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Agriculture Law: RL33421
Agriculture Law: RL33421
Agriculture Law: RL33421
Bruce E. Foote
Analyst in Housing
Domestic Social Policy Division
USDA Rural Housing Programs: An Overview
Summary
Title V of the Housing Act of 1949 authorized the Department of Agriculture
(USDA) to make loans to farmers to enable them to construct, improve, repair, or
replace dwellings and other farm buildings to provide decent, safe, and sanitary living
conditions for themselves or their tenants, lessees, sharecroppers, and laborers.
USDA was also authorized to make grants or combinations of loans and grants to
those farmers who could not qualify to repay the full amount of a loan, but who
needed the funds to make the dwellings sanitary or to remove health hazards to the
occupants or the community.
While the act was initially targeted toward farmers, over time the act has been
amended to enable USDA to make housing loans and grants to rural residents in
general. Currently, the USDA housing programs are administered by the Rural
Housing Service (RHS). The housing programs are generally referred to by the
section number under which they are authorized in the Housing Act of 1949, as
amended.
The rural housing programs include loans for the purchase, repair, or
construction of single-family housing; loans and grants to remove health and safety
hazards in owner-occupied homes; loans and grants for the construction and purchase
of rental housing for farmworkers; loans for the purchase and construction of rental
and cooperative housing for the elderly and for rural residents in general; rental
assistance payments to make rental housing more affordable; interest subsidies to
make homeownership loans more affordable and to enable production of rental
housing that is affordable for the target population; and loans for developing building
sites upon which rural housing is to be constructed.
List of Tables
Table 1a. Funding for Selected Rural Housing Programs, FY1980-FY2007 . . . 12
Table 1b. Funding for Selected Rural Housing Programs, FY1980-FY2007 . . . 14
USDA Rural Housing Programs:
An Overview
Introduction
Title V of the Housing Act of 1949 authorized the Department of Agriculture
(USDA) to make loans to farmers to enable them to construct, improve, repair, or
replace dwellings and other farm buildings to provide decent, safe, and sanitary living
conditions for themselves or their tenants, lessees, sharecroppers, and laborers.1
USDA was also authorized to make grants or combinations of loans and grants to
those farmers who could not qualify to repay the full amount of a loan, but who
needed the funds to make the dwellings sanitary or to remove health hazards to the
occupants or the community.
While the act was initially targeted toward farmers, over time the act has been
amended to enable USDA to make housing loans and grants to rural residents in
general. Currently, the USDA housing programs are administered by the Rural
Housing Service (RHS). The housing programs are generally referred to by the
section number under which they are authorized in the Housing Act of 1949, as
amended.
In the 1970s, there was concern that owners of some RHS-financed multifamily
housing were prepaying their loans and converting the property to uses other than
rental occupancy by low- and moderate-income families. Keeping federally assisted
housing available for use by low- and moderate income occupants is referred to as
housing preservation. In prior years, preservation related more to maintaining or
improving the physical standards of the housing, but, since the late 1970s,
preservation has related more to simply keeping the property available for use by the
target population for whom it was initially constructed. Funding housing
preservation, in both senses of the word, continues to be a concern for Congress.
Partly because housing projects for the elderly are more acceptable to
communities than low-income projects in general, a relatively large number of
projects funded through the Section 515 rural rental program are elderly projects.
Occupants who were in their 60s upon initial occupancy may have aged 10, 20, or 30
years. Such occupants may have need for different services, and these have to be
financed. Laws have changed regarding building accessibility requirements, and
repairs must be made to meet those requirements. These also need to be financed.
1
P.L. 81-171, October 25, 1949, 42 U.S.C. 1471, et. seq.
CRS-2
When the majority of the Section 514 and 515 projects were originally financed,
the owners were required to maintain a reserve of 10% of the project costs for future
repairs and replacements. While 10% seemed adequate 30 years ago, many owners
now find that these reserves are not adequate to finance needed repairs and
replacements. This suggests a need for a change in law or regulation, but in the
meantime, the projects may need additional loans to finance repairs.
