08 Chuong4

Chng
Kien tao Viet Nam trong khung cau truc ong Nam A
Chng 4. Kien tao Viet Nam trong khung cau truc ong Nam A
1. ac iem cau truc ong Nam A theo mo hnh kien tao mang Hau nh tat ca cac be tram tch e tam cha dau kh ong Nam A c hnh thanh gan lien vi hoat ong kien tao mang giai oan e Tam (Hnh 4.1). Tren 70 be cha dau kh ong Nam A eu nam tren ra noi mang, pha Tay keo dai t Bac Thai Lan xuong vnh Malay en bien Tay Natuna, pha ong la toan them luc a Viet Nam, chung phan bo lien ke hoac ni giao nhau cua cac i khau hay t gay ln xuyen cat vung ra Nam cua mang Au - A vao e Tam, nh Sagaing, Three Pagodas, Mae Ping - Hau Giang, Petchabun, Ranong, Khlong Marui, Song Hong, Song Ma, Rao Nay, a Nang, kinh tuyen 109 K...
o
en nay. ac iem kien tao ong Nam A trong giai oan e Tam la ket qua chuyen ong cua cac mang ln: Mang ong An o dch chuyen len pha Bac va cham vao mang Au - A, Mang chau Uc dch chuyen hut chm di cung ao Sumatra, Mang Thai Bnh Dng chuyen nhanh theo hng tay - tay bac hut chm di cung ao Philippin ra ong mang Au - A, S tach gian va hnh thanh Bien ong. Trng ong lc a tao s xoay chuyen cac vi mang (microplates), s trt bang doc cac i khau va cac t gay ln theo o cac be e Tam c hnh thanh, ong thi cung tao tnh chu ky xen nhng gian oan khu vc c ghi nhan tat ca cac be e Tam ong Nam A. Chu ky phat trien kien tao - tng a va magma giai oan e Tam lien quan en cac chu ky va cham va hut chm gia cac mang ln. Nguon goc kien tao cua cac be tram tch la van e tranh luan, va co rat nhieu mo hnh. Mot so nha a chat gia nh nguyen nhan hnh thanh cac be e Tam NA la do cang gian sau cung ket qua cua s hut chm va hoi tu xien (oblique convergence)
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V the viec tai lap kien tao mang cua ong Nam A la can thiet nham nghien cu vai tro chuyen ong cua cac mang trong s hnh thanh cac be va ac iem phan bo dau kh. Cau truc ong Nam A gom nhieu vi mang (microplates) nam kep gia 3 mang ln: cac mang Au - A, An - Uc va Thai Bnh Dng. Theo ket qua o o dch chuyen co t, he thong nh v toan cau (GPS) va cng o ong at th cng o hoat ong cua cac mang nay con kha manh vi toc o dch chuyen ln c ghi nhan t e Tam
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
Hnh 4.1. S o phan bo cac be cha dau chnh ong Nam A
doc ranh sut (trench) Sumatra - Java (Kingston va nnk, 1983); do s keo toac doc cac t gay trt bang trai ln (leftlateral strike-slip faults) theo thuyet kien tao thuc troi (Tapponnier va nnk., 1982), do tach rift sau cung (back arc rifting) ket hp vi hoat ong gay trt doc (wrench
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faulting) (Hamilton,1979; Crostella,1981); do tach rift lien quan en s dang troi cua manti (mantle plume) (Hutchinson,1989; Khalid Ngah va nnk., 1996); do cang gian ket qua cua s xoay trng ng lc (rotating of stress field) trong qua trnh va mang gia An o va Au - A (Harder va nnk., 1992;
Huchon va nnk., 1994); do cat trt phai (dextral shear) doc cac t gay trt hng tay-bac ton tai trc o (Polochan va nnk., 1989); hoac do keo toac lien quan en s uon cong cua quan ao Andaman - Sumatra - Java (Hutchinson,1992). Du co nguon goc khac nhau, nhng cac be nay c thanh tao lien quan en chuyen ong trt bang (strike-slip), cang gian (extension) ben trong mang va co dang graben hoac na graben vi cac chu ky tram tch va nhng bat chnh hp ong tuoi vi nhau c quan sat thay trong tat ca cac be. Moi trng tram tch va quy luat phan bo dau kh trong cac be e Tam c khong che bi hai yeu to: - chuyen ong kien tao cua cac vi mang noi luc (intracontinental microplates) va s dao ong co tnh chu ky cua mc nc ai dng. S dao ong mc nc ai dng, ac biet trong Oligocen - Miocen, ong vai tro quan trong trong s phan bo tng tram tch va ac tnh dau kh. Mac du tat ca cac tac gia eu tha nhan cau truc ong Nam A c hnh thanh do s va cham cua cac mang ln, nhng mo hnh ong lc lai c giai thch khac nhau. 2. Nhng quan iem khac nhau ve mo hnh ong lc di chuyen cac mang 2.1. Quan iem thuc troi (extrusion) theo Tapponnier va nnk., 1982, 1986 Vi mo hnh kien tao nay vao Eocen s va cham cua mang ong An o (indentor) va chuoi sau (deep penetration) vao mang chau A a lam cho nhng khoi ln vo luc a b troi len, xoay phai va trt ve hng
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ong (nh khoi Hoa Nam, khoi ong Dng hay Sundaland), doc theo cac i cat trt chnh nh: Song Hong, Tay Malaysia, Vnh Thai Lan v.v... tao tach gian ay bien Andaman, Bien ong va s cang gian Vnh Thai Lan (Hnh 4.2). Huchon va nnk. (1994) a chnh sa va a ra thuyet rut ngan vo Trai at (crust shortening, Hnh 4.3) vung Bac goc hoi tu Tay Tang theo o s cang gian (extension) phat trien ve pha ong va Nam cua mang ong An o. Vi s dch chuyen i hoi tu ve pha Bac, mot mang vo nam ke pha ong co xu the b thuc troi trc tien ve pha ong hoac ong - Bac, sau o ve pha Nam lam mang nay xoay phai. Phan vo nam xa hn ve pha ong se co trng ng lc toi a hng ong - tay, sau o chuyen sang bac - nam khi i hoi tu tiep tuc di chuyen len pha Bac. Da theo o, Huchon a lap mo hnh cac trng ng lc theo 4 thi ky (Hnh 4.4) t gia Eocen (50 trieu nam) en gia Miocen (16 trieu nam). Mot so ln cac khoi noi mang (intraplates) ben trong a khoi ong Dng (Indochina) cung thay oi hng chuyen ong theo s chuyen hng cua trng ng lc. Huchon cung tha nhan xu the trt bang phai (right lateral) trong mo hnh thuc troi cua Tapponnier lam xoay khoi ong Dng va gian ay Bien ong. S thuc troi xay ra khong ong nhat, co xu the phan d theo thi gian. Vao gia Eocen bat au s va cham, vao Oligocen (32 trieu nam) gian ay Bien ong, vao Miocen sm (23 trieu nam) co s oi hng gian ay cua Bien ong, vao Miocen gia ket thuc s gian ay Bien ong, khong e cap en vai tro chuyen ong cua cac vi mang trong cau truc mang Thai Bnh Dng. S
700
900
1100
1300
1500 E
600 N
500
400
Cang gian vao Kainozoi Vo ai dng Bien ong va bien Andaman at lien
IK A L
I
BA
I
10 00
6000
1500 300
500
MONG CO
SI
A I
AN
THIEN SN
Y K
N TY AL
2 ?
VA N
TRUNG QUOC
NA M SO NG
? 1 ? 1 3
I
M
2 2
HO NG
10 0
6000
400
GH TA
F.
SH
A L T
1400 200
200
0 00
AN O
NG
1
00
1
M
1-2
100
500 km
BORNEO
H
A
A Y
100 130 60 00
0
O N
A L A Y S IA
100
00 700 800 900 1000
600 0
1200 110 0
Hnh 4.2. S o cau tao thuc troi va cac t gay ln ong Chau A
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900 E 40 N
0
100 E
110 E
120 E 40 N
0
30 N
30 N
Nam Trung Hoa

SF
MBT
R R F
20 N
20 N
An o
M PF
Bien ong
100 N
F TP
100N
BRS
BORNEO
900 E 100 E
0
110 E
120 E
TPF: t gay Three Pagodas BRS: i khau Bentong - Raub MBT: i nghch chm chnh ra mang
SF: t gay Sagaing MPF: t gay Mae-Ping RRF: t gay Song Hong
Hnh 4.3. S rut ngan vo trai at
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90 E
110 E
90 E
110 E
EOCEN GIA(50 Ma) Khi au va cham

