

Increased need to Uses every form of socialize with the sentence structure same sex Vocabulary of Egocentric2,500 words believes everyone thinks as they do Sentence length about five words

of

Defines objects by use Can group according to an attribute to form subclasses

Cuts, pastes, prints, draws with some detail Weight is seven More cautious More cooperative times birth weight Swims Gains 2-3 kg Printing smaller Same-sex play Grows 2-2.5 per than 6-year-olds group and friends year Activity level lower Less egocentric than 6-year-olds

Can name day, B,p,d,q month, season resolved

confusion Begins to use simple logic Can group ascending order in

Produces all Can copy a diamond language sounds

Grasps basic idea of addition and subtraction Conservation substance Can tell time of

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Ms. April Anne D. Balanon

NCM 101 Lecture Notes PRELIMS Handout 2

8 Average height Movements more Adheres to simple Gives precise Can catch a ball 49.5 inches graceful rules definitions Visual acuity 20/20 Average weight: 25 Writes in cursive Hero worship Articulation near kg begins adult level Perceives pictures in Can throw and hit parts and whole baseball Same sex peer group Has symmetric balance and can hop Average height: Good coordination 51.5-53.5 inches Can achieve the Average weight : strength and 27-35 kg speed needed for most sports Enjoys competition Increasing memory span Interest relation in causal

Conservation length

in

9-10

team Can use language Eye-hand to convey coordination almost thoughts and look perfect Understands Moves from group at others point of explanations to best friend view Conservation of area Hero worship and weight intensifies Describes characteristics of objects Can group in descending order

Can put thoughts in a chronologic sequence Classifies objects

V. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PREADOLESCENT PHYSICAL MOTOR Average Refines gross and fine height: 57-59 motor skills inches May have difficulty with Average some fine motor weight: 35- coordination due to 40 kg growth of large muscles before that of small Pubescence muscle growth; hands and may begin feet are first structures to increase in size; thus, Girls may actions may appear surpass boys uncoordinated during in height early preadolescence Remaining permanent teeth erupt Can do crafts Uses tools increasingly well. PERSONAL-SOCIAL LANGUAGE PERCEPTUAL Attends school primarily Fluent in spoken Can catch or for peer association language intercept ball thrown from a Peer relationships of Vocabulary 500,000 distance greatest importance of words for reading; oral vocabulary of Possible growth Intolerant of violation of 7200 words spurts may case group norms myopia Uses slang words and Can follow rules of group terms, vulgarities, and adapt to another point jeers, jokes,, and of view sayings Can use stored knowledge to make independent judgments COGNITIVE Begins abstract thinking Conservation volume of

Understands relations among time, speed, and distance Ability to sympathize, love, and reason are all evolving Right and wrong become logically clear.

Stage Oral

Age Range 0-1 years

Characteristics Center of pleasure: mouth (major source of gratification &

Consequences of Fixation Orally aggressive: Signs include chewing gum or ends of pens. Ms. April Anne D. Balanon

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NCM 101 Lecture Notes PRELIMS Handout 2

exploration) Orally Passive: Signs include smoking/eating/kissing/fellatio/cunnilingus Fixation at this stage may result in passivity, gullibility, immaturity and manipulative personality Anal retentive: Obsession with organization or excessive neatness Anal expulsive: Reckless, careless, defiant, disorganized, Oedipus complex (in boys only according to Freud) Electra complex (in girls only, later developed by Carl Jung) (People do not tend to fixate at this stage, but if they do, they tend to be extremely sexually unfulfilled.)

Anal

2-3 years

Bowel and bladder elimination

Phallic Latency

3-6 years

Genitals

6-12 years- Dormant sexual feelings puberty Energy directed to physical & intellectual activities

Relationship between peers of same sex 12-20 Puberty Sexual interests mature Frigidity, impotence, unsatisfactory relationships and beyond

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Ms. April Anne D. Balanon