In response to this need, P.L. 109-97 included $9 million for the cost of a
demonstration program for the preservation and revitalization of Section 515
housing. The Administration’s FY2007 budget proposal, however, would not fund
this program in FY2007, and would transfer any balances to the multifamily housing
rural voucher program. Language would provide that, subject to authorization, these
funds could also be used for preservation and revitalization of Section 515
multifamily rental housing properties.
As in prior years, the FY2007 budget requests no funding for the Section 515
program. It may be argued that there would be a net loss of affordable rental housing
in rural areas whenever owners prepay their loans and find other uses for the property
instead of continuing its use as low-income rental property. This may be one of the
reasons that Congress has continued to fund the program, though the funding has
been at significantly lower levels than in the past. (See Table 1b.)
A bill, H.R. 5039, that was introduced in the 109th Congress would have
amended the Housing Act of 1949 to direct USDA to carry out a revitalization
program for Section 515 projects. Owners would have been given financial
incentives to continue using their property as low- to moderate-income rental, but
prepayment of the loans would also have been permitted if certain requirements are
met.
Descriptions of the rural housing programs are presented below in the order of
the sections under which they are authorized in the Housing Act of 1949. Note that
most of the programs involve direct loans from USDA, while others involve USDA-
insured loans from private lenders. USDA is one of the few government agencies
that makes direct loans to borrowers. The report concludes with a discussion of
current legislative issues. Tables are presented that show funding for various rural
housing programs since FY1980.
2
P.L. 87-70, sec. 801, June 30, 1961, 42 U.S.C. 1472.
CRS-3
In 1977, Section 502 was amended to authorize USDA to guarantee loans made
by private lenders to above-moderate-income borrowers in rural areas.6 Funding for
guaranteed loans was discontinued in 1983. The Housing and Community
Development Act of 1987 directed USDA to carry out a three-year demonstration
program, under which moderate-income borrowers may obtain guaranteed loans
under Section 502 for the purchase of single-family homes.7 A permanent guaranteed
loan program was authorized in 1990 by the Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable
Housing Act.8
Under the present Section 502 program, borrowers may obtain loans for the
purchase or repair of new or existing single-family housing in rural areas. Borrowers
may either obtain direct loans from USDA or obtain loans from private lenders that
are guaranteed by USDA.
Borrowers with income of 80% or less of the area median may be eligible for
the direct loans, and may receive interest credit to reduce the interest rate to as low
as 1%. The loans are repayable over a 33-year period. In a given fiscal year, at least
40% of the units financed under this section must be made available only to very
low-income families or individuals.9 The loan term may be extended to 38 years for
borrowers with incomes below 60% of the area median.
Borrowers with income of up to 115% of the area median may obtain USDA-
guaranteed loans from private lenders. Guaranteed loans may have up to 30-year
terms. Priority is given to first-time homebuyers, and USDA may require that
borrowers complete a homeownership counseling program.
In recent years, Congress and the Administration have been increasing the
funding for the guaranteed loans and decreasing funding for the direct loans.
About 98% of the Section 502 loans are used for home purchases. The homes
to be financed must be “modest” in cost and design, and must be located in rural
areas serviced by the Agriculture Department. To be eligible for a Section 502 loan,
3
P.L. 89-117, sec. 1001, August 10, 1965, 42 U.S.C. 1479.
4
P.L. 90-448, sec. 1001, August 1, 1968, 42 U.S.C. 1490a.
5
P.L. 91-609, sec. 802, December 31, 1970, 42 U.S.C. 1479.
6
P.L. 95-128, sec. 502, October 12, 1977, 42 U.S.C. 1472, 42 U.S.C. 1487, 42 U.S.C. 1
490a.
7
P.L. 100-242, sec. 304, February 5, 1988, 42 U.S.C. 1472.
8
P.L. 101-625, sec. 706, November 28, 1990, 42 U.S.C. 1472.
9
Defined as those having incomes below 50% of the median income for the area.
CRS-4
a borrower must have the means to repay the loan but be unable to secure reasonable
credit terms elsewhere.