30 N
0
OLIGOCEN (32 Ma) Khi au gian ay Bien ong
30 N
RRF
RR F MP
Gian ay
10 N
IN
10 N
IN
MIOCEN SM (23 Ma) oi hng gian ay Bien ong (South China Sea)
30 N
0
MIOCEN GIA (16 Ma) Ket thuc gian ay Bien ong (South China Sea)
30 N
0
RR F
RR F
IN IN
10 N
0
TP F
10 N
90 E
BRS
110 E
90 E
110 E
Ghi Chu
RRF - t gay Song Hong IN - mang An o TPF - t gay Three Pagodas
Hnh 4.4. Ban o trng ng lc (theo R. D. Shaw, 1997; Huchon, 1994)
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trt bang doc cac t gay ln nh Sagaing (SF), Three Pagodas (TPF) va t gay Song Hong (RRF) a tao s gian ay bien Andaman, hnh thanh cac be rift Vnh Thai Lan va Song Hong. Quan iem nay a bo sung cho cach giai thch s tao rift n thuan do chuyen ong sut lun doc t gay (downfaulting) cua Polachan (1988, 1991) vao Oligocen e hnh thanh be nh be Vnh Thai Lan v. v... Shaw R.D. (1997) da vao cac quan iem tren cung cho rang s dch chuyen theo cac t gay khong ch trt bang phai ma oi hng theo thi gian - ban au vao Eocen (?) hoac Oligocen chuyen ong doc cac t gay Mae Ping va Three Pagodas chu yeu la trt bang trai (sinistral), sau o (sau thi gian 23 trieu nam) xay ra s ao hng sang trt bang phai (dextral), gay hien tng nghch ao kien tao vao cuoi Oligocen quan sat thay be Tay Natuna hoac be Song Hong pha Bac vi mang ong Dng. Xen gia hai thi ky nay la thi ky yen tnh kien tao (structural quiescene), vi s sut rift la chu yeu, keo dai 10 - 15 trieu nam tao phc he tram tch day cha dau tuoi Oligocen. S oi hng va cng o chuyen ong c giai thch do s chuyen dch v tr cua ra i hoi tu (convergence margins) khi mang ong An o thuc len pha Bac tao hng tng tac (interaction) khac nhau oi vi cac t gay chnh, nh Three Pagodas va Song Hong. 2.2. Quan iem ve mo hnh ong cua nhieu vi mang (kinematic modelling of numerous microplates) Rangin va nnk., 1990; Daly va nnk., 1991; Ian M. Longley, 1997; Hall R. 1997:
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Cac tac gia nay cho rang: ong Nam A gom mot phc hp cac vi mang ai dng va luc a (a khoi) kep gia cac mang ln luc a tng oi on nh Au - A Tay Bac, mang An - Uc pha Nam nhng di chuyen rat nhanh len pha Bac, cac mang Philippine va Thai Bnh Dng b hut chm ra ong mang Au - A. Cac chuyen ong nay a tao s hut chm gia mang va hnh thanh he cung ao - ranh sut (arc/trench) sn Tay - Nam va ong - Bac cua ong Nam A (cac cung ao Sunda va Philippine). Mo hnh nay cha giai thch s chuyen ong con phc tap hn nhieu khi mang chau Uc va cham vi mang Philippin tao ranh gii trt bang trai lam cho cac khoi vi luc a b cat tach khoi ra Bac chau Uc e chuyen dch ve pha Tay. S hnh thanh cac be noi mang c giai thch do tac ong va cham trc tiep ra cac mang va hieu ng nay a c truyen rat sau vao trong mang. Ngoai ra, ac tnh cang hoac nen cua he cung ao con phu thuoc vao s thay oi toc o hut chm (mc o hoi tu - convergence rate, rollback velocity) va hng di chuyen cua a khoi phu chm ben tren. Ian Longley (1997) tren c s tha nhan kien tao ong Nam A lien quan en s va cham cac mang Au - A va An - Uc, a chia ra 5 thi ky: Trc e Tam (trc 50 trieu nam) lch s trc e Tam lien quan en s v manh cua sieu luc a Gondwana lam mot so manh bat au tach khoi chau Uc t Jura, An o tach khoi chau Uc vao Creta sm va Nam Bang Dng tach ra vao Creta muon. Cac vi mang ong Dng, proto - Bien ong, Tay Sunda
luon la mot bo phan cua luc a Au A ben vng. Khoi Kalimantan sau khi tach khoi ong Dng va Meritus tach khoi chau Uc a gan ket (almaganation) vi nhau thanh khoi Borneo co the vao 90 trieu nam trc ay. S gan ket cac vi mang tren e hnh thanh khung cau truc ong Nam A thong nhat ket thuc vao khoang 85 trieu nam vi hoat ong magma - phun trao va tao nui Yen Sn. Thi ky (50 - 43, 5 trieu nam) - xay ra s va cham cua hai mang Au - A va An - U song song vi s hut chm mang ai dng di luc a Au - A, nhng toc o hoi tu hay hut chm doc cung Sunda cham hn so vi toc o di chuyen cua mang luc a tao s cang gian ra luc a e hnh thanh cac be trc va sau cung ao c lap ay bi tram tch song - bien cho en gia Miocen. Thi ky (43,5 - 32 trieu nam) - cham dt va cham gia an o va Au - A, cac mang ai dng pha Nam sap xep lai, mang An o Dng tiep tuc b hut chm di khoi luc a Sunda vi toc o cham, hnh thanh pha 2 trong lch s phat trien cac be sau cung ao. S sap xep lai mang Thai Bnh Dng i kem tach gian Bien ong, s tach gian eo bien Makassar tao cac be ong va Tay - Bac Borneo. Thi ky (32 - 21 trieu nam) - tng ng vi pha au cua gian ay Bien ong lam xoay phai toan a khoi Sunda quanh cc xoay nam au vnh Thai Lan. S xoay khoi m rong be Malay tao mot pha gia tang toc o hoi tu, nghch ao kien tao doc cung Sunda cham dt sut
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rift cac be trc va sau cung ao. Thi ky (21 - 0 trieu nam) - cham dt gian ay Bien ong, co ngan vo Tay Tang (Tibet), xoay khoi, troi va trt bang doc cac t gay, gay nghch ao kien tao trong tat ca cac be e Tam ong Nam A. Hall R. (1995, 2002) da tren so lieu o co a t ong Indonesia va phong theo chng trnh ATLAS, a xac nh v tr cac cc xoay (rotation poles) cua vi mang bien Philippin (Philippine Sea microplate) va cac vi mang khac ben trong luc a Au - A t 50 trieu nam tr lai. Theo Hall, trong thi gian nay vi mang bien Philippin a xoay phai lien tuc va trt ve Tay - Bac, tao hai bien co khu vc quan trong do s va cham dang cung ao - luc a (arc - continent collision) lam bien oi hnh dang va ranh gii cac a khoi (geoblock) ra ong - Nam luc a Au - A - o la s va cham gia luc a chau Uc vi cung vi mang bien Philippin (Philippine Sea microplate arc) 25 trieu nam va s va cham gia cung ao Philippin vi ra ong luc a Au - A vao 5 trieu nam, tng ng vi hai thi ky chuyen ong kien tao quan trong ong Nam A vao cuoi Oligocen va cuoi Miocen muon. Hall cung cho rang vao cuoi Oligocen s trt bang doc theo hai t gay ln Song Hong va Three Pagodas lam khoi Borneo xoay trai, hnh thanh be Vnh Thai Lan - Malay, khep lai mang ai dng proto - Bien ong (proto South China Sea), bat au tach gian pha Bac quan ao Macclesfield e hnh thanh Bien ong nh ngay nay. Warren Carey a ra gia thuyet ve s gian n cua Trai at (Expanding Earth hypothesis), Ong cho rang trc khi xay ra
s pha t cac i trt ven - Thai Bnh Dng va Tethys (Disruption of Peripacific and Tethian shear), khoi luc a (craton) ong Nam A gom nhng manh v hnh thoi va nem (rhombochasm and sphenochasm) ngan bi cac t gay trt bang, sau o b gian n (expansion) khong co hien tng hut chm ven bien Tethys va Thai Bnh Dng. 2.3. Quan iem cua mot so nha a chat Viet Nam Kien tao khu vc ong Nam A va Viet Nam c the hien trong nhieu cong trnh nghien cu cua N. X. Bao, L. D. Bach, N. . Cat, V. . Chng, L. N. Lai, P. H. Long, P. V. Quynh, N. T. San, P. T. Th, N. G. Thang, T.V. Tr, C. . Trieu, N. X. Tung... ac biet lien quan vi i t gay Song Hong co nhieu cong trnh nghien cu cua T. T. Thang, T. Nghi, N. T. Yem, L. V. Manh, N. T. Kim Thoa va nhieu tac gia khac T. V. Tr (1995) phan chia mien lanh tho ong Dng thanh nhieu a khu (terrane) tach ra t Gondwana co cau truc vo Trai at khac nhau: Cac khoi vo luc a tien Cambri (ong Dng, Shan Thai, Hoang Lien Sn, Hoang Sa), a khu lien hp (composite terrane) Viet - Trung co ket vao Paleozoi sm - gia, Viet - Lao co ket vao Paoleozoi gia - muon va c gan ket vi nhau qua i khau Song Ma, a khu lien hp ong Dng c co ket vao thi ky tao nui Indosini lien quan en s khep kn cua Paleotethys giap noi vi a khu lien hp Shan73
Thai Cac cau tao noi mang chong goi Meso - Kainozoi di dang cac rift, vong (depression), graben, cac nui la - xam nhap nong (volcano-plutonic) kieu ra luc a tch cc. Bien ra ong Viet Nam gom ca them, sn luc a va vo ai dng (32-16 trieu nam). C. . Trieu a phan chia cac cau truc dang tuyen ln (lineament) ln la ranh gii cac noi mang, chung co nguon goc sau di vo, hien van con hoat ong, gan vi cac ai ong at manh hien nay. Co tat ca 13 i c phan chia co cng o (magnitude) M>6. 0. i t gay sau Song Hong (RRFZ) c cac nha a chat Viet Nam nghien cu nhieu va eu khang nh quan iem cua Tapponnier (1986), Rangin C. va nnk. (1995) ve s thuc troi t mang An o dan en chuyen ong trt bang trai trong e Tam, t ra en cuoi Miocen muon (5 trieu nam) tao ra be cang gian (extensional basin) Song Hong. P. V. Quynh va mot so nha nghien cu khac cho s trt bang doc cac t gay sau khong ch tao s cang gian ma con co tac ong cua nen ep (compression) e tao cac be keo toac (pull - apart) hn la cang gian n thuan. T. T. Thang va ong tac gia a phat trien quan iem thuc troi cua Tapponnier nhng co ket hp vi khai niem ve s chuyen dch v tr theo thi gian lam cho khoi ong Dng co xu hng xoay phai va be Song Hong c hnh thanh dang cang ngang (transtensional). Da tren so lieu trong lc ve tinh N. N. Trung, N. T. T. Hng a xay dng ban o
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.
Mien cau truc vo luc a Viet - Trung Mien cau truc vo luc a ong Dng Mien cau truc vo luc a Sibumasu Mien cau truc vo ai dng Bien ong Mien cau truc vo luc a sot b ai dng hoa Hoang Sa - Macclesfield Mien cau truc luc a sot b ai dng hoa Trng Sa - Reed bank Hnh 4.5. S o phan mien cau truc sau vo trai at, v tr nui la, cac t gay chnh (theo N. N. Trung, N. T. T. Hng, 2003, da tren ket qua phan tch tai lieu ve tinh)
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o sau be mat Moho va chieu day vo (tr cac tram tch phu ben tren) cho Bien ong va ven ra (Hnh 4.5). Cac tac gia a chia cac khu vc: Ra luc a Viet Nam co chieu day vo dao ong t 31km en 10km trung tam be Song Hong; Ra Bac Bien ong vi chieu day vo 31km - 16km; Khu vc be Trung tam co chieu day vo mong 6 - 10km, Ra Nam Bien ong (quan ao Trng Sa) co chieu day bien ong 10 - 23km; ong thi cung phan cac t gay sau quan trong phan chia cac khoi co chieu day vo khac nhau. L. D. Bach va N. G. Thang (1998) a a ra mo hnh tien hoa kien tao Bien ong. Qua trnh hoi tu cua cac mang thach quyen vao Mesozoi a lam san sinh mot ai nen ep ln doc Tay Thai Bnh Dng va Nam Au A, xuat hien hang loat cac i hut chm lam tieu bien kien truc ai dng thuoc to phan cua Tethys va Tay Thai Bnh Dng, cung trong boi canh a ong lc nay a xuat hien kien sinh huy hoai kien truc luc a co trc lam t oan va phan ra cac khoi luc a, thoat au Borneo (Kalimantan), tiep en la Trng Sa, Luconia, Reed Bank, Palawan - Mindoro, Hoang Sa, Macclesfield, c ngan cach bi cac a hao (he thong rift phan tan) tien hoa dan thanh cac i gian ay co kien truc vo ai dng vi hnh thai Bien ong ngay nay.
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3. Phan i kien tao Viet Nam va them luc a 3.1. Bnh o cau tao hien nay Theo Metcalfe (1988, 1991, 1996) ket qua nghien cu ve a tang, co sinh va co t cho thay khoi luc a (continental mass) ong Nam A la tap hp (assemblage) cua nhieu a khu kien tao - a tang (tectono - stratigraphic terranes) co ket lai t cac manh cua ai luc co Pangea b giap v (broken-up) sau nhieu lan m va khep lai cac ai dng Tethys (Paleo, Meso, Neo) i kem va mang - tao nui. Sengor (1984) con goi la s ket dan kien tao (tectonic collage). Nhng n v kien tao nay vao Paleozoi sm van con la bo phan cau thanh ra sieu luc Gondwana (integral boundary part of the supercontinent Gondwanaland), ch tach ra va ket noi vi luc a Au - A trong Paleozoi gia-muon va ac biet trong Mesozoi, ket qua cua chuyen ong va mang - tao nui Indosini. Ra tang trng ong Nam cua luc a Au - A sau Trias muon con c Hutchinson (1984, 1989) at ten Sundaland, va cung e ch mien co vo luc a ben vng (region with stable continental core) rong ln hien nay ong Nam chau A gom ong Mien ien, Thai Lan, ong Dng, Malaysia. them Sunda (Sunda shelf), quan ao Sumatra, phan ong Java, Tay Borneo, them luc a Viet Nam, Nam va ong Nam Trung Quoc. Bnh o cau tao hien nay cua Viet Nam va cac vung ke can c the hien tren ban o (Hnh 4.6).

093 E 24 0 N
0
095 E
100 E
1050E
1100E
trai ln c bu lai Be mezozoi t g dos dch bang phai ay So vao cuoi Neogen Phongsaly ng Ho ng
khoang dch bang
1150E
120E
ai Loan
TRUNG QUOC
I
B Z e M a Ch An u
ian au G Ch Be Zhu 3
122 0E 240N
gau Sh an
K ho i o n g
Sa
Zhu 1
?
20 0 N
20 0N
Ut lar ad it it
y ga
rth No
n er
stu re
i ha
i k
ha u S
ib Be Be
an uW
on g
Be Maesot
Be Phisanoluk
Be Pherchabun
c S n
Be
an Qiu
7a 9 6b
Macclesfield Bank
8 7b 7 6b 6a 6 6b 6a
Ranh Sut T a y
t N ga y Ra ang o Na Ky y A nh t gay Tam K y - Ph
Be Song Hong
m Na ng Do
ao Hoang Sa
11 10 9
10 9 8
Badu ya
AO HAI NAM
Zhu 2
10 9 8 7a
LUZON
n i To g Tr Nan
Be Khorat 15 0N
Be Ayuthaya
6a
15 0 N
Seamounfa
6 6a 6b
Be Chao Phraya
t g ay Ra no ng
Tu y
Ho a
10 0 N
109 0 E transtorm fault
IV
Ra nh
Sh ea r
Truong Sa Spratley slands
Reed Bank
sut Pa l aw an
II
ng ia ug
Ra n a h gi i D i vo ng
ONG DNG
ng Pi Ha
BIEN ONG
Phu Khanh Basin
MI
g t ay ae M
8 9 10
ND OR O
Day na y Mer gui Tay Merg ui
Klo ng Ma
Be Nam Con Sn
Nang Con Sn Dangarous Grounas Cac t gay Tay Bac tuyen nay co tuoi sau Miocen sm, con ong Nam co tuoi trc Miocen sm.
PA LA W AN
3 da go Pa s
Be Phu Quoc
100N
rui
Be C Long
Be Bal abac Be Bank uan
R an ong Tro ugh
Ra nh su t
III
t ka ela y M ga
Delt
Pa
la w an
Sa ba h
Bien Andaman
Be T Chnh
Bien Sulu
Be
Nang Kokra
Khoi Khorat
Tr en ch
a M i La
Be Sandacuan
050N
05 N
Te ng go l
Ar eh
Be Tay Natuna
Cung Natuna
a Ra jang
Nen Laconia
lta De
m ra Ba
A S IRau b Y ng LauA Ai kh Bento M
t y ga ko an m Se
Penyu
u ha i k ar am B
A
Be Trung va Nam Sumatra
Khoi Singapore
kh au
gt an i t
ah ut M a Lin
gR n
aja
ng
Be Tarakan
B ng Tru n il lito
SW nia co Lu
Lu pa r
000N 93 E
0
BORNEO
95 0E 100 0 E 105 0E 105 0E Trung
Bangka
1100E
1150E
120 0E
00 1220E
KY HIEU
Ranh gii cac mang, vi mang Cac t gay
Ranh gii vi mang cau truc vo ai dng Bien ong, Andaman i hut chm hien tai (ranh gii gia mang Au A va An o Dng)
Cac t gay
Vung phat trien
Ranh gii vi mang ong Dng i hut chm co Paleozoi va Mesozoi
Nhng t gay sau Nhng t gay chnh (cang gian & nghch chm)
Nhng t gay trt bang chnh

