Proceedings of the 37

th
National & 4
th
International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and
Fluid Power
FMFP2010
December 16-18, 2010, IIT Madras, Chennai, India
FMFP2010 240
STEADY LAMINAR FORCED CONVECTION FROM A CIRCULAR CYLINDER
USING HIGHER ORDER COMPACT SCHEME
Devicharan Chirla Ajay Kumar S Hema Sundar Raju B
Dept.oI Mechanical Engg. Dept.oI Mechanical Engg. Dept.oI Mathematics
Pondicherry Engg. College Pondicherry Engg. College Pondicherry Engg. College
Pondicherry-14 Pondicherry-14 Pondicherry-14
devicharanreddygmail.com ajayapriliagmail.com rajubhsrediIImail.com
SivaKumar R Subbarayudu K Sekhar T V S
Dept.oI Physics Dept.oI Mechanical Engg. Dept.oI Mathematics
Pondicherry University Pondicherry Engg.College Pondicherry Engg.College
Pondicherry-14 Pondicherry 14 Pondicherry - 14
rs4670gmail.com karumuripec.edu sekhartvsyahoo.co.in

ABSTRACT:
The heat transIer due to Iorced convection
Irom a circular cylinder in a steady stream
oI viscous and incompressible Iluid is
calculated using Iourth order compact
scheme in cylindrical Polar coordinate
system. The compact scheme is applied in
a simple but eIIective way Ior convection
terms oI the energy equation and avoided
tedious calculations. The results are
calculated Ior Reynolds number Re 10,
20 and 40 Ior which the Ilow is steady and
boundary layer separation is visible and
Ior Pandtl numbers Pr 0.73, 1, 2, 5 and
8. As the temperature gradients are
expected to vary more near the surIace oI
the cylinder a transIormation r e
a
and 0
aq is used. This transIormation yields
Iine resolution near the surIace oI the
cylinder and coarser mesh Iar Irom the
cylinder and also we achieve the solution
in a non-uniIorm grid while maintaining
the uniIorm grid in computational plane.
The local and mean Nusselt numbers are
calculated and compared with literature
values.
INTRODUCTION:
The schemes like Central DiIIerence
Scheme (CDS), Upwind DiIIerence
Schemes have compact stencils as shown
in 'Fig.1 which is convenient Ior
computation.
(i,j1)

(i-1,j) (i,j) (i1,j)

(i,j-1)
Figure 1: Second order stencil

In many scientiIic and engineering
modelling applications such as in global
ocean modelling and wide area weather
Iorecasting the computational domain are
huge and the grid space is not small. So in
this case the standard O(h
2
) discretization
schemes may need Iine mesh griddings to
yield approximate solutions oI acceptable
accuracy otherwise it is diIIicult to capture
the Ilow phenomena. In such cases higher
order discretization schemes are essential.

1
Proceedings of the 37th National & 4th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power
December 16-18, 2010, IIT Madras, Chennai, India.

FMFP10 - CF - 02
So the traditional Iourth order
approximations came in to existence which
involves non-compact stencils as shown in
'Fig.2 (Barayani (2003)) to meet the
above requirements.


) , 2 ( f i
) , ( f i



Figure 2: Fourth order non-compact stencil
This scheme is non-compact and involves
ghost points near the boundaries and
makes the computation complicated.
Recently there has been increasing
interest in developing Iourth order
compact schemes as shown in the 'Fig. 3
Ior solving convection-diIIusion equation
and Navier-Stokes equations. The
advantages oI these schemes are
(1) Unconditional stability: although the
coeIIicient matrices are no longer
diagonally dominant Ior large Re, the
schemes have been shown numerically
stable Ior large Re. (2) High accuracy: it
has been shown that these schemes do
produce numerical solution oI Iourth
accuracy Ior the convection-diIIusion
equation and oI high accuracy Ior Navier-
stokes equations with small to medium Re.
(3) Easy treatment: Since the
computational stencil involves only
nearest nine grid points, the schemes are oI
compact type and no special Iormulae is
needed Ior approximating grid points near
the boundaries oI a regularly stretched
domain.

