CONTENTS

Preface

page xi

1 Energy Transfers in Cyclic Heat Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Heat Engine Diagrams 1 The Basic Cyclic Heat Engine 4 Buffer Pressure 5 Shaft Work 7 Buffer Pressure and Energy Transfers 9 2 Mechanism Effectiveness and Mechanical Efciency . . . . . . . 12 Mechanism Effectiveness 13 Mechanical Efciency 15 Forced Work 17 3 General Efciency Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Fundamental Efciency Theorem 20 The Stirling Comparison Theorem 21 Constant Mechanism Effectiveness 24 Optimum Buffer Pressure 25 Optimally Buffered Stirling Engines 26 The Mechanical Efciency Limit 29 The Brake Thermal Efciency Limit 31 Average Cycle and Optimum Buffer Pressure 32 4 Compression Ratio and Shaft Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Limits on Compression Ratio 34 Shaft Work Limits 36
vii

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viii

Contents

Temperature Effects Proof of the Maximum Shaft Work Theorem

39 43

5 Pressurization Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 System Charging Monomorphic Engines 45 Engines Charged Above Buffer Pressure 48 The Workspace Charging Theorem 50 6 Charge Effects in Ideal Stirling Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Workspace Charging Ideal Stirling Engines 54 Efcacious Cycles 56 Non-Efcacious Cycles 58 Practical Implications 58 7 CrossleyStirling Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Crossley Cycles 65 Crossley Cycle Analysis 66 Forced Work of the Crossley Cycle 67 The Swept Volume Ratio Problem 71 CrossleyStirling Optimum Compression Ratios 74 Conclusions 78 8 Generalized Engine Cycles and Variable Buffer Pressure . . . . 80 Parametric Representation 80 Average Cycle Pressures 83 Variable Buffer Pressure 83 Buffer Pressure and Energy Transfers 85 Mechanical Efciency 87 Pressurization Effects 89 9 Multi-Workspace Engines and Heat Pumps Multi-Cylinder Engines Split-Workspace Engines Engines with Double-Acting Pistons Double-Acting Split-Workspace Engines Heat Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 90 92 94 97 98

10 Optimum Stirling Engine Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 The Gamma Engine 101

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Contents

ix

The Schmidt Analysis The Schmidt Model for Gamma Engines Indicated Work Shaft Work Parameter Effects on Brake Output Optimum Swept Volume Ratio and Phase Angle Swept Volume Ratio Selection Internal Temperatures Indicated Work Maxima Phase Angle Dead Space Effects Alternate Engine Congurations Conclusions

102 103 105 106 106 107 108 111 112 113 114 116 116

11 Heat Transfer Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Heat Exchange 117 Heat Transfer Assumptions 118 Maximum Indicated Power 120 Maximum Brake Power 120 Brake Thermal Efciency at Maximum Power 123 Heat Losses in Stirling Engines 125 Maximum Indicated Power with Heat Leakage 128 Operating Frequency and Temperature Ratio in Stirling Engines 130 Maximum Brake Power of Stirling Engines with Heat Loss 131 Universal Power Maxima 132 Power Relative to Efciency 133 Appendix A. General Theory of Machines, Effectiveness, and Efciency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Kinematic Machines 135 State Parameter 136 Actuator Forces 136 Force Relation 137 Internal Energy 138 Force Processes 139

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Contents

Frictional Dissipation Graphical Representation Reversed Operation Mechanism Effectiveness Content of the Effectiveness Function Actuator Work Constant Internal Energy

140 142 143 145 147 148 151

Appendix B. An Ultra Low Temperature Differential Stirling Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Background 153 Compression Ratio Limits 156 Mean Volume Specic Work 158 Engine Performance 160 Appendix C. Derivation of Schmidt Gamma Equations . . . . . . . 163 Volume and Pressure Functions 163 Indicated Work 165 Forced Work 165 References Index 167 171

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