a b
Truc nang chnh
Be tram tch Mesozoi
a_ Xac nh t gay b_ Gia nh
Truc tach gian
Be tram tch Kainozoi
Hnh 4.6. Ban o cau truc hien tai cua Viet Nam va cac vung ke can (theo tai lieu cua BP-Statoil co chnh bien)
3.2. Phan chia cac mien cau truc Lanh tho Viet Nam va ke can la mien cau truc lien hp (composite structural domain) phc tap co kieu vo luc a, mac du a c co ket va tr thanh mot craton hp nhat vi luc a Au - A vao cuoi Mesozoi (Jura muon - Creta?) nhng do hoat ong hut chm cua mang An o Dng ra Nam cung ao Sumatra - Java va ac biet do s gian ay va ai dng hoa Bien ong, nen vo luc a ra ong mang Au - A b bien oi manh vao Kainozoi - o la nguyen nhan tao s khac biet trong c che va lch s hnh thanh cac be e Tam cha dau kh Viet
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Nam va ke can. Co the chia cac mien cau truc vi cac dang vo Trai at nh sau (Hnh 4.6): Cau truc vo luc a Mien cau truc vo luc a Viet Trung, Mien cau truc vo luc a ong Dng, Mien cau truc vo luc a Sibumasu. Cau truc vo luc a sot b ai dng hoa: Mien cau truc vo luc a sot b ai dng hoa Hoang Sa - Macclesfield do gian ay Bien ong,
Mien cau truc vo luc a sot Trng Sa - Reed Bank b ai dng hoa do gian ay Bien ong.
gii nay luon la i khau Song Ma, c cau tao bi cac thanh he tram tch - nui la b bien chat Proterozoi muon - Paleozoi sm, cac a metabasalt, cac the xam nhap mafic va sieu mafic cha cac phc he ophiolit, olistotrom, cac thanh he xao tron (melanges) di ch cua s hut chm cua vo ai dng co PaleoTethys di ra Tay Nam cua mang luc a co Viet - Trung vao cuoi Paleozoi sm. en Paleozoi muon s on nh kien tao a tao tren mien cau truc nay phc he a voi Carbon - Permi tng them, bien ra phat trien rong khap, va t cuoi Permi muon, ac biet trong Mesozoi hoat ong tach gian a tao ra cac be rift noi luc sau cung vi cac tram tch luc nguyen phun trao andesit - ryolit anh dau giai oan kien tao Indosini. S sut rift va ai dng hoa vo luc a the hien ro net ra Tay - Nam vi s hnh thanh be Song a c tach khoi mang luc a Au - A e tr thanh bo phan cua PaleoTethys. S xuat hien o at basalt porphyrit, komatit, basalt trachyt, oi ni co cac xam nhap mafic va sieu mafic la di ch cua s ai dng hoa nay. Day ophiolit Song a con c goi i khau Trias (Fontaine va nnk., 1978) di ch cua s va mang - tao nui chnh Indosini. t gay Song Hong co the xem la ra va cham cua luc a Au - A vi PaleoTethys vao Trias muon ong thi cung tr thanh ranh gii mi gia mien cau truc Viet - Trung va ong Dng c m rong sau pha va mang - tao nui Indosini trong suot giai oan phat trien kien tao Himalaya. T sau Creta muon, t gay Song Hong hoat ong nh i cat trt noi mang. Chuyen ong kien tao Indosini c anh dau au tien bi pha va cham, tao nui
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Cau truc vo ai dng: Mien cau truc vo ai dng Bien ong.
a. Mien cau truc vo luc a Mien cau truc vo luc a Viet - Trung Mien co cau truc phc tap, c co ket va phat trien nh mang luc a t ra t sau Paleozoi gia, gom: khoi vo luc a co Arkei - Proterozoi Hoang Lien Sn, c xem nh a khu ngoai lai c tach ra t khoi Dng T do s dch trt bang trai hang tram kilomet doc he t gay Song Hong, gom phc he gneis, amphibolit, plagiocla migmatit, quarzit cha manhetit xen lan thau knh a hoa, cac loat plagiogranit gneis phc he Ca Vnh co tuoi tuyet oi 3,13,4 ty nam va tuoi ket tinh en 2834 trieu nam (Lou C. Y. va nnk., 2001). Mien tang trng bao quanh c co ket vao Paleozoi sm - gia gom phc he tram tch - nui la sinh Proterozoi muon - Silur sm, cac thanh he a luc metabasalt, a phien silic b bien chat va uon nep manh vi nhieu the sieu mafic tuoi Paleozoi sm phan anh cac di ch ophiolit cua vo ai dng sot, cac thanh tao bien chat luc nguyen flys i kem cac the nui la - pluton kiem - voi kieu ra ong cac ai va cham gia mang, tao nui Caledoni, ong - Bac Viet Nam va ong - Nam Trung Quoc (a khoi Cathaysia) Ranh gii pha Nam cua mien cau truc Viet Trung tach vi mien cau truc ong Dng la i kien tao phc tap, thay oi v tr trong khong gian va thi gian. Trong giai oan Paleozoi va Mesozoi sm ranh
vao Trias muon, sat trc Nori lam cho toan khu vc ra Nam luc a Au - A b dang cao, ket thuc giai oan phat trien rift Mesozoi, cac tram tich Mesozoi muon tng luc a song ho, oi ni con c lang ong tiep tuc trong cac trung sot hoac gia nui. Ra ong Nam mien cau truc Viet Trung, doc duyen hai ong Bac Viet Nam va ong Nam Trung Quoc c ac trng bi ai nui la andesit-ryolit kieu cung ao tuoi Trias gia - Anisi, va ac biet trong Jura - Creta ghi nhan hoat ong hut chm cua mang Thai Bnh Dng di luc a Au - A vao cuoi Mesozoi. Ranh gii ong Nam cua mien cau truc Viet Trung la t gay sau ngan cach vi vi mang luc a sot b bien oi Hoang Sa - Macclesfield. Ranh gii nay c xem la ra thu ong (passive margin). Chuyen ong Indosini a tao hai hng uon nep - t gay chu ao: 1. Hng ong bac - tay nam ven bien do s cang gian (extension) vi mang Viet-Trung ve ong Nam va s hut chm cam Tay Bac ven luc a chau A; va 2. Hng tay bac - ong nam sau trong at lien do s va cham gia cac vi mang Viet - Trung va Indosinia. S chuyen ong cang gian cua vi mang Viet - Trung co the kem xoay phai nen a tao hng uon nep vong cung pho bien ong Bac Viet Nam. Chieu day vo Trai at ay bien oi t 25km ven bien en tren 40km sau trong at lien. Vao Kainozoi s cang gian ve ong Nam cua vi mang luc a Viet - Trung a tao cac be rift e Tam cha dau kh - Loi chau (Beibuwan), Nam Hai Nam (Qiangdongnan), Ca Song Chau (Pearl
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River) v.v... tren ra ong Nam cua mien cau truc nay. Mien cau truc vo luc a ong Dng Mien cau truc ong Dng co dien tch trung vi dien tch vi mang Indochina (ong Dng), mot yeu to cau tao quan trong trong mo hnh kien tao thuc troi cua Tapponnier. Mien cau truc nay chiem phan ln dien tch trung tam cua Sundaland con co ten goi phu mang (subplate) ong Dng (Gatinsky, 1986; Hutchinson, 1989); hoac mang ong Dng-ong Malaysia (Mazlan B. Hj. Madon) va c ngan cach pha ong bi t gay 109o K, pha Tay bi i khau Bentong - Raub, Uttaradit, Bac tiep giap vi mien cau truc Viet - Trung qua i cat trt Song Hong, pha Nam gom ong Malaysia va Tay Borneo. Mien nay cung co cau truc va lch s phat trien a chat phc tap trong suot Phanerozoi va c tao bi nhan la khoi sot cua luc a co tien Cambri Indosinia -manh v cua sieu luc Gondwana, trong o a khoi Kon Tum chiem phan ln dien tch cao nguyen Trung Viet Nam gom chu yeu la gneis hai pyroxen, granulit, a phien ket tinh tng amphibolit xep vao Arkei muon - Proterozoi, tuoi ong v 2300 tr.n. (N. X. Bao, T .Q. Hai, 1991) va 2540 tr.n. (T. N. Nam, 2004). Khoi Kon Tum c bao quanh bi ai tang trng (accretionary belt) Paleozoi sm - gia, o la cac thanh he luc nguyen -nui la sinh, a phien silic, ac biet la s co mat cua cac dai a luc vi nhieu the sieu mafic cua hp tao ophiolit la cac the sot cua vo ai dng PaleoTethys doc i khau a Nang va Tam Ky - Phc Sn (T. V. Tr, 1979, 1995). Chieu day vo luc a mien cau truc
ong Dng tren 25 km tang dan trong at lien. S hut chm ven vi mang Indochina tao thanh ra luc a ong kieu Andes vi cac xam nhap batholit granit - granodiorit co tuoi 418 trieu nam. Qua trnh va cham trong giai oan Caledoni va Hercyni sm a khep bien PaleoTethys, gan vi mang Indosinia vi vi mang luc a Viet - Trung thanh vung bien ra rong ln lang ong a voi Carbon - Permi. Vao cuoi Permi - au Trias, ra Nam luc a Au - A va c co ket lai b pha v, gian ay e hnh thanh cac nhanh bien cua Tethys om, boc lay vi mang Indosinia. Cac be Mesozoi sm nay thong c lap ay bi cac a nui la sinh, thanh phan kiem voi, hp tao luc nguyen - flys, turbidit, phun trao andesit - dacit, di ch cac cung ao nui la ra luc a ong. Pha va cham tao nui au tien cua chuyen ong Indosini vao cuoi Trias a khep phan ln dien tch cua bien Tethys, bien khi Jura ch con c duy tr pha Nam. S va cham gia cac vi luc a Shan - Thai (Sinoburmalaya) (Gatinsky, Hutchinson, 1986), Indosinia va Viet - Trung lien quan en chuyen ong Indosini vao Trias muon - Jura, di dang hut chm cua mang pha Tay hoac trt chm pha Bac a tao phc hp nep uon chm nghch, a di dang vay xen nhng nem sot cac thanh tao xao tron vi cac a xam nhap mafic di ch cua cac tam vo ai dng b xen troi. (Decollement Thrust fold Assemblages). Phc hp kien tao nay tao ai co ket Mesozoi sm bao quanh khoi luc a Indosinia. S va cham gia cac vi mang i kem vi xam nhap batholit granit, granodiorit, hoat ong magma kiem - voi,
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cac phun trao ryolit - andesit ac trng cho cac ra a ong va cung ao nui la. Vi mang Indosinia sau khi m rong, c co ket cung vi mang Sibumasu (Metcalfe, 1995) hay Sinoburmalaya vao luc a chau A thanh craton hp nhat t cuoi Jura sm, nhng vao Creta muon s va cham gia vung An o va luc a Au - A khi au chu ky tao nui Himalaya lam hoat ong lai cac t gay sau, chia cat Sundaland thanh cac khoi trt ve pha ong Nam. Vao Kainozoi, do s va manh goc hoi tu Tay Tang gia cac mang An o va Au - A lam vi mang ong Dng tiep tuc b thuc troi xuong ong Nam theo cac t gay trt bang ln Song Hong, Three Pagodas, vi xu the trt trai pha Bac va trt phai pha Nam a tao cac be e Tam tren cac i khau ven ra (episutural) mien cau truc ong Dng dang keo toac (pull apart) nh cac be Song Hong, West Natuna, Malay-Tho Chu va cang gian (extentional) nh cac be Cu Long, Nam Con Sn hoac cang ngang (transtensional) nh cac be Phu Khanh, Tay Natuna, va mot so be tren at lien Bac Thai Lan v.v Mien cau truc Sibumasu Nam pha Tay mien cau truc ong Dng, la mien cau truc Sibumasu (Metcalfe1984, 1986) hay Sinoburmalaya. Trong lch s phat trien a chat trc Kainozoi mien nay c xem nh mot the cau truc thong nhat vi ten goi vi luc a Mien - Malay (Burmese - Malayan microcontinent) - mot manh cua sieu luc Gondwana b dap v vao Paleozoi, sau o c gan ket vi vi mang Indosinia vao Mesozoi. Nhng khac biet ch the hien t sau Creta vi s hnh thanh cac dang be e
Tam co nguon goc ong lc khac nhau. Mien Sibumasu co cau truc a chat rat phc tap va gom hai a khu kien tao - a tang khac nhau tach bi he t gay trt bang Ranong va Khlong - Marui. Pha Bac gom khu vc Shan - Thai va phan ln dien tch Thai Lan, con a khu pha Nam phu phan ln dien tch them Sunda (Sunda shelf), Tay ban ao Malaysia, Bac Sumatra keo dai sang ong Java, en ong va Nam ao Kalimantan. Chung tao thanh ai tang trng Mesozoi bao quanh vi mang Indosinia pha Tay va Nam va c ket noi vi luc a Au - A trong chuyen ong Indosini. Do s khac biet ln ve che o ong lc va c che thanh tao cac be tram tch trong Kainozoi gia hai a khu Bac va Nam nen mot so nha nghien cu con goi a khu pha Nam vi ten rieng - vi mang Sunda (Sunda microplate, Davies, 1984); Sundaland hay Them Sunda (ColeJ. M. & Crittenden 1997). Chieu day vo Trai at tren 25km va tang dan trong luc a. a khu pha Bac, do s thuc troi cua mang An o tai vung hoi tu Tay Tang che o kien tao pho bien la nen ep hng ong-tay tao loat cac be nen ep hep Bac va Tay Thai Lan t trien vong ve dau kh th ngc lai a khu pha Nam che o kien tao pho bien la trt bang va cang gian. vnh Thai Lan s trt bang phai doc cac t gay Three Pagodas va Maeping - Song Hau (Hau Giang) a tao cac be cang ngang; va keo toac dang graben va na graben xen vi cac a luy (horst) phng kinh tuyen giau tiem nang kh. Con tren them Sunda c hnh thanh loat be rift e Tam dang sau cung (back arc) ket qua cua s hut chm cua mang An
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- Uc di luc a Au - A vi toc o hoi tu khac nhau. Phan ln tr lng dau kh ong Nam A tap trung trong cac be nay. Ket qua nghien cu cua Bunopas (1978, 2004), Asnachinda (1978) cho thay nhan cac vi mang Indosinia va Shan - Thai, la cac the sot trong thanh phan sieu luc a co Gondwana, ly do la cac phc he bien chat Tien Cambri Tay Bac Thai Lan c xem tng ong vi phc he a co tren a khoi Kon Tum. Hai khoi luc a: 1. Shan Thai craton va 2. Indosinia craton a tng la mot the thong nhat va ch tach vao Paleozoi sm e hnh thanh ai dng, mot nhanh cua PaleoTethys. Tram tch Paleozoi sm c ac trng bi cac tng bien ra. S hut chm cua vo ai dng bat au vao Silur ra ong craton Shan - Thai, tiep tuc en Mesozoi sm tao loat cac cung ao chong len nhau vi cac phc hp phun trao andesit - ryolit suot trong cac giai oan Silur - Devon, Carbon - Permi sm, Permi muon - Trias sm va Trias muon - Jura. Cac nghien cu ve co sinh cho thay trong thi ky Carbon va Permi cac hoa thach tren vi mang Sibumasu thuoc dang bien bang (glaciomarines) hoac nc lanh (cool water fauna) chng minh vi mang nay a gan lien vi Tay - Bac Uc trong thanh phan cua sieu luc Gondwana, trong khi cac hoa thach Paleozoi muon - Mesozoi sm tren vi mang Indosinia co cac ac tnh giong cac chung loai gap Nam Trung Quoc. Bunopas va nnk. (1978, 2002) cho rang s va cham gia cac craton Shan Thai va Indosinia xay ra vao Trias muon - Jura sm va c ghi nhan bi ai uon nep - nghch chm dang vay (imbricate thrust fold belt) xen cac tam a sieu mafic thuoc phc he ophiolit (i
khau Nan, Uttaradit). pha Nam, tram tch co nhat cua mien Sibumasu tao mong Tay Borneo (West Borneo basement) gom cac a phien ket tinh, amphibolit Paleozoi sm, a voi, a phien set xen phun trao baz Carbon - Permi va phc hp flys Mesozoi sm b xuyen cat bi cac pluton magma phan d t gabro, gabronorit en granit, tonalit Jura - Creta. Mien cau truc Sibumasu c ngan cach vi mien cau truc Trng Sa Reed Bank bi i khau Lupar vi ai xao tron Lubok - Antu gom cac vat lieu ay ai dng (ocean - floor material), dung nham (lava) hnh cau va dang goi, tuf a silic (cherts), hyaloclastit, a flys, turbidit, cat ket grauvac, xuyen cat bi xam nhap gabro, dolerit. Phc he b uon nep manh tao cau truc nghch chm dang vay, vi ten goi phc he hut chm Bac Borneo tuoi Paleocen - Eocen sm (Hamilton W., 1979, Hutchinson, 1992) Chuyen ong kien tao tac ong en s phat trien a chat e Tam cua phan Nam mien cau truc Sibimasu lien quan en hai tac nhan quan trong: S tach va dch chuyen len pha Bac cua mang An o (15cm/nam) khoi chau Phi vao cuoi Creta, tiep tuc va cham vi mang Au - A vao au Paleogen (50 trieu nam). S kien nay c xem ong vai tro quan trong hnh thanh cac be rift ong Nam A thi ky Paleogen, ac biet la cac be sau cung kieu Sumatra, ong Java. S troi dat len ong Bac cua mang luc a Chau Uc va s dch chuyen ve pha Tay cua mang Thai Bnh Dng. Nhng chuyen ong mang nay la tac
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nhan cua nhng va cham ra Nam Sibumasu, tao cac chuyen ong trt bang va nghch ao kien tao trong cac rift - graben (Hall R. 2002). b. Mien cac cau truc luc a sot do qua trnh ai dng hoa Bien ong Cac cau truc sot cua vo luc a b ai dng hoa do s gian ay va hnh thanh Bien ong, pha Bac la mien cau truc Hoang Sa - Macclesfield, pha Nam la mien cau truc Trng Sa - Reed Bank. o la mien luc a thong nhat ong Dng hnh thanh vao cuoi Mesozoi va c tach khoi khoi luc a Indosinia t au Paleocen do s gian ay cua Bien ong va di chuyen doc theo t gay trt bang bien dang (transform fault) 1090 Kinh ong. Vo luc a ay b vat mong, dao ong trong khoang 8 - 20km, khoi pha Bac b bien oi yeu hn, chieu day vo Trai at khu vc Hoang Sa va Macclesfield khoang 25km (N. N. Trung, N. T. T. Hng, 2002). Khoi pha Nam b hut chm di ranh sut Palawan va ven i khau Lupar, c chng minh bi cac di ch cua vo ai dng trong cac i xao tron. Hamilton (1977) cho rang phc he i hut chm Palawan tr thanh ra thu ong ch vao cuoi Miocen, v cac tram tch a voi Miocen phu tng oi on nh tren mong b uon nep manh, tao phc he vay phu chm (imbricate overthrust fold complex) tuoi Mesozoi Paleogen?, gap vung Dangerous Grounds (Hin Z. va Sohhter, 1983). Cac gieng khoan vung Reed Bank con cho thay mong ay la phc he a voi tai ket tinh, silic (cherts), cat ket tuf xen ke co tuoi Jura muon - Creta. Ve pha Tay va ong Bac, khu vc T Chnh - Vung May, Reed Bank
