Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Advanced Glazing
Karsten Voss, Werner Platzer - Fraunhofer ISE Paul Robinson, Oxford Brooks University

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Glass Technology Windows Technology Solar Gain Control Daylighting Further Options

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Glass Technology

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Solar and Ambient Radiation

1200
spectral irradiance in W/mum

60 50 40 30 20 10 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 0
Spectral radiance in W/mum

1000 800 600 400 200 0 0.2

wavelength in um

global irradiance eye sensitivity thermal radiation 0C thermal radiation 50C

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Basic Glass Types

low-iron glass 1 0.8
transmittance

green glass

standard glass

0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.3 0.5 1 wavelength in um [ 2

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

spectral transmittance of basic glass types

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Coating Technology
Sputter Sputter deposition Deposition
vacuum chamber

Soft Coatings
sputter cathodes

Spray Spraypyrolysis Pyrolysis

sputter plasma unheated glass

Hard Coatings
spray nozzle

aerosol

heated glass

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Coating Properties
Soft Coating (example: silver based)
1 transmittance / reflectance

Hard Coating (example: tin oxide based)

0.8

1
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 R/T solar control R/T solar gain

transmittance / reflectance

0.8 0.6 T 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 R

0.5

1 2 5 10 wavelength [nm]

50

R- reflectance T - transmittance

0.5

1 2 5 10 wavelength [ m]

20

50

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Heat Transport
glass thermal radiation wind selective coating

natural convection

conduction

edge seal

frame
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Gas Fillings
heat transfer coefficient in W/mK

5 4 3 2
Example: double glazing optimum gap width for different gas fillings

Air minimumpositions Argon Krypton

1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

gap width in mm

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Spacer

glass spacer primary sealant secondary sealant

standard sealing technology

heat flow contour aluminium spacer

heat flow contour foam spacer

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Glazing Energy Balance

100 80 60 40 20

g-value in %

d tren

double glazing 0 low-e glazing, 2-panes 0 low-e gazing, 3-panes sun protection glass, colour neutral

0,5

1,5

2,5

U-value in W/mK
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Selectivity
100 80 60 40 20

light transmittance in %
advanced glazing

double glazing 0 low-e glazing, 2-panes 0 low-e gazing, 3-panes sun protection glass, colour neutral

20

40

60

80

100

total energy transmittance in %

Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Windows

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Window Frame Systems: standard design

timber frame

aluminium frame

plastic frame
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Window Frame Systems: low heat loss design

- 10C 20C polyurethan

timber

insulated timber frame, triple glazing, U= 0,5 W/mK

isothermal contour

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Source: eurotec

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Window Frame Systems: low heat loss design

Highly insulated aluminium frame, double glazing with plastic films U = 0,6 W/mK
Source: Geilinger

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Solar Gain Control

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Solar Gain Control: Glazing Integrated Blinds

Product variants coated plastic films with smooth or structures surfaces venetian blinds, moveable louvers, rotateable + mechanical protection increased solar gain control compared to internal blinds decreased solar gain control compared to external blinds
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Example: Hunter Douglas Luxaclair

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Switchable Glazing Technology, passive

transmittance in %
100
glass
60 C

thermotropic materials

80
20

60

visual
40

polymer blend

solar
20 0 20

glass

status 2000: prototypes

30

temperature in C

40

50

60

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Switchable Glazing Technology, active electrochromic

glass transparent electrode WO 3 electrolyt ion storage + + +
glass WO 3 catalyst

gasochromic
0,5 mm

-H

status 2000:

initial applications

prototyps

- O 2(air)

coloured clear

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Switchable Glazing Technology, active

Stadtsparkasse Dresden prototyp sample

Pilkington EControl

Interpane IpaControl

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Transparent Sun Protection with Glass Louvers

+ visual ambient contact light guiding effect reflective appearance only moderate solar gain control high cost

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Daylighting

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Light Directing Glazing: Principle

300 - 500 lx

illuminance level

300 - 500 lx

illuminance level
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Light Directing Glazing: Mirror Optics

mirror profiles

example: OkaSolar

sun altitude 60

external glass

internal glass

sun altitude 25

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Source: Okalux

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Light Directing Glazing: Mirror Optics

30 mm

example: Bartenbach Fisch

sealing Abdichtung mirror profiles Lamelleninlett "FISCH"

ca. 55 6,25 mm ca. 20 Strahlungsbereich

Glas auen: external ESG Sekurit glass

6 mm 12 mm

Ausblendbereich

Glas innen: internal ESG Sekurit glass Planitherm

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Light Directing Glazing: Total Reflection

example: Inglas Y
28 mm Abdichtung sealing Abstandshalter spacer air cavities Luftschlitze (Kavernen) acrylic inlet PMMA - Inlett

Glas auen glass, external

glass, Glas internal innen

4 mm 8 mm 5,5 mm

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Light Directing Glazing: Total Reflection

internal glass with structured surface acrylic profiles external glass

example: Vegla Lumitop

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Source: ILB, Kln

Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Transparent Insulation: Daylighting

production hall, Salzgitter, Germany

capillary structure

daylight wall

building example
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Further Options

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

Transparent Insulation: Solar Wall Heating

apartment building, Gundelfingen, Germany

capillary structure

TI glazing

building example
Source: Fraunhofer ISE

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Education of Architects in Solar Energy and Environment

PV Glazing
art museum ZKM , Karlsruhe, Germany

solar control combined with electric energy yield

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Source: Fraunhofer ISE