(i-1,j1) (i,j1) (i1,j1)

(i,j)
(i-1,j) (i1,j)
(i-1,j-1) (i,j-1) (i1,j-1)
Figure 3: Fourth order compact stencil
Most oI the heat transIer problems are not
attempted with higher order compact
schemes which are gaining attention in
recent years. An attempt Ior improved
accuracy is achieved by Baranyi (2003), in
their study oI Iorced convection heat
transIer Irom a circular cylinder. Baranyi
(2003), employed traditional Iourth order
central diIIerences Ior diIIusion terms and
pressure derivatives while modiIied third
order upwind scheme Ior convective terms.
Recently Jiten et al (2001) employed
Iourth order compact scheme to steady
state natural convection in their thermally
driven square cavity problem in cartesian
coordinate system. The literature on
Higher Order Compact Schemes (HOCS)
is restricted to Cartesian coordinate system
and less applied in curvilinear coordinate
system(MingLiet al 1995). In this paper
we have applied HOCS in cylindrical
geometry and also the convective terms in
the energy equations are handled in an
eIIective and comprehensive manner. we
obtained Iourth order accurate Iorced
convection heat transIer solutions Irom a
circular cylinder on 9point compact
stencil.
PROBLEM FORMULATION:
Consider the Ilow oI a steady
incompressible viscous Iluid past a
cylinder with uniIorm Iree stream velocity
U

(Irom leIt to right). A cylindrical

coordinate system with origin at the centre
oI cylinder is chosen with as the
upstream side. Both the Iluid motion and
the temperature Iield are axially symmetric

2
) 1 , ( + f i
) , 1 ( f i +
) , 2 ( f i +
) , 1 ( f i
) 1 , ( f i
) 2 , ( f i
) 2 , ( + f i
and hence all computations have been
perIormed only in one oI the symmetric
region. In order to have Iine resolution
near the surIace oI the cylinder, the
transIormation


, e r
has been used along the radial direction
and angular direction, which provides the
solution in the non-uniIorm physical plane
while keeping the uniIorm grid in the
computational plane. The Iluid motion is
described by radial and transverse
components oI (q
r,
q
0
) in a plane through
axis oI symmetry which are obtained by
dividing the corresponding dimensional
components by the main-stream velocity
U

. The velocity components are

expressed in terms oI a dimensionless
stream Iunction ( ) , such that the
equation oI continuity
0 . q
is satisIied.
They are

e
q
r

e
q --(1)
The velocity components
r
q and

q
are
obtained by solving the momentum
equation expressed in vorticity stream
Iunction Iormulation. The curl oI the
momentum equation is

( )
2
Re
2
q --(2)
Where q is the Iluid velocity and

is the
vorticity deIined by

q
--(3)
The velocity Iield is obtained by solving
equations (1-4) using a Iinite diIIerence
method developed by Sekhar et al
(2006).The simpliIication will eliminate
nonlinear terms oI unknown quantities
with the transIormation


, e r
yields ,in the
vorticitystream Iunction Iorm as Iollows:

0
2 2
2
2
2
2
+

e
--(4)

]
]
]
,

2
Re
2
2
2
2
--(5)
Equations (4) and (5) must now be solved
subject to the Iollowing boundary
conditions
On the surIace oI the cylinder
At large distances Irom the cylinder
Along the axis oI symmetry
II the physical properties oI the Iluid are
assumed to be constant and the internal
generation oI heat by Iriction is neglected,
the energy equation is given by


--(6)
where T(
,
) is the non dimensionalized
temperature, deIined by subtracting the
main-Ilow temperature T

Irom the
temperature and dividing by T
s
- T

.
Re
v
aU

2
where Re is the Reynolds
number based on the diameter. The
boundary conditions Ior the temperature
are
On the surIace oI the cylinder
At large distances Irom cylinder

3
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

T T T T
2
Pr Re
2
2
2
2
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
,
\
,
(
j

2
2
2
1
, 0 ); 0 (

( ) 0 , sin ~ : ) (

e
( ) 0 , 0 : 1 and 0
1 : 0 T
0 : T
Along the axis oI symmetry
HIGHER ORDER COMPCAT SCHEME:
The equation (6) is rewritten as