ac biet tren them Sarawak, vung Luconia - Balingian (Luconia - Balingian province) lp phu tram tch day len, tao cac khoi nang va ranh sut ep ngang (transpressional) lap ay tram tch Mio - Pliocen, hoac di dang lp phu a voi tren a mong, cha am tieu giau tiem nang dau kh, pho bien them Sarawak Khoi pha Bac tiep xuc vi ra mien cau truc Viet Trung bi t gay sau c xem nh ra thu ong. Theo Ru va Pigott (1986) o la ra luc a tach gian kieu ai Tay Dng (rifted continental margin of Atlantic - type). Cac quan ao Hoang Sa va Macclesfield c xem nh cac manh (fragments) tach khoi mang luc a ton tai trc o v trong mot so gieng khoan a phat hien a mong Paleozoi, co the ca Tien Cambri, cac a phun trao bien chat (metavolcanic rocks) tuoi Mesozoi b xuyen cat bi granit tuoi Creta. Phan vo luc a b ai dng hoa nay cung b chia cat thanh cac a hao (graben) va a luy (horst), phu ben tren la a voi san ho cha phosphorit kieu Guano e T lo ra quan ao Hoang Sa. c. Mien cau truc vo ai dng Bien ong Chieu sau ay bien vung nc tham (abyssal) dao ong 3, 7 - 4, 4 km. Cac tram tch tre phu tren ay bien co xu the nam ngang, xen vi nhng day nui ngam la cac nh nui la phun trao basalt. Mong cua ay ai dng chieu sau 4, 5 - 4, 8 km c Taylor va Hayes (1980) cho co tuoi Eocen - Oligocen. Phan nc sau c chia thanh hai phu be: ong va Tay Nam khac nhau bi kch c, phng va tuoi gian ay. Ket qua phan tch so lieu d thng t cho
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thay hnh anh oi xng trong mo hnh gian ay phan na ong cua Bien ong vi hoat ong gian ay c the hien ro nhat t gia Oligocen en Miocen sm (32 - 17 trieu nam). Xu the cua d thng t soc dai co hng ong - Tay va v tr cac truc sot cua gian ay trung vi phng truc cac day nui ngam vung 150 v Bac. Mot loat cac d thng t hng tay nam - ong bac cung c phat hien Tay Nam cua be nc sau va c xac nh co tuoi Paleocen - Eocen (55 trieu nam). Cac d thng nay b cat va dch chuyen bi cac t gay bien dang (transform faults). Pautot (1986) phat hien hang loat cac t gay thuan co vach ng phng 500 gia kinh tuyen 1130 va kinh tuyen 1190 K phan trung tam truc nc sau. Chung chia phan truc nc sau cua Bien ong thanh ba oan: oan Tay Nam (1) dang keo dai hng tay nam (extending linearly SW) t kinh tuyen 1160 K vi chieu rong 150km; (2) oan ong Bac gia kinh tuyen 1160 K va ranh sut Manila co phng tuyen (linear trend) ong bac tay nam va (3) oan trung tam gia kinh tuyen 1160 - 1180 K quanh vung nui ngam Scarborough c tao bi a basalt tre. V the Pautot ch tha nhan Bien ong c hnh thanh do ket qua s gian ay hng tay bac - ong nam. Nhn chung, theo nhieu tac gia Taylor va Hayes (1983); Holloway (1981); Ru va Pigott (1986) mong cua Bien ong co cau truc vo luc a va la bo phan cua ra Nam luc a Au - A t cuoi Mesozoi. ai nui la andesit - ryolit Jura - Creta pho bien rong khap ven bien luc a chau A co the xem la di ch cua cung ao nui la va s va mang vao pha cuoi cua chu ky kien tao Yen Sn.
S gian ay va tao vo ai dng xay ra vao Paleocen. Chieu day vo Trai at 5 - 8km. Hien co rat nhieu y kien ve s hnh thanh Bien ong, co the neu ba quan iem chnh sau ay: Quan iem th nhat (Taylor va Hayes, 1983) cho rang phan Trung Tam cua Bien ong c m theo hng bac - nam t gia Oligocen va trong Miocen sm, sau o vao thi iem 21 - 20 trieu nam truc cang gian xoay theo hng ong bac - tay nam, ke ca phu be Tay Nam. Trng phai th hai (Ru, Pigott, 1986) cho rang cac phu be Tay Nam c m trc tien vao Paleocen - Eocen va sau o s gian ay tiep tuc phat trien sang cac phu be ong vao Miocen (32 - 17 trieu nam). Con trng phai th ba ch tha nhan phng gian ay ong bac - tay nam cho toan bo Bien ong trong Oligocen - Miocen. T sau Creta, Bien ong a trai qua ch t ba thi oan tao rift tach biet (separate stages of rifting) va hai thi oan gian ay bien (seafloor spreading) xen gia. Ba thi oan tao rift lien quan en hoat ong sut lun nhiet (thermal subsidence) xay ra trong Creta muon, Eocen muon va cuoi Miocen sm. He sut rift tng ng thi oan au co hng hien nay ong bac - tay nam, con cac he hnh thanh trong thi oan hai va ba co hng ong - tay. Ket qua nghien cu ai dng cho thay tuoi vo ai dng phu be Tay Nam co tuoi co hn (55 trieu nam) so vi phu be Trung Tam (17 - 32 trieu nam). 3.3. He thong t gay Viet Nam va ke can Viet Nam va vung ke can pho bien hai he thong t gay chu ao Tay Bac 83
ong Nam va ong Bac - Tay Nam, cung ton tai song song co hai hng kinh tuyen va v tuyen, mac du phan bo t hn nhng chung cung co vai tro quan trong trong he thong dau kh. Wood (1985) nghien cu moi quan he gia cac t gay cang gian, cat trt (shears) va chm nghch (thrust) hoat ong trong Kainozoi va cho rang cac t gay nay la ket qua ng lc cua vi mang luc a cng (rigid continental microplate) ong Dng chong lai s xo thuc cua mang Thai Bnh Dng di chuyen ve hng tay. Wood phan chia khu vc thanh ba phu mang (subplates): Nam Trung Hoa, ong Dng va Sunda tach bi ba he t gay cat trt chnh song song nhau (major parallel shear systems) nh - Song Hong, Thai - Burma Natuna va Sumatra. S cang gian gia cac t gay trt bang (strike - slip faults) tao cac be e Tam tren cac i cat trt nay. Hng ong bac - tay nam la hung chu ao lo ro tren ban ao Malay va khong che hng be Malay va cac be Trung va Nam Sumatra. Cac hng khac do cac t gay i kem tao nen (conjugate fault systems) Tapponnier va nnk., 1982, 1986 tren c s mo hnh bien dang deo (plasticene modeling) giai thch c che ong lc hnh thanh bnh o t gay ong Nam A c tao do s va cham troi (extruded collision) cua mang An o va luc a Au - A lam cho cac vi mang ong Dng va Viet - Trung b thuc troi va trt t do ve ong, sau o ve hng ong - nam (extrusion, escape tectonic), hnh thanh cac t gay trt bang Tay Bac - ong Nam. Dan dan vi s thuc troi cua mang ong An o thuc vao vung hoi tu Tay Tang (Tibet syntaxis) vi mang
ong Dng xoay phai, tien sat vao mang An o pha Nam tao he t gay hng kinh tuyen Thai Lan. Thi gian va cham mem(soft collision) cua mang An o vi mang Au - A xay ra vao Paleocen - au Eocen (pha au chuyen ong Himalaya), co le cha u manh e tao he t gay trt bang Tay Bac - ong Nam va ch vao cuoi Eocen khi xay ra s va cham cng (hard collision), khi ay mi hnh thanh cac t gay trt chu ao Tay Bac - ong Nam, dan en s thanh tao cac be cha dau kh ong Nam A. Bnh o t gay Viet Nam va Nam Trung Hoa lien quan chu yeu en chu ky tao nui, uon nep Indosini, Yen Sn, Himalaya va s gian ay Bien ong. Wan T. (1996) khi nghien cu vung Fujian cho lc nen chnh toi a (maximum principal compressive stresses) co hng TB - N xay ra trong khoang Trias muon - Jura muon. Vao thi ky Creta, xu the (trend) trng ng lc khu vc chuyen t hng TB - N sang B TN. S thay oi hng cua trng ng lc a tao loat truc nep uon (fold axes) hng TB - N. Cac nt ran (fractures) hng B - TN ton tai trc o mien Hoa Nam c m rong tr thanh cac be rift cang ngang (transtensional) hng B - TN. T. Y. Lee tha nhan ba hng t gay chu yeu: B - TN, - T en B - TTN va TB - N. Phan ln cac t gay thuan B - TN c hnh thanh do lc cang gian TB - N hoat ong chu yeu t cuoi Creta en gia Eocen, yeu i trong Oligocen. Hng ong - tay va ong ong bac - tay tay nam pho bien chu yeu ong Bac Hoa Nam cung la nhng t gay thuan, hoat ong chu yeu trong Eocen muon - Miocen sm
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va c hnh thanh do lc cang gian hng ong - tay. Con cac t gay hng tay bac - ong nam lien quan en cac chuyen ong trt bang do s cang gian cua vi mang ong Dng ve ong Nam, s gian ay Bien ong, ket qua cua s va cham gia mang An o va Au - A vao Eocen. Qua ket qua phan tch tren co the thay bnh o kien tao Viet Nam va ke can c khong che bi xu the trng ng lc tao he thong t gay tap trung theo ba hng chnh: tay bac - ong nam; ong bac - tay nam; va phng kinh tuyen. Phng v tuyen t pho bien hn va co le la he t gay i kem vi cac t gay trt bang Tay Bac - ong Nam, khac vi hnh anh c Lee ghi nhan Hoa Nam. Hoat ong cua cac t gay nay mang tnh nhieu pha, tha ke t trc e Tam, phat trien manh nhat trong giai oan Eocen - Oligocen, thng yeu dan trong Miocen, ket thuc trong Miocen muon - Pliocen, lien quan en hai thi ky cang gian Eocen - Oligocen va Miocen sm tao sut lun rift i kem hai pha nen ep vao cuoi Oligocen tao s chuyen ong phan d nang trong cac be va pha nen ep vao cuoi Miocen tao s nghch ao kien tao va hnh thanh cac nep uon nghch ao trong mot so be tre ma hoat ong co lien quan en s gian ay cua Bien ong. Nhng be rift thng phat trien tren c s cac be gia nui a c hnh thanh trc o trong Paleocen. Nhng t gay nay con tac ong en s hnh thanh va phan bo cac day nang cau tao ben trong cac be; tao he thong cac t gay phu i kem co vai tro quan trong trong he thong dau kh, ac biet tham gia tao he thong nt ne trong mong trc e Tam.
a. Cac t gay hng tay bac - ong nam ay la hng chu ao tren lanh tho Viet Nam a c hnh thanh t ra vao Mesozoi la ket qua cua chuyen ong va cham tao nui gia hai vi mang luc a Viet - Trung va ong Dng - chu ky kien tao Indosini. Nhng t gay nay tiep tuc tai hoat ong vao Eocen sm va tr thanh cac t gay trt bang theo o vi mang luc a ong Dng b ay trt ve ong Nam so vi vi mang Viet - Trung do s xo thuc cua mang An o i hoi tu Tay Tang, o la cac i cat trt Song Hong vi khoang cach trt o c hien nay c tnh tren 500km; t gay Maeping - Song Hau; Three Pagodas, doc theo o hnh thanh va phat trien cac be cang gian e Tam cha dau kh quan trong Song Hong, Malay, Vnh Thai Lan v. v. . . Hng tay bac - ong nam cung la hng cua cac i khau co nh Song Ma, Tam Ky - Phc Sn, ong thi cung la hng cac song ln va ong bang chau tho Kainozoi nh Song Hong, Song Ca, Cu Long, Chao Phraya. t gay Song Hong (GSH) la he thong cac t gay phat trien song song v the thng c goi i t gay Song Hong keo dai tren 1000km t Tay Tang en Bien ong, tren anh ve tinh cung nh tren tai lieu t va trong lc the hien cau truc dang tuyen ro ret. Trong vung Van Nam, i GSH the hien nh ng thang t Xiaguan, Mindu en bien gii Viet Nam, tai ay tach thanh he cac t gay phat trien song song, khong che s hnh thanh va phan i cau truc ben trong be Song Hong: - t gay Song Hong va t gay Song Chay c xem la ranh gii Tay - Nam va t
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gay Song Lo la ranh gii ra ong Bac cua be Song Hong. t gay sau Song Hong t gay chnh cua i cam doc ve ong Bac vi goc 700 xuyen sau tren 60 km, cat qua mat Moho. Cac hoat ong dch trt trai xay ra trong Paleogen - au Neogen lam khoi Tay- Nam dch chuyen tng oi ve ong - Nam vi bien o vai tram km. Vao cuoi Miocen xay ra chuyen ong dch trt phai gay hien tng nghch ao kien tao be Song Hong, co the thay ro phan at lien va vung ven bien ca Song Hong. Cac ket qua giai oan anh ve tinh cho thay ra ong - Bac cua be Song Hong la t gay Song Lo, c xem la t gay trt bang phai bien o dch chuyen o c 2,5km, co ni the hien nh t gay thuan co goc cam ve Tay - Nam. Chuyen ong trt ngc chieu t gay Song Hong va Song Lo a tao be cang ngang dang keo toac (pull - apart) va cac t gay ngang hng v tuyen khong che quy luat tram tch trong be Song Hong. Hng tay bac - ong nam con co cac t gay: - i khau Song Ma, t gay Rao Nay, i khau Tam Ky - Phc Sn, la nhng ranh gii quan trong tao i nang Ky Anh, tach phu be Hue khoi trung tam sut lun be Song Hong. S trt bang doc i t gay Song Hong cung tao mot loat cac t gay ngang i kem; hnh thanh nhng phu be rieng le ngan cach bi cac i nang ngang la nhng oi tng can c quan tam khi xet en trien vong dau kh be Song Hong, ac biet o la nhng i nang kieu cang gian cua a mong. ra Tay Nam mien cau truc ong Dng, s dch trt doc cac t gay Maeping - Song Hau, Three Pagodas
hng tay bac - ong nam tao trng tach gian hng ong tay e hnh thanh cac be keo toac (pull - apart) va cang ngang dang graben va na graben xen vi cac a luy (horst) vnh Thai Lan - ai dien la cac be giau tiem nang dau kh Pattani, Malay-Tho Chu. b. Cac t gay hng tay nam - ong bac ay la hng chu ao tren mien cau truc Viet - Trung, ra ong Nam cua mien cau truc ong Dng va tren cac mien cau truc luc a sot Hoang Sa - Macclesfield va Trng Sa - Reed Bank. Vi quan iem cac day nui la kiem-voi ryolit - andesit tuoi Jura muon - Creta hng tay nam - ong bac pho bien rong khap ven b bien Viet Nam va Hoa Nam la di ch cua hoat ong nui la cung ao ra luc a tch cc ong Nam A pha chuyen ong Yen Sn th cac t gay hng tay nam - ong bac cung co the xem c hnh thanh vao cuoi Mesozoi. Hng t gay nay con trung vi hng gian ay cua Bien ong. V the co the nhan xet - cac t gay hng tay nam - ong bac a c hnh thanh t cuoi Mesozoi nhng tiep tuc tai hoat ong vao Paleogen va au Miocen, khong che s hnh thanh va phat trien cac be e Tam nh Loi Chau (Beibuwan), ca Song Chau (Pearl River mouth), Qiandongnan (Nam Hai Nam), Cu Long, Nam Con Sn, Sarawak v.v Cac nghien cu cua T. Y. Lee (1993) c minh chng qua cac gieng khoan be Loi Chau, Wenchang - B, Ca Chau Giang, be Tainan (ong ai Loan), Trng Sa (vung Dangerous grounds), doc cac t gay Tay Nam - ong Bac hnh thanh loat be gia nui, c lap ay cac tram tch molas luc
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a, tao phc he tien - rift (prerift) tuoi t Creta en Paleogen, lot ay cac be e Tam khu vc nay. Cac t gay hng tay nam - ong bac tiep tuc hoat ong tch cc trong giai oan ong tao rift (synrift period) nh nhng t gay thuan cac pha cang gian Eocen muon - Oligocen sm va au Miocen sm hoac la he cac t gay nghch hay trt bang trong cac pha nen ep Oligocen muon va cuoi Miocen sm. c. Cac t gay phng kinh tuyen Cac t gay nay tap trung chu yeu ra ong va Tay cua mien cau truc ong Dng. Neu pha Tay ni tiep giap vi mien cau truc Sibumasu cac t gay phng kinh tuyen la cac t gay i kem cua he t gay trt bang Tay Bac - ong Nam Maeping va Three Pagodas th ra ong - o la he t gay song song i kem vi t gay bien dang 1090 K - ranh gii gia hai mien cau truc vo luc a va luc a sot do qua trnh ai dng hoa khi tach gian Bien ong. t gay nay the hien ro tren bnh o trng trong lc, keo dai t Nam ao Hai Nam en Borneo va om lay sn ngoai cua i nang ra c xem nh cung ao nui la ngam cau thanh bi cac a phun trao basalt - andesit. t gay nay xuat hien trong e Tam khi bat au co s gian ay cua Bien ong, ong vai tro quan trong trong s hnh thanh va phat trien be Phu Khanh, Nam Con Sn, co the ca phu be ong - Bac cua be Cu Long.
4. Lch s phat trien kien tao Viet Nam va ke can 4.1. Lch s phat trien kien tao trc Kainozoi Viec lap lai bnh o co kien tao va lch s phat trien cua ong Nam A noi chung va Viet Nam noi rieng kha phc tap va c nhieu tac gia nghien cu (Hutchinson, Stauffer, Acharyya, Gatinsky, Sengor, Ridd, Bunopas, Mitchell, Sengor va Hsu, Metcalfe, L. N. Lai, P. H. Long, N. X. Tung va T. V. Tr...) va eu co nhng y kien khac nhau, nhng co the de nhan thay la cac tac gia eu cho rang bnh o kien tao ong Nam A gom cac khoi vi luc a Tien Cambri c phu bi phc he a tram tch bien ra va ngan cach nhau bi cac ai a ong vi cac a tram tch - nui la tng bien sau b uon nep va nen ep manh hnh thanh tren mong ai dng PaleoTethys. Chung thng lien quan en cac phc he xao tron va ophiolit cac i khau, di ch cua cac i hut chm gia cac mang vo luc a va ai dng. Da tren ket qua phan tch co t va co thc vat ch nh, nhieu tac gia cho rang vao au Paleozoi, ong Nam A la bo phan trong sieu luc a Gondwana va gan lien vi Bac Uc, nam v tuyen co (paleolatitude) 30 Nam. S tach gian va pha v ra luc a
0
sau o qua i khau Phuket - Mergui va troi dat len pha Bac. Vao Permi sm, vi mang ong Dng nam tren xch ao va c gan ket vi vi mang Viet - Trung tao thanh mien luc a ong A rong ln b phu bi bien them vi phc he tram tch a voi cha Fusuline tuoi Carbon - Permi (Hnh 4.7b). Chu ky Indosini bat au t cuoi Permi khi au cho lch s phat trien Mesozoi ong Nam A va co the chia thanh hai giai oan: Giai oan trc va mang (Permi muon - Trias) - xay ra s tai hoat ong kien tao (tectonic reactivation), gian ay va tao cac bien ra (marginal sea) ong Nam luc a ong A. Giai oan va cham tao nui Nori - Jura - Creta (orogen collision), nong dan va khep lai ai dng Tethys (narrowing and closing of Tethys ocean), ket noi cac vi luc a (microcontinent amalganation). a. Giai oan trc va mang (Permi muon - Trias/260 - 220 trieu nam, Hnh 4.7c) Vao cuoi Permi, luc a ong A mot lan na b pha v, cac i khau co hoat ong lai, tao s gian ay. Cac vi mang Viet - Trung; ong Dng b trt, tach khoi luc a Au - A qua cac t gay Song Hong, Song Ma, Tam Ky - Phc Sn, hnh thanh cac be Mesozoi xen gia cac khoi luc a sot dang cac cung ao ngam. Tren lanh tho Viet Nam, cac be tram tch Trias a c phan chia nh sau: Tren vi mang Viet - Trung, do s pha v ra mang luc a, tach gian, tao cac be tram tch kieu rift noi luc nh rift Song a vi phc he luc nguyen - carbonat
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Gondwana xay ra vao Cambri - au Ordovic, cac vi mang Viet - Trung va Indosinia tach ri khoi Bac Uc qua cac i khau Uttaradit - Bengton - Raub va Song Ma, di chuyen len pha Bac, ngan cach gia chung la cac nhanh cua PaleoTethys (Hnh 4.7a). en Carbon sm, vi mang Shan - Thai van con gan lien vi Bac Uc va ch tach
PAOSHAN
20
B
+ + + +
ST
RA
D 3
T
C1
QI N
20
DACCA MANDALAY
B
MA LA YA
285
KUNMING
380 - 360 Tr.