Under current regulations, rural homeowners with incomes of 50% or less of the
area median may qualify for USDA direct loans to repair their homes. Loans are
limited to $20,000, and have a 20-year term at a 1% interest rate. Owners who are
aged 62 or more may qualify for grants of up to $7,500 to pay for needed home
repairs. To qualify for the grants, the elderly homeowners must lack the ability to
repay the full cost of the repairs. Depending on the cost of the repairs and the income
of the elderly homeowner, the owner may be eligible for a grant for the full cost of
the repairs, or for some combination of a loan and a grant that covers the repair costs.
The combination loan and grant may total no more than $20,000.
10
42 U.S.C. 1474.
11
P.L. 87-70, sec. 801, June 30, 1961, 42 U.S.C. 1474.
12
P.L. 91-609, sec. 802, December 31, 1970, 42 U.S.C. 1474.
13
P.L. 98-181, sec. 504, November 30, 1983, 42 U.S.C. 1474.
14
P.L. 95-128, October 12, 1977, 42 U.S.C. 1479.
15
P.L.101-625, sec. 709(b), November 28, 1990, 42 U.S.C. 1479.
CRS-5
reserved funds.16 The USDA must also set aside sufficient Section 521 rental
assistance that may be used with the Section 514 and Section 515 programs. (See
Section 521, discussed below.)
Applicants must have sufficient capital to pay the initial operating expenses. It
must be demonstrated that, after the loan is made, income will be sufficient to pay
operating expenses, make capital improvements, make payments on the loan, and
accumulate reserves.
16
Colonia are defined as any identifiable community that (1) is in the state of Arizona,
California, New Mexico, or Texas; (2) is within 150 miles of the border between the United
States and Mexico (except for metropolitan areas with populations exceeding 1 million);
(3) is designated as a colonia by the state or county in which it is located; (4) is determined
to be a colonia on the basis of objective criteria such as a lack of a potable water supply,
inadequate sewage systems, and a shortage of decent, safe and sanitary housing; and (5) was
in existence and recognized as a colonia prior to November 28, 1990.
17
P.L. 87-70, sec. 804, June 30, 1961, 42 U.S.C. 1484.
CRS-6
In 1964, the 1949 Housing Act was amended to add Section 516.18 The Section
516 program permitted qualified nonprofit organizations, Indian tribes, and public
bodies to obtain grants for up to two-thirds of the development cost of farm labor
housing. Applicants must demonstrate that there is a need for such housing, and that
there is reasonable doubt that the housing would be built without USDA assistance.
Grants may be used simultaneously with Section 514 loans if the necessary housing
cannot be provided by financial assistance from other sources. The section was
amended in 1970 to permit grants of up to 90% of the development cost of the
housing.19 The 1983 Housing Act provides that in decisions on approving
applications under these two sections, USDA shall consider only the needs of farm
laborers and make the determination without regard to the extent or nature of other
housing needs in the area.20 The act also requires that, in a given fiscal year, up to
10% of the funds available under Section 516 shall be made available to assist
eligible nonprofit agencies in providing housing for domestic and migrant farm
workers.21
Farm labor housing loans and grants to qualified applicants may be used to buy,
build, or improve housing and related facilities for farm workers, and to purchase and
improve the land upon which the housing will be located. The funds may be used to
install streets, water supply and waste disposal systems, parking areas, and
18
P.L. 88-560, sec. 503, September 2, 1964, 42 U.S.C. 1486.
19
P.L. 91-609, sec. 801(d)(4), December 31, 1970.
20
P.L. 98-181, sec. 510, November 30, 1983.
21
P.L. 98-181, sec. 513, November 30, 1983.
22
P.L. 100-242, sec. 305, February 5, 1988.
CRS-7
driveways, as well as for the purchase and installation of appliances such as ranges,
refrigerators, and clothes washers and dryers. Related facilities may include a
maintenance workshop, recreation center, small infirmary, laundry room, day care
center, and office and living quarters for a resident manager.
Section 514 loans are available at 1% interest for up to 33 years. Section 516
grants may not exceed the lesser of (1) 90% of the total development cost of the
project, or (2) the difference between the development costs and the sum of (a) the
amount the applicant can provide from its own resources, and (b) the maximum loan
the applicant can repay given the maximum rent that is affordable to the target
tenants.