--(7)
where

--(8)
The velocity components
r
q and

q

in the equation (7) are obtained using
Iourth order approximation Irom the
stream equation

.Applying standard
central diIIerence operators to equation (7)

0
, , , , , ,
2
,
2
+ +
f i f i f i f i f i f i f i
er T a T c T T

--(9)
The truncation error oI equation (9) is
f i
T k T h T
a
k T
c
h
er
4
4 2
4
4 2
3
3 2
3
3 2
,
12 12 12 12
2
]
]
]
,

,
(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

( )
4 4
, k h O +
--(10)
where h and k are grid spacing in the radial
and angular directions, respectively.
Using above eqns in (7) gives
+ +
f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i
T D T o T g T f T e
,
2 2
2 , . , . ,
2
. ,
2
.

0
, , ,
2
2 ,
2
2
+ +
f i f i f i f i
T w T aD T cD

--(11)
where

T a T c
2
2
2
2





f i f i f i f i f i
a c D c
k
a
h
w
, , 2 ,
2
,
2
,
6 6
+




The values oI c and a are evaluated using
the equation (7) and the values oI

c
,

a

c
,

a
,
2
2

c
,
2
2

a
,
2
2

c
,
2
2

a
are
obtained by diIIerentiating the expressions
c and d given in equation (8).
Two dimensional cross derivative
operators on a uniIorm anisotropic mesh
are given by

hk
T T T T
T
f i f i f i f i
f i
4
1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
,
+ + + +
+

4
0 : 1 and 0

T
0
2
2
2
2

T
a
T
c
T T
r
q e c

2
Pr Re

q e a
2
Pr Re

12
2 2
2
k h
D
+

( )
]
]
]
,

,
+
f i
f i
f i
a a
k
f
,
,
2
2
,
2
12
1

( ) ( )
]
]
]
,

,
+ +
f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i
a a a
k
a c a
h
a o
, , ,
2
2
, , ,
2
2
, ,
12 12


( ) ( )
]
]
]
,

,
+ +
f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i
c a c
k
c c c
h
c g
, , ,
2
2
, , ,
2
2
, ,
12 12


( )
]
]
]
,

,
+
f i
f i
f i
c c
h
e
,
,
2
2
,
2
12
1

T a T
a
T c T
c
T T
f i f i
2
,
2
2
,
2
3
3
3

T c T
c
T a T
a
T T
f i f i
2
,
2
2
,
2
3
3
3
+

T
a c
T
c
T
a
T
c
T T
f i f i
f i
f i f i
2
, ,
2
2
,
2
2
3
,
2
3
,
2 2
4
4
4
+

T a
c
T c
c
T a T c
f i f i , ,
2
2
2
2 2

T a T a T c
a
T a
a
T c
f i f i 2
2
2
2
, ,
2
2
+

2
2 2
, ,
2
2
,
2
2
3
,
2
3
,
2 2
4
4
4
2

T a T
a c
T
a
T
c
T
a
T T
f i f i
f i
f i f i
k h
T T T T T T
T
f i f i f i f i f i f i
f i
2
1 , 1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
,
2
2
2 2
+ + + + +
+ +

2
, 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
,
2
2
2 2
h k
T T T T T T
T
f i f i f i f i f i f i
f i
+ + + + +
+ +

2 2
, 1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1
,
2 2
4 2 2 2 2
k h
T T T T T T T T T
T
i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i f i
f i
+ + + +

+ + + + + +


For evaluating boundary conditions, along
the axis oI symmetry , the derivative

T
is
approximated by Iourth order Iorward
diIIerence along 00(i.e., j1) and Iourth
order backward diIIerence along 0

(or
jm1) as Iollows.