OF
-L IN G
B K P
HONG KONG
v v v
NH NHA
SHAN
10
10
CAT HAY S
SIN OB UR
G vv
v v v v v v v v v
L
330 - 285 297 - 218
NAM
PHU HOAT
EO B N IE
+ + +
IA
0
299
L
v
T IE V
+ + +G N + D
M NA A -L O
+
RANGOON
CIFIC O-PA PALAE
v
10
L A L
310 - 266
HAINAM
10
EM
SH B B 20
SINO B
-24 0
LAYA
N G O ?
NAM SUMATRA
URM A
TETH
PAL A
0 20
500
1000 km
+
C LU A ON
+
P2 - T 1
260 - 240 Tr. n
PA LA EO
R B
HO CHI MINH
-P AC IF I C
10
314 LANGKAWI G
29
D KG
+ +
IN
P
290 - 280
+
0
BE S O T
++ + ++ +
A
280 290 - 275 KUALA LUMPUR
CU
-T
NT
ET H
A P
AL
EO
KUCHING
YS
EM
100 - 200 S
SINOB URMALAYA 10
100 -200
NIAS
G
K
v v v v
v K SINGAPORE
LU C
WM
TE T HY S
C
0
40 0 km
298- 2 76
Thi ky Carbon sm - Permi sm