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1987 amended the Housing
Act of 1949 to state that occupancy of Section 515 housing, which has been allocated
for low-income housing tax credits (LIHTC),26 may be restricted to those families
whose incomes are within the limits established for the tax credits.27 If, however,
USDA finds that some of the units have been vacant for at least six months and that
their continued vacancy will threaten the financial viability of the project, then
higher-income tenants will be authorized to occupy the units.
23
P.L. 87-723, sec. 4(b), September 28, 1962, 42 U.S.C. 1485.
24
P.L. 89-754, sec. 804, November 3, 1966.
25
P.L. 95-128, sec. 508, October 12, 1977.
26
For background on the LIHTC, see CRS Report RS22389, An Introduction to the Design
of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, by Pamela J. Jackson.
27
P.L. 100-242, sec. 306, February 5, 1988. LIHTC provides a 10-year reduction in tax
liability for owners of low-income rental housing based on the development costs of low-
income apartments. In general, apartments financed using LIHTC cannot be rented to
anyone whose income exceeds 60% of area median gross income.
CRS-8
Section 521 was amended in 1974 to authorize USDA to make rental assistance
payments to owners of USDA-financed rental housing (Sections 515 or 514) to
enable eligible tenants to pay no more than 25% of their income in rent.29
Amendments in the 1983 Housing Act provide that rent payments by eligible families
would equal the greater of (1) 30% of monthly adjusted family income, (2) 10% of
monthly income, or (3) for welfare recipients, the portion of the family’s welfare
payment that is designated for housing costs.
The rental assistance payments, which are made directly to the borrowers, make
up the difference between the tenants’ payments and the USDA-approved rent for the
units. Borrowers must agree to operate the property on a limited profit or nonprofit
basis. The term of the rental assistance agreement is 20 years for new construction
projects and five years for existing projects. Agreements may be renewed for up to
five years. An eligible borrower who does not participate in the program may be
petitioned to participate by 20% or more of the tenants eligible for rental assistance.
Sponsors may also obtain technical assistance (TA) grants to pay for all or part
of the cost of developing, administering, and coordinating programs of technical and
supervisory assistance to the families who are building their own homes. Each
family is expected to contribute at least 700 hours of labor in building homes for each
other. Participating families generally have low income and are unable to pay for
homes built by the contract method.
Applicants must demonstrate that (1) there is a need for self-help housing in the
area, (2) the applicant has or can hire qualified people to carry out its responsibilities
under the program, and (3) funds for the proposed TA project are not available from
other sources.
28
P.L. 90-448, sec. 1001, August 1, 1968.
29
P.L. 93-383, sec. 514, August 22, 1974.
30
P.L. 90-448, sec. 1005, August 1, 1968.
CRS-9
TA funds may not be used to hire construction workers or to buy real estate or
building materials. Private or public nonprofit corporations, however, may be
eligible for two-year site loans under Section 523. The loans may be used to
purchase and develop land in rural areas. The land is subdivided into building sites
and sold on a nonprofit basis to low- and moderate-income families. Generally, a
loan will not be made if it will not result in at least 10 sites. The sites need not be
contiguous.
Sites financed through Section 523 may only be sold to families who are
building homes by the mutual self-help method. The homes are usually financed
through the Section 502 program.
Applicants must have a staff or governing body with either (1) the proven ability
to perform responsibly in the field of low-income rural housing development, repair,
and rehabilitation; or (2) the management or administrative experience that indicates
the ability to operate a program providing financial assistance for housing repair and
rehabilitation.
The homes must be located in rural areas and be in need of housing preservation
assistance. Assisted families must meet the income restrictions (income of 80% or
31
P.L. 91-152, sec. 413(f)(1), December 24, 1969.
32
P.L. 98-181, sec. 522, November 30, 1983.
CRS-10
less of the median income for the area), and must have occupied the property for at
least one year prior to receiving assistance. Occupants of leased homes may be
eligible for assistance if (1) the unexpired portion of the lease extends for five years
or more, and (2) the lease permits the occupant to make modifications to the structure
and precludes the owner from increasing the rent because of the modifications.