340 - 265 Tr. n
Hnh 4.7. S o kien tao ong Nam A giai oan Hercyni (Hutchinson, Gatinsky, 1989) a. S o v tr co ong Nam A thi ky Devon muon - Carbon sm b. Khung kien tao ong Nam A thi ky Carbon sm - Permi sm c. S o v tr co ong Nam A thi ky cuoi Paleozoi (Permi muon - Trias sm)
co cha phun trao Permi muon, ven ra la basalt andesit - picrit, andesit - ryolit, i trung tam la to hp tren ryolit, basalt - komatit cao magie thap gitan, kiem, tiep theo la to hp basalt - trachyandesit - trachydacit ac trng cho to hp a nui la cua rift noi luc (Poliakov G. V va nnk., 1996; T. V. Tr 1995, 2000). Sau trong luc a hnh thanh cac be tach gian craton (extensional cratonic basins) cha phc he a tram tch luc nguyen chau tho, bien them, co xen a voi. Cac a tuf va tuf - ryolit thng pho bien doc cac t gay ven
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ra cac trung (depressions), nh cac be Song Hien, An Chau. Trong cac be tram tch nay cung a tng ton tai ieu kien sinh dau, minh chng la cac tan d asphalt a c tm thay trong cac a voi nt ne Trias gia be tram tch Song a (P. T. ien va nnk. , 2003). Tren vi mang Indosinia, hnh thanh kieu be gia cung ao (intraarc basins) , con c goi be cung nui la (volcanic arc basin), nh be Sam Na, Mang Giang vi cac tram tch luc nguyen dang flys cha phun trao ryolit - dacit Trias gia. Mot so phc he co sinh nh Ammonites,
KOTA KINABALU
A
M SU RA AT
O NG
330 - 307
PHNOM PENH
GONDWANALANO
EO -
P AL A S EO - T ET H YS
0 -2 72
WM B
20
29
K BANGKOK + + + + C
YS
vv v v
A
v v
G A
PA LA EO HY ET -T S
Bivalves, gan gui vi dang Tethys (Vu Khuc, 1984) minh chng kha nang keo dai cac nhanh cua PaleoTethys nh cac ranh ai dng theo v tr hien nay cua Song a, Song Ca, Mekong. ra Tay va Tay Nam cua vi mang Indosinia, ni tiep giap vi i Benioff - i khau Bengton - Raub, la cac nhanh sot ai dng PaleoTethys, hnh thanh cac be tram tch trc cung ao (forearc basins) hay be trc cung nui la ra tch cc lap ay tram tch luc nguyen flys xen carbonat va phun trao axit nh be Phong Sa Ly pha Bac va be Tay Nam Bo pha Nam. Vao Trias muon, thi ky cuoi Carni - au Nori (220 trieu nam) vi mang Sinoburmalaya sau khi tach khoi chau Uc,
di chuyen len pha Bac, huc vao vi mang Indosinia va ra Tay Nam vi mang Viet Trung, gan lai vi nhau, lam tang trng dien tch cua luc a Au - A, khep kn nhanh ai dng sot Tethys (Hnh 4.8a). S va mang nay tng ng vi pha tao nui uon nep chnh chu ky Indosini, i kem hoat ong magma rong khap tren ban ao ong Dng, hnh thanh cac ai hnh cung pluton - batholit granit (220 - 200 trieu nam) keo dai xuyen ban ao Malaysia sang Thai Lan, Van Nam, Mien ien (Myanma) (Hutchinson, Gatinsky, 1989). Hoat ong uon nep - magma nay tiep tuc keo dai sang au Jura vi nhieu pha noi tiep. S va cham gia cac khoi Sinoburmalaya va Indosinia a xo khoi Indosinia len pha
T3n J1 220 200 Tr. n
A
AI UON NEP TRUNG A
AN
NH B O AI G C TH N D
AU
Ghi chu: EM ong Malaysia; IND ong Dng; K Kalimantan Tay Borneo; NT Bac Tay Tang;PSCS Bien ong co; S - Sumatra; SH Cao nguyen Shan; TS Nam Tay Tang; WB Tay Myamar; TS-Tsaidam; LY - Langmuca-Yushu; Q - Qinling; T - Taiwan Hnh 4.8a. S o v tr co ong Nam A thi ky Trias muon - Nori va Jura sm
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Bac huc vao ra vi luc a Viet - Trung gay nen ep va nghch ao kien tao trong cac be tram tch; hnh thanh cac i uon nep vay - phu chm (imbricate thrust folded zones) khong che bi he thong t gay Tay Bac - ong Nam, nh cac ai uon nep Trng Sn, Tay Bac Viet Nam. ong Bac Viet Nam, t gay Song Hong a c hnh thanh va bat au hoat ong nh t gay trt bang trai. Vi mang Viet - Trung co xu the xoay phai tao he uon nep - t gay vong cung, ton tai song song vi hai hng t gay chu ao tay bac ong nam va ong bac - tay nam. Phan ln dien tch ra ong Nam luc a Au - A c dang cao va b uon nep. Ve quy mo va cng o, nhieu tac gia (Sengor va Hsu 1984) a anh gia chuyen ong tao nui - uon nep Indosini ngang vi cac chuyen ong Caledoni, Hercyni va Alpi vi
AI UON NEP 50 TRUNG A
ten goi he chuyen ong tao nui Kimerid ong Dng - (Indochinese Cimmerides orogenic system). b. Giai oan va cham - tao nui (Nori Jura - Creta muon/200 - 100 trieu nam) Vao Trias muon, cuoi Nori, ket qua do chuyen ong kien tao Indosini, thc chat la s va cham gia cac vi mang Sinoburmalaya, Indosinia va Viet - Trung lam chung ket noi vi nhau thanh khoi thong nhat, cau thanh ra ong Nam cua luc a Au - A (Hnh 4.8b). Chuyen ong cang gian doc he t gay Tay Bac - ong Nam va ong Bac - Tay Nam tao loat cac be chong goi hep dang graben: Cac be molas cha than tng song, ho, am lay ven bien, gom be than Hon Gai, Ninh Bnh, Nong Sn co tuoi Nori -
J33 K1 150 120 Tr. n

50
AI R A LU CATH C A AYSIA
AU
40
-A
M B AN NH G D TH A N I G
M AN G
MANG KULA
40
PSCS
30
SH I ND
30
EM WB
20 20
B
Hnh 4.8b. S o v tr co ong Nam A thi ky Jura muon Creta sm (Ghi chu xem hnh 4.8a)
90
Reti, be Ha Coi tuoi Nori? - Jura sm. Cac be gia nui c lap ay bi phc he tram tch luc a - phun trao Jura - Creta nh be Tu Le, hoac cac trung (depressions) cha tram tch tng long song bai boi oi ni co cac va than mong trung Suoi Bang. Cac be sot tha ke t cac be Trias trc o vi cac tram tch am ho Jura sm b phu bi phc he luc nguyen mau o tng song, chau tho, ho vi cac tram tch cha muoi, thach cao nh - be An Chau, be Phong Sa Ly, be Khorat, Phu Quoc. Cac be tram tch nay co tiem nang cha dau kh va la oi tng tm kiem dau kh trong Mesozoi Viet Nam va ong Dng noi chung. Vao au Jura, khoi mong Tay Borneo (West Borneo basement) bat au tach khoi vi mang Indosinia, xoay trai, di chuyen xuong pha Nam tao ranh sut bien sau (deep sea trench) Nam Natuna hng ong bac - tay nam, lien quan ti s gian ay va hnh thanh Bien ong co (Proto - South China sea). Khoi Indosinia cung di chuyen t t xuong pha Nam. Vao au Jura, v tr c xac nh 220 v Bac, en Creta muon 150 v Bac. ieu kien bien nong c m rong chiem phan ln dien tch trung tam vi mang Indosinia, bao gom mot phan a khoi Kon Tum di ten goi be a Lat, tai ay phat trien rong rai he tang Ban on tuoi Jura sm - gia la loat a phien set, argilit en co ham lng vat chat hu c cao, xen cat ket voi, bot ket. He tang Ban on nam lot di cac tram tch e Tam trong cac be cha dau kh e Tam Nam Viet Nam, can c xem xet en kha nang tham gia
91
tao nguon sinh hydrocarbon trong cac trung nay. Chu ky kien tao Indosini ket thuc bi pha uon nep - tao nui Yen Sn, ket qua mot phan do s va cham cua khoi Mien ien va Lhasa (Tay Tang) vi luc a Au - A, nhng c ban co le do s hoi tu mang (plate convergence) gia luc a Au - A va Thai Bnh Dng vao Creta muon, tao ai nui la pluton - kiem va kieu cung ao pho bien ven bien Viet Nam va Nam Trung Quoc. Chuyen ong tao nui cuoi Mesozoi a gan ket cac vi luc a Viet - Trung, ong Dng, Sinoburmalaya, Sumatra, Borneo lam tang trng dien tch luc a Au - A ve pha ong Nam. 4.2. Lch s phat trien kien tao Kainozoi Mot ac iem quan trong trong lch s phat trien kien tao giai oan Kainozoi ong Nam A noi chung va Viet Nam noi rieng la s hnh thanh va phat trien cac be cha dau kh. Mac du c hnh thanh tren nhng n v kien tao khac nhau, vi nguon goc, hoan canh a ong lc khac nhau nhng chu ky phat trien ln (megacycles) cua chung co tnh tng ong ro ret. S o cua Ian. M. Longley (1997) co the c sap xep lai, ket hp vi mo hnh cua T. Y. Lee, L. A. Lawver (1994) va phan thanh cac giai oan sau: a. Trc 50 trieu nam (trc Eocen gia) - Giai oan Tien - rift (prerift stage) Vao cuoi Creta (90 trieu nam) lanh tho ong Dng a c gan ket vi Nam Trung Quoc cau thanh ra Nam cua luc a ben vng (stable) Au - A. Khoi Borneo, v tr c xac nh gan xch ao, tiep tuc xoay trai nhng van con tach khoi khoi luc
95 25
100
105
110
115
120
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Trung Quoc
20
Thai Lan
Viet Nam
ong Dng
? ?
15
?
ot o
Pr
-B ie n
on
10
la Ma a ysi
20 19 18
Borneo
0
Mang An o Vung b nen ep V tr co a ly V tr hien nay cua at lien Hng dch trt
?
1
V tr co ai dng
Hnh 4.9a. V tr co khu vc ong Dng va ke can c lap lai cho thi ky tien rift - Eocen sm (trc 50 trieu nam) theo T. Y. Lee, L. A. Lawrer co bo sung
a ong Dng, pha Bac tiep giap vi Bien ong co qua ra thu ong. i hut chm (subduction zone) ch c ghi nhan ra Tay Bac Borneo (Hnh 4.9a). Theo mo hnh trt bang trai doc t
92
SU M A TR A
10
D thng co t i gian ay i hut chm Vung cang gian
Cac t gay chnh
1. xac nh 2. gia nh
gay Song Hong, th vi mang ong Dng nam v tr 500km xa ve Tay Bac so vi hien tai trong khoang v o 150 - 200 Bac va co truc co t nam lech 200 - 300 sang trai so vi hien tai. Cac t gay Song Hong, 1090
K, bat au hoat ong tao ieu kien cho khoi luc a ong Dng xoay phai va trt xuong ong Nam. Doc cac t gay nay hnh thanh cac trung sut dang graben gia nui (intermontane graben depressions) lap ay cac tram tch luc a Paleocen - Eocen nh mien vong Ha Noi. S trt bang cua khoi luc a ong Dng lien tuc xuong ong - Nam, ket hp vi s gian n nhiet di vo Trai at khu vc Bien ong hien tai a lam tach gian khoi Hoang Sa - Trng Sa, mot bo phan cau truc trc e Tam cua vi luc a ong Dng e bat au s gian ay va hnh thanh Bien ong co cau truc vo ai
95 25 100 105
dng nh ngay nay. Va cung t thi iem nay bat au hnh thanh cac mien cau truc co vo luc a sot b ai dng hoa Hoang Sa - Macclesfield pha Bac va Trng Sa - Reed Bank pha Nam. pha Tay khoi luc a Indosinia, ban ao Malay va Sumatra co v tr co nam xa ve ong Bac so vi hien tai va co the la khu vc nang cao. S cang gian cua ra khoi luc a Viet Trung ve ong Nam t sau Creta va manh nhat trong Eocen sm a tao mot loat graben hep, keo dai hng tay nam - ong bac, c lap ay bi cac tram tch molas
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20
10 11 10 10 10
15
g ? on ? en Bi
10
? ?
20 19 18
Hnh 4.9b. V tr co khu vc ong Dng va ke can c lap lai cho thi ky ong tao rift (synrift) Eocen muon - Oligocen (35 - 30 trieu nam) theo T. Y. Lee, L. A. Lawrer co bo sung
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gia nui, tao thanh phc he tien - rift tuoi Creta muon - Eocen sm. Cac trung gia nui Creta - Paleogen sm c ghi nhan hnh thanh tren ra Nam vi mang Viet - Trung (Loi Chau, Chau Giang, Qiangdongnan) va tren cac mang sot vi luc a Hoang Sa - Macclesfield va Trng Sa (Dangerous grounds), tren o se tiep tuc phat trien cac thanh he ong rift (synrift) Oligocen Miocen sm. Vi mang Bien ong co co cau truc vo ai dng tiep tuc di chuyen xuong pha Nam va hut chm di khoi Borneo ra Tay Bac, hnh thanh ranh sut Palawan va i xao tron Tay - Bac Borneo. Phc he tien - rift Paleocen - Eocen sm co le cung ton tai trong cac be sut hep gia nui phan sau nhat trung tam cac be Cu Long va Nam Con Sn. Nhn chung, trong giai oan 90 - 50 trieu nam, phan ln khu vc ong Nam A c dang cao, phan d manh, tao bc tranh xen ke gia cac i nho a luy thng c cau tao bi cac batholit granit, granodiorit, a nui la la cac trung gia nui phan bo doc cac i khau hoac t gay ln khu vc. Phc he tien - rift ac trng bi tng luc a ch ton tai trong cac be gia nui, ngan cach bi t gay. Chuyen ong kien tao cuoi Mesozoi au e Tam lam hoat ong lai cac he thong t gay, tao he thong nt ran trong a mong lot di cac be e Tam va chi phoi bnh o cau tao trong cac be nay. Cung trong thi gian nay lp vo phong hoa day c hnh thanh tren cac khoi mong nho granit, la cac tien e quan trong va thuan li cho tch tu dau kh trong mong cac be tram tch e Tam.
94
b. Thi gian 50 - 17 trieu nam (Eocen gia Oligocen - Miocen sm) - Giai oan rift (rift-formation stage) Vao thi iem khoang 50 - 45 trieu nam, gia Paleocen - Eocen xay ra s va mang gia mang An o va Au - A, rut ngan vo Trai at va hut chm mang An o Dng di ra Nam luc a Au - A. S va mang nay anh dau pha tao nui - uon nep chnh cua chu ky kien tao Himalaya, lam hoat ong lai cac t gay sau ton tai trc o, chia cat ong Nam A thanh cac vi mang trt ve ong Nam, tao cac be rift ven cac i cat trt. Giai oan thanh tao va phat trien rift nay co the c bat au t Eocen gia, va ket thuc trong Miocen sm, nhng oi ni hien tng sut rift con c ghi nhan en cuoi Miocen gia. Giai oan tao rift co the c phan thanh hai thi ky (period): 1. thi ky Eocen gia - Oligocen la thi ky tao rift thc thu (true rift) hay con goi la thi ky ong rift (Synrift period), va 2. thi ky Miocen sm, con c goi thi ky phat trien rift muon (Late-rift period). Tuy nhien co cac tac gia cho rang s hnh thanh va phat trien rift nhieu be chu yeu xay ra trong Oligocen, con thi ky phat trien rift muon ch co mat mot vai be tram tch. b.1. Thi gian 50-25 trieu nam (Eocen gia-Oligocen, hnh 4.9b) Hien tng giam toc o hoi tu (convergence velocity) doc theo cung Sunda do giam toc o gian ay cua mang An o Dng, tao pha cang gian tren ra Nam mien cau truc Sibumasu (nhieu tac gia con goi Sunda shelf) vung trc
cung va sau cung, ket qua dan en s hnh thanh mot loat cac be rift trc va sau cung ao (forearc, backarc basins), lap ay cac tram tch chu yeu la chau tho lan bien (prograding delta), xen tng am ho, tuf, tuoi Eocen sm - Oligocen (cac be Sumatra - Java - Nam Borneo). Cac be rift nay ch ton tai trong Paleogen va s phat trien co the chia thanh 3 pha: Pha sm: chu yeu gom cac tram tch luc a, gom a vun nui la, cac tram tch tng song, quat chau tho, ho nong nc ngot. Cac phc he quat aluvi (alluvial fan) thng kep cac thau knh cuoi, san, set mau o. Pha gia: gom cac tram tch ho sau, rong, co the ket noi chuoi cac ho lai vi nhau, toc o sut lun luon ln hn toc o boi lap. a hnh ven ho thng thap, tham thc vat c phat trien trong ieu kien kh hau am - o la nguon vat chat hu c phong phu tng ho thuan li cho sinh dau. Pha cuoi: ho nong dan, tram tch chu yeu hat tho, tng song chau tho, oi khi co the gap cac vnh hep vi cac tram tch bien trc khi chuyen sang bien hoan toan. S va mang gia mang ong An o va Au - A, ac biet thi ky cuoi Eocen gia (43 trieu nam) khi co s va mang cng (rigid collision) a thuc troi cac vi mang Viet - Trung, ong Dng trt ve ong Nam doc theo cac t gay sau trt bang tai hoat ong lai nh Song Hong, Tam Ky Phc Sn, Maeping, Three Pagodas, 1090 K tao loat be va trung, chu yeu dang keo toac va cang gian lap ay cac tram tch am ho, chau tho.
95
S trt bang trai doc he t gay Song Hong va trt phai doc he t gay Rao Nay, Tam Ky - Phc Sn a tao hng nen ep bac - nam va cang gian ong - tay e hnh thanh be Song Hong co dang nen ngang phan at lien va cang gian, dang keo toac vnh Bac Bo. vnh Thai Lan va Malay, theo mo hnh kien tao thuc troi cua Tapponnier vi xu the xoay phai va dch chuyen xuong ong Nam toan khoi luc a ong Dng, th chuyen ong trt doc cac t gay Maeping - Song Hau va Three Pagodas a nhieu lan oi hng theo thi gian. Nhieu tac gia ghi nhan s trt bang trai i kem nen ep hng ong tay a xay ra t au Eocen, nhng s hnh thanh cac rift - graben ch phat trien trong Oligocen va co the ca trong Miocen sm khi chuyen ong trt doc cac t gay Maeping - Song Hau va Three Pagodas oi sang hng trt phai tao he t gay i kem co xu the trt bang trai Ranong va Khlong Marui, tac ong tong hp tao s cang gian hng ong tay lam phat sinh loat be va be dang cang ngang xen gia cac i nang a luy nh cac be mien Trung Thai Lan, be Pattani, be Malay. Nhng cung co y kien cho rang vao thi iem Oligocen gia - muon (32 21 trieu nam) xay ra hien tng xoay phai cua toan khoi luc a Sibumasu (khoi ai - Sunda/Greater Sunda block, Longley, 1997) quanh cc xoay nam Bac vnh Thai Lan, tao loat a hao dang am ho mien trung Thai Lan va m vnh Thai Lan, Malay e tao cac be rift Pattani, Malay, Tay Natuna lap ay tram tch chu yeu la tng am ho ven bien tuoi Oligocen. S va mang va hut chm cua An o
Dng di cung ao Sunda lam gia tang tng oi toc o hoi tu ven cung Sunda, tao pha nen ep vao cuoi Oligocen, cham dt thi ky sut rift a so cac be trc va sau cung ao. them luc a Nam Viet Nam, cac be Cu Long va Nam Con Sn c hnh thanh t cuoi Eocen do s thuc troi a khoi Kon Tum ve ong Nam a tao s cang gian keo tam (extension driven by slab - pull and Kon Tum block extrusion - R. Hall, 1997) hng tay bac - ong nam, tao cac be sut a hao (graben depressions) ra khoi, c lap ay bi phc he synrift Eocen muon 95 25 100 105 110
Oligocen tng luc a, song, am lay ven bien, xen cac khoi nho cua mong c phu bi set am ho, ong vai tro sinh va chan dau kh quan trong trong he thong dau kh cua khu vc nay. Cac khoi nho mong trai qua thi gian, b phong hoa, ong thi chu tac ong cua s cang gian va nen ep bien oi co tnh chu ky do s thay oi hung cua trng ng lc, tao he thong nt ran quan trong e tch tu dau kh. Toc o trt bang xuong pha Nam khong eu theo thi gian, tao hien tng roll back velocity, co the la nguyen nhan cua s thay oi trng ng lc tao s cang gian va sut lun manh vao
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10 10 11 10 9 9 8 8 7a 7 7 6b 6b 6b 6a 6 a 6 6 6 6a
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10
5
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Hnh 4.9c. V tr co khu vc ong Dng va ke can c lap lai cho thi ky rift muon - Miocen sm (20 trieu nam) theo T. Y. Lee, L. A. Lawrer co bo sung
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Eocen - Oligocen sm, sau o la s nen ep va nang len, oi ni co nghch ao kien tao vao cuoi Oligocen. Cac be noi luc nay c hnh thanh muon hn cac be sau cung ao, chu yeu vao Eocen muon - Oligocen sm. Vao gia Eocen, s gian ay tiep tuc Bien ong, ay xa dan khoi Trng Sa - Reed Bank xuong pha Nam. Pha gian ay c ghi nhan manh va ro nhat vao Oligocen theo hng bac nam. Khoi Bien ong co hnh thanh trc o giam dan dien tch, tiep tuc dch chuyen xuong pha Nam, b hut chm va tieu bien di ra Tay Bac Borneo. Hnh thanh be Sarawak va tiep tuc phat trien ranh bien sau Palawan. S cang gian nay cung tao he thong t gay a v tuyen, ong ong Bac - Tay Tay Nam tren mien cau truc Viet Trung va cac mien luc a sot Hoang Sa - Macclesfield va Trng Sa - Reed Bank. doc theo o mot loat graben - rift Oligocen c hnh thanh rieng biet hoac chong goi tren cac be gia nui Creta - Eocen sm phat sinh trc o. He t gay a v tuyen cung he t gay hng tay nam - ong bac tai hoat ong, chi phoi hoat ong kien tao - tram tch trong cac be Loi Chau, Nam Hai Nam va Chau Giang. ra khoi luc a Indosinia, do s trt bang theo hng bac nam doc theo he t gay 1090 K hnh thanh mot loat be sut cang ngang, hep keo dai doc sn luc a - be Phu Khanh c lap ay bi phc he synrift tuoi Oligocen. Cac trung nay co dang graben hoac na graben, xen gia cac i nang hep c ngan cach bi nhng t gay trt bang doc (wrench faults), thng i kem hoat ong nui la tre. Cac tram tch
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Paleogen am ho c xac nh la nguon sinh dau tiem nang cac be nay. Vao cuoi Oligocen, s va mang gia luc a chau Uc va cung ao Sunda a tao trng nen ep, gay nghch ao kien tao di dang chuyen ong phan d doc cac t gay thuan, ket thuc thi ky tao rift chnh trong cac be trc va sau cung ao, hnh thanh bat chnh hp khu vc cuoi Oligocen trong cac be noi luc (intracratonic) ra vi mang ong Dng. S tach gian va ai dng hoa cua Bien ong, ac biet phan Tay Nam, cung vi hoat ong trt doc t gay 1090 K a gay hien tng phun trao basalt va andesit tng oi pho bien trong cac be tiep giap vi ra Tay va Tay Nam Bien ong. Nhn chung, phc he tram tch Eocen - Oligocen c xac nh ong rift lien quan en thi ky sut rift chnh trong lch s phat trien cac be tram tch e Tam. S sut lun nhanh vi toc o vt troi bu lang tram tch a tao ieu kien cho s phat trien va duy tr lau dai ieu kien ho va am lay ven bien phong phu vat chat hu c b chon vui nhanh, hnh thanh phc he tram tch cat set va la oi tng sinh dau tiem nang, ong thi cung la tang cha dau kh quan trong trong cac be e Tam ong Nam A. Rieng san lng hai mo Duri va Minas a chiem tren 52% tong san lng Indonesia. b.2. Thi gian 25 - 17 trieu nam (Miocen sm) Vao Miocen sm, s sut rift cham dt trong cac be trc va sau cung ao Sumatra, ong Java, Nam Borneo tren mien cau truc Sibumasu, rieng mot so be noi luc can cac i khau (episutural intracratonic basins) tren mien cau truc ong Dng va
Viet - Trung s sut rift van tiep tuc nhng cng o yeu i, tao thi ky phat trien rift muon trong cac be nay (Hnh 4.9c). Chuyen ong kien tao Miocen sm c ac trng bi t cao trao mi (acme phase) gian ay va tiep tuc m rong Bien ong do lanh nhiet (thermal cooling), kem theo s dang cao mc nc ai dng a gay nen hien tng bien tien tren tat ca cac be Paleogen hnh thanh ven Bien ong. Dien tch tram ong c m rong ra ngoai ranh gii cac mien sut lun (subsidence areas) Paleogen, nhng cng o hoat ong t gay chi phoi s sut lun yeu i.
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ieu kien bien phat trien tren phan ln cac be trc va sau cung ao va cac be ra ong vi mang ong Dng nh Phu Khanh, Nam Con Sn, Tay Natuna, tao phc he tram tch carbonat va san ho am tieu va tng thi ky lan sau vao trong cac be Song Hong, Cu Long va Malay, hnh thanh phc he am lay, quat chau tho va bien nong ven b. Doc t gay 1090 K cac be ep ngang hnh thanh trong Oligocen m rong dan dien tch do s lun chm cua Bien ong. Vao cuoi Miocen sm toc o sut lun c bu lap do nguon cung cap vat lieu t a
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Is hg ak i
25
20
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Hnh 4.9d. V tr co khu vc ong Dng va ke can c lap lai cho thi ky sau rift, Miocen muon (10 trieu nam) theo T. Y. Lee, L. A. Lawrer co bo su
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Phil ippin a Trench
15
an ila
Tr e
nc h
khoi Kon Tum b boc mon, tao nhng tap tram tch aluvi lan tien (alluvial prograding systems tracts) tren cac am rong ln ven bien. He chau tho lan tien nay con phat trien tiep sang Miocen gia. Cac quat va vat nhon mc nc thap (Lowstand fans, wedges) c xem la nhng oi tng tiem nang cha dau kh. S chuyen ong trt bang trai doc he t gay Song Hong, Three Pagodas cham dt khoang thi gian 20 trieu nam (H. Wu, 1989), ong thi cung ket thuc s thuc troi va trt cua vi mang ong Dng ve ong - Nam. Chuyen ong cang gian va sut lun phan d ong tram tch cung yeu i vao cuoi Miocen sm a so cac be va trung ven khoi luc a ong Dng, gay bat chnh hp khu vc gia Miocen sm va gia. S gian ay cua Bien ong tiep tuc ay khoi Trng Sa - Reed Bank di chuyen xuong pha Nam hut chm di Borneo cung vi s troi chm (protrude) cua khoi Bac Palawan doc theo i hut chm Palawan, lam tang toc o sut lun be Sarawak va tao loat trung va be nen ngang tuoi Miocen phan ong khoi Trng Sa (Bac Palawan) c lang ong cac tram tch a voi, san ho am tieu. be Sarawak pho bien phc he ac trng a voi dang nen. Lien quan en s gian ay tiep tuc cua Bien ong vao Miocen, tren khoi Hoang Sa - Macclesfield cac be tram tch Paleogen c m rong, ac biet be Hoang Sa co mang truc nep uon va t gay b cat cut dang uoi nga (horse tail) ni tiep giap vi khoi nang ra doc t gay trt bang bien dang 1090 K (transform strike slip fault).
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Cac phc he tram tch carbonat san ho am tieu, cac a luc nguyen tng doi cat (sand bars), long song, quat chau tho mc thap (lowstand deltaic fans), bai ven bien la nhng oi tng tiem nang cha dau kh Miocen sm. c. Thi gian sau 17 trieu nam (Miocen gia - Pliocen - e T) - Giai oan sau - rift (Post - rift stage) Giai oan nay c ac trng bi s cham dt hoan toan chuyen ong thuc troi cua vi mang ong Dng ve ong - Nam, s oi hng dch chuyen t trt bang trai sang trt bang phai doc cac t gay Song Hong va Three Pagodas, cham dt sut rift dang graben va na graben e chuyen sang che o sut bon (sag phase regime) tren hau het cac be tram tch e Tam hnh thanh trc o (Hnh 4.9d). S va mang gia khoi Bac Palawan (North Palawan block) vi Kalimantan thi gian 17 trieu nam cham dt s gian ay ai dng Bien ong. Qua trnh nguoi keo dai cua vo Trai at lam mang Bien ong va lan can tiep tuc b lun chm tach rift (rifting subsidence), mc nc ai dng c dang cao tao bien tien khu vc. Xen gia giai oan nay vao au Miocen muon xuat hien pha tang nhiet ngan cua vo Trai at khu vc Bien ong va ke can, cung vi s gia tang toc o trt phai doc cac t gay chnh Song Hong va Three Pagodas a gay nghch ao kien tao trong hau het cac be tram tch e Tam ven Bien ong va tao bat chnh hp khu vc Miocen muon. V the, co tac gia a chia giai oan nay thanh 2 pha: trc va sau nghch ao kien tao Miocen muon. Viet Nam hien tng nghch ao
kien tao Miocen muon the hien ro nhat be Song Hong, ac biet phan at lien va Nam Con Sn. Nghch ao kien tao Miocen muon la dang cau truc rat ac trng (particular structural style) ong Nam A vao giai oan e Tam v the nhieu tac gia (Eubank va Makkie, 1981; Letouzey, 1990; Ginger va nnk., 1993) con goi Uon nep Sunda Sunda Fold. Uon nep Sunda c xem la s nghch ao kien tao cua he t gay cang gian (structural inversion of extensional faults), qua o phan day tram tch trong cac be rift b nghch ao va nang len, tao cac nep vong. Hien tng nay c xem kha pho bien ong Nam A va s hnh thanh c giai thch do tac ong cong hng cua hai tac nhan - hoat ong u the cua cac t gay cang gian dang gau xuc co ay tach nong (prevalence of listric extensional faults with a shallow depth of detachment) va s trung hng cua cac trng ng lc cang va nen thay nhau nh ky. nhieu ni, cac uon nep nghch ao b vat (truncated) bi bat chnh hp khu vc Mio - Pliocen. Trong cac be them Sunda, cac nep uon nghch ao nay thng la cac bay cha hydrocarbon. Vao Miocen gia, khi chuyen sang giai oan sau-rift, xay ra hien tng lun chm cua them luc a va cao trao bien tien khu vc cac vung sut trc o tren ra Nam khoi luc a ong Dng ven Bien ong. Hnh thanh phc he set bien va a voi Miocen gia pho bien hau het trong cac be e Tam ven ra Bien ong. Bien tien cung phu tren toan ra luc a Nam Trung Hoa. Trong cac be Hoang Sa va T Chnh - Vung May, Trng Sa - Reed Bank cac
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tram tch Miocen gia - muon, Pliocen c ac trng bi tng a voi san ho am tieu va set bun bien sau, cac turbidit. Trong cac be noi luc, phat trien cac tram tch luc nguyen bien nong, ven b. Vao Miocen muon - au Pliocen, khoang 12 trieu nam, xuat hien pha tang nhiet ngan cua vo Trai at, tao phun trao basalt pho bien rong khap khoi luc a Indosinia, doc i nang ra ven t gay 1090 K, ao Hai Nam va doc vung ven bien Nam Trung Quoc. Phun trao basalt at nh vao Pliocen. Phc he tram tch cat bien tien, a voi am tieu, turbidit, cac diapir set, hnh thanh trc nghch ao la cac oi tng cha dau kh, ac biet la kh trong Miocen gia muon. Ven khoi Borneo pho bien he thong dau kh co tuoi chu yeu Mio - Pliocen. Cac he nay thng la cac quat chau tho c hnh thanh trong cac be nam tren vo ai dng (bien Celebes, bien Sulu) hoac ra mang ai dng hay vo ra luc a b bien oi (Kutei, Baram, Sabah). He thong dau kh nay cung co the ton tai cac be Hoang Sa, Phu Khanh va T Chnh - Vung May. S xoay trai cua Borneo ket thuc, xay ra s sap xep lai ra cac mang do s va cham gia cac khoi Luzon, Cagayan vi ra luc a Au - A va s va cham gia cung ao Phillippin va mang Thai Bnh Dng, gay chuyen ong trt va uon nep nen manh trong vi mang Phillippin. Xay ra s trt bang phai doc t gay Semangko (Sumatra); gian ay va ai dng hoa bien Andaman.
5. Ket luan Nhn chung, hoat ong kien tao trc - Kainozoi tren lanh tho Viet Nam va ke can la s pha v thach quyen Gondwana, tieu bien cau truc ai dng Tethys, s sap xep lai cac vi mang (plates reorganization), ket noi vi luc a Hoa Nam thanh cau truc chung ra ong luc a Au - A va s hnh thanh Bien ong co co cau truc vo ai dng. Chuyen ong Indosini cuoi Trias anh dau pha va cham - tao nui au tien va tiep tuc keo dai sang au Jura gan ket cac vi mang Sibumasu, Indosinia, Viet Trung vi nhau thanh khoi thong nhat, m rong luc a Au - A xuong pha Nam. Chuyen ong cang gian sau va mang tao nui vao Mesozoi muon a tao doc cac t gay trt bang khu vc loat trung chong goi tren cac be tram tch - nui la trc va sau cung c hnh thanh trc o (trong Trias) nh Khorat, Savanakhet, Phong Sa Ly, An Chau, Phu Quoc co tiem nang cha dau kh. Chu ky Indosini ket thuc bang pha tao nui Yen Sn cuoi Creta. Vao Kainozoi, bnh o kien tao Viet Nam va ong Nam A noi chung b chi phoi bi s tac ong tng ho cua cac mang ln Au - A, An o va Thai Bnh Dng, ket hp vi s chuyen ong cua cac khoi noi mang (Intraplate block). Khoi ong Dng b thuc troi, trt xuong ong Nam va quay phai, cung vi s gian ay va lun chm cua Bien ong, tao loat cac be cang gian, be rift sau cung va noi luc. Chung c phan bo tap trung doc cac i khau, thng la
ranh gii cac vi mang, cac t gay trt bang khu vc va tren cac mien co cau truc vo Trai at khac nhau - luc a, ai dng va luc a b ai dng hoa. S hnh thanh va phat trien cua cac be nay thng gan lien vi hoat ong cac chau tho, ca song ln, am ven bien, hoac san ho am tieu. Cac phc he tram tch cat long song (channel sand bars) quat chau tho, a voi am tieu cung vi mong phong hoa, nt ne trc e Tam la nhng oi tng tiem nang cha dau kh quan trong Viet Nam va ong Nam A noi chung. Co the nhan thay, tat ca cac be cha dau kh c hnh thanh va phat trien lien quan en hoat ong kien tao mang giai oan e Tam. Chu ky phat trien kien tao - tng a va magma giai oan e Tam la ket qua cua s va cham va hut chm co tnh chu ky gia cac mang ln. S chuyen ong trt bang va cang gian cua cac vi mang a tao cac be rift dang graben hoac na graben vi cac chu ky tram tch va nhng bat chnh hp ong tuoi vi nhau c quan sat thay trong tat ca cac be. Moi trng tram tch va quy luat phan bo dau kh trong cac be e Tam c khong che bi hai yeu to: 1) chuyen ong kien tao cua cac vi mang noi luc (intracontinental microplates); va 2) s dao ong co tnh chu ky cua mc nc ai dng. S dao ong cua mc nc ai dng ac biet vao Oligocen - Miocen, ong vai tro quan trong trong s phan bo tng tram tch va ac tnh he thong dau kh.
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Tai lieu tham khao 1. Blanche J.B. & Blanche J.D., 1997. An overview of the hydrocarbon potential of Spratley Islands Archipelago and its implications for regional development. Petroleum geology of S.E. Asia. 2. Geological survey of Viet Nam Hanoi, 1991. Geology of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. 3. Gwang H. Lee & J.S. Watkins, 1998. Seismic sequence stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential of the Phu Khanh basin, offshore Central Viet Nam, South China sea. AAPG bulletin vol. 82, N09 1998. 4. Hall R., 1997. Cenozoic plate tectonic reconstruction of S.E. Asia. Petroleum geology of S.E. Asia. 1997. 5. Huchon P., Le Pichon X., Rangin C., 1994. Indochina peninsula and the collision of India and Eurasia. Geology. 22, 1994. 6. Hutchinson C. S., 1989. Geological evolution of South East Asia. Oxford Science publications 1989. 7. Ke Ru and John D. Pigott, 1986. Episodic rifting and subsidence in the South China sea. AAPG 1986. 8. Liang Dehua, Liu Zonghui, 1990. The genesis of the South China sea and its hydrocarbon-bearing basins. Journal of Petroleum geology vol.13(1) Jan. 1990. 9. Longley Ian. M., 1997. The tectonostratigraphic evolution of S.E. Asia. Petroleum geology of SE Asia 1997.
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10. Metcalfe I., 1995. Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion. Proc. of the Int. symposium. Geology of SE.Asia and adjacent areas. 1-9 Nov. 1995. Hanoi. Journal of geology. Serie B N0 5-6 1995. 11. Nielsen L.H., Mathiesen A. et al, 1999. Modeling of hydrocarbon generation in the Cenozoic Song Hong basin Vietnam, a highly prospective basin. Journal of Asia Earth Science 17. 1999. 12. Pin Yan, Hailing Liu, 2004. Tectonicstratigraphic division and blind fold structures in Nansha waters, South China sea. Journal of Asian Earth Science (24). 2004. 13. Roques D., Matthews S.J., Rangin C., 1997. Constraints on strike-slip motion from seismic and gravity data along the Viet Nam margin offshore DaNang, implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity and opening of the Viet Nam sea. Petroleum geology of SE. Asia 1997. 14. Shaw R.D., 1997. Some implications of Eurasian and Indo- Australian plate collision on the petroleum potential of Tertiary Intracratonic basins of SE. Asia. Proc. of Int. conference Jakarta Indonesia. 1997. 15. Sladen C., 1997. Exploring the lake basins of East and SE Asia Petroleum geology of SE. Asia 1997. 16. Studies in East Asian tectonic and resources (SEATAR) 1981.
17. Tapponnier P. , Peltzer G. et al, 1992. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine. Geology vol.10 Dec. 1982. 18. Petronas, 1999. The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia. 19. Tran V. Tri, 1992. The geotectonic framework of Viet Nam and adjacent areas. Proc. of the 29th annual session CCOP. 3-7 Nov. 1992. 20. Tung-Yi Lee, Lawrence A. Lawrer, 1994. Cenozoic plate reconstruction of the South China sea region. Tectonophysics 235-1994. 21. Le c Cong, 2003. ac iem cau truc va tiem nang dau kh be tram tch Phu Khanh qua phan tch tai lieu a chan. Tap ch a chat Loai A. so 276. 5-6/ 2003. 22. Pham Huy Long va nnk., 2002. Lch s tien hoa t gay lanh tho Viet Nam. a chat tai nguyen moi trng Nam Viet Nam. T/P HCM. 2002. 23. Le Van Manh, Ta Trong Thang, 2000. i t gay sau Song Hong la i khau kien tao co co lch s phat trien lau dai. Tap ch cac khoa hoc Trai at (4). (T.22) 2000. 24. Ngo Thng San, 1971. Mot so van e ve kien tao Mien Bac Viet Nam. Tuyen
tap kien tao MBVN va cac mien lan can. Nha XBKHKT Ha noi 1971. 25. Ta Trong Thang va nnk., 2000. Ve qua trnh bien dang va s tien hoa nhiet ong i t gay Song Hong. Tap ch cac khoa hoc Trai at (4). (T. 22) 2000. 26. Phan Trng Th va nnk., 2003. Ban ve c che hnh thanh Bien ong va cac be kh lien quan. Tuyen tap bao cao Hoi ngh khoa hoc cong nghe 25 nam Vien Dau kh Viet Nam. Ha Noi 2003. 27. Cao nh Trieu, 2000. Hoat ong a chan tren ban ao ong Dng va cac vung lan can. Tap ch a chat loat B N0 15-16/2000. 28. Nguyen Nh Trung, Nguyen Th Thu Hng, 2003. Cau truc vo Trai at khu vc Bien ong theo so lieu d thng trong lc ve tinh va a chan sau. Tuyen tap bao cao Hoi ngh KHCN 25 nam Vien DKVN. Ha Noi 2003. 29. Nguyen Xuan Tung, Tran Van Tr, 1992. Thanh he a chat va a ong lc Viet Nam. Nha xuat ban KHKT Ha Noi 1992. 30. Nguyen Van Vng va nnk., 2002. Mot mo hnh ong lc mi cua cac bien dang Kainozoi doc i t gay trt cat Song Hong. Tap san a chat Loat B so 19-20 / 2002.
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Chng