USDA is also authorized to make Section 533 grants to organizations that will
rehabilitate rental and cooperative housing. This part of the law, however, had never
been implemented because USDA had not issued the regulations. Thus, the
Congress, in 1987, passed legislation that directed USDA to issue the necessary
regulations.33 The final regulations were published in 1993.34
33
P.L. 100-242, sec. 310, February 5, 1988.
34
58 Federal Register 21894, April 26, 1993.
35
P.L. 104-120, March 28, 1996.
CRS-11
Eligible lenders include the following: (1) any lender approved by the Federal
National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage
Corporation (Freddie Mac), or the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), and
currently active in their multifamily housing guaranteed lending programs; (2) state
or local housing finance agencies; (3) members of the Federal Home Loan Bank
System; and (4) other lenders that demonstrate to USDA that they have knowledge
and experience with multifamily lending. In any case, the lenders must apply to
USDA for permission to participate in the program. Eligibility must be verified
every year.
The interest rates on Section 538 loans must be fixed. The maximum allowable
interest rate is as specified in each year’s Notification of Funding Availability
(NOFA). In order to help the Section 538 program serve low- and moderate-income
tenants, however, at least 20% of Section 538 loans made each year must receive
interest credit subsidy sufficient to reduce the effective interest rate to the Applicable
Federal Rate (AFR) defined in Section 42(I)(2)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code.37
36
A single-asset entity is one that owns no assets other than the proposed project.
37
The AFR is available at [http://ftp.fedworld.gov/pub/irs-utl /afrs.pdf], or in the Wall Street
Journal on the third Wednesday of each month, labeled the “Long Term Monthly Rate.”
CRS-12
Section 502
Fiscal Year Section 502 Direct Section 504 Loans Section 504 Grants Section 514 Section 516
Guaranteed
1980 2,805.6 18.9 21.9 24.0 24.6 22.3
1981 2,577.9 5.8 17.9 22.7 18.5 10.5
1982 2,476.4 na 10.0 13.6 1.9 14.9
1983 2,137.1 na 7.1 12.5 4.0 7.5
1984 1,844.9 na 7.2 12.5 5.5 9.8
1985 1,789.9 na 7.9 12.5 17.6 11.2
1986 1,155.7 na 7.0 13.9 10.4 10.8
1987 1,144,2 na 5.9 12.5 10.7 7.1
1988 1,270.9 na 7.6 12.5 11.4 11.2
1989 1,266.8 na 11.3 12.5 11.4 9.4
1990 1,310.8 na 11.6 12.6 11.3 10.8
1991 1,2691.7 38.4 11.2 12.8 13.8 10.4
1992 1,253.8 214.4 11.3 12.8 15.9 13.5
1993 1,291.3 539.8 11.8 14.3 16.3 15.9
1994 1,656.8 725.9 25.2 27.5 15.7 40.6
CRS-13
Section 502
Fiscal Year Section 502 Direct Section 504 Loans Section 504 Grants Section 514 Section 516
Guaranteed
1995 931.3 1,048.8 29.5 27.8 15.1 11.0
1996 1,016.4 1,700.0 35.1 25.7 15.0 10.0
1997 706.4 2,000.0 30.9 17.6 15.0 8.4
1998 1,007.8 2,822.5 30.3 25.7 14.6 10.0
1999 922.9 2,977.0 25.5 21.3 20.0 13.1
2000 1,140.9 2,150.5 27.4 30.4 28.8 19.3
2001 1,074.7 2,341.6 30.8 33.7 33.2 9.9
2002 1,080.6 2,418.7 32.0 31.2 47.3 14.5
2003 1,038.2 3,086.7 32.1 33.7 55.9 7.0
2004 1,351.5 3,233.4 33.6 32.4 24.1 6.8
2005 1,140.7 3,045.5 34.7 31.6 32.9 30.4
2006 1,129.3 2,895.0 32.9 30.7 19.9 25.9
2007* 1,165.5 3,908.7 31.2 27.7 9.6 26.1
Source: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on documents from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Source: Prepared by the Congressional Research Service based on documents from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.