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 4.1. S o phan bo cac be cha dau chnh ong Nam A

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

00 700 800 900 1000

Nam Trung Hoa

Hnh 4.3. S rut ngan vo trai at

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

EOCEN GIA(50 Ma) Khi au va cham

OLIGOCEN (32 Ma) Khi au gian ay Bien ong

Hnh 4.4. Ban o trng ng lc (theo R. D. Shaw, 1997; Huchon, 1994)

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

khoang dch bang

t N ga y Ra ang o Na Ky y A nh t gay Tam K y - Ph

109 0 E transtorm fault

Truong Sa Spratley slands

Phu Khanh Basin

Day na y Mer gui Tay Merg ui

Be Bal abac Be Bank uan

R an ong Tro ugh

A S IRau b Y ng LauA Ai kh Bento M

Vung phat trien

Ranh gii vi mang ong Dng i hut chm co Paleozoi va Mesozoi

Nhng t gay trt bang chnh

Truc nang chnh

Be tram tch Mesozoi

a_ Xac nh t gay b_ Gia nh

Truc tach gian

Be tram tch Kainozoi

Cau truc vo ai dng: Mien cau truc vo ai dng Bien ong.

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

380 - 360 Tr.

Thi ky Carbon sm - Permi sm

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

J33 K1 150 120 Tr. n

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

D thng co t i gian ay i hut chm Vung cang gian

Cac t gay chnh

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Phil ippin a Trench

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

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