[ ] ) 5 , ( 3 ) 4 , ( 16 ) 3 , ( 36 ) 2 , ( 48
25
1
) 1 , ( i T i T i T i T i T +
[ ] ) 3 , ( 3 ) 2 , ( 1 6 ) 1 , ( 3 6 ) , ( 4 8
2 5
1
) 1 , ( + + m i T m i T m i T m i T m i T
The algebraic system oI equations
obtained using the Iourth order compact
scheme described as above are solved
using point Gauss-Seidel method in a
512 x 512 grid. The norm is continued
until the norm oI the dynamic residuals is
less than 10
-5
.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:
It is well known that the boundary layer
separation Ior the steady viscous
incompressible Ilow around a circular
cylinder starts around Re

10 and the
boundary layer separation length and
separation angle increases with increase in
Re up to Re ~ 47(Norberg 2003,
Williamson, 1996a,), beyond which the
Ilow becomes unstable. In this report the
numerical experiments have been
perIormed Ior Re 10, 20 and 40 with
Prandtl numbers 0.73, 1, 2, 5 and 8 over a
Iine grid oI 512

512. The outer boundary

oI the computational domain used in all
the simulations is taken as 50.48 times the
radius oI the cylinder Ior Re 10, 20 and
40.43 times the radius oI the cylinder Ior
Re 40.
The heat Ilux q(0) Irom the cylinder to the
Iluid is computed using
q(0)
0
) (

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

T
a
T T k
s
where k is thermal conductivity and a is
the radius oI the cylinder.
The local Nusselt number is deIined by
( )
0

2

) (
) ( 2


(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

T
T T k
aq
Nu
s

-- (12)
and the mean Nusselt number as

a
T
N
m
0
1
0

(
(
,
\
,
,
(
j

-- (13)
In the equations (12) and (13) the

T
is
approximated with Iourth order Iinite
diIIerences and the integration in (13) is
evaluated using Simpson`s 1/3 rule.
The developed scheme is validated with
the available experimental and theoretical
results. The mean Nusselt number Nm and
Nusselt number at 0 a (Iront stagnation
point ) and 0 0 (rear stagnation point) are
presented in table (1) and the comparisons
are made with experimental results oI
(Kramers, 1946) and theoretical results oI
Dennis et al (1968) and the present results
are in good agreement with those literature
papers.The eIIect oI local Nusselt number
on the surIace cylinder with respect to
Prandtl number and Reynolds numbers are
presented in Iollowing Iigures. From these
Iigures it is Iound that the local Nusselt
number decreases along the surIace oI the
cylinder until it reaches near stagnation
point beyond which it increases in Iar
down stream. This phenomenon is in line
with recent results oI Baranyi (2003). The

S
behaviour has been observed Ior all
simulations perIormed in this study. This
is in contrast to low Reynolds Ilows where
in the local Nusselt number decreases all
along the surIace oI the cylinder |Dennis et
al (1968)|. The increase oI local Nusselt
number in the downstream region i.e.,
observed here is due to separation and
reversal oI the Ilow. Figs 9 and 10 show
the variation oI temperature with radial
distance along 0 a/2 where we observed
that temperature and thermal gradient
increase with increase oI Prandtl number.
Figure 4: Angular variation oI local
Nusselt number Ior Pr 0.73.

Figure 5: Angular variation oI local
Nusselt number Ior Pr 8.
Figure 6: Angular variation oI Local
Nusselt number Ior Re 10

6
Figure 7: Angular variation oI local
Nusselt number Ior Re 40
Figure 8: Variation oI Mean Nusselt
number with Prandtl number
Figure9: variation oI temperature with
radial distance 0 a/2 Ior Re 10
Fig.10 variation oI temperature with radial
distance 0 a/2 Ior Re 40

7
Reynold
s
number
Prandtl
number
Present Calculated values Calculated
results by
Kramers
N
m
Calculated
results by
Dennis
N
m
Nu
(00 rear
stagnation
point)
Nu
(0a Iront
stagnation
point)
N
m
10
0.73
1.43207 2.9126 2.0326 2.0124 1.897
1
1.29532 3.0247 2.0237 2.2224 2.095
2
1.086 3.9298 2.3627 2.7482 ---
5
0.93613 5.7495 3.3463 3.6452 ---
8
0.93664 6.7598 3.8839 4.2166 ---
20
0.73 1.24092 3.7585 2.2270 2.6920 2.557
1 1.11984 4.3676 2.5414 2.9694 2.827
2
1.01017 5.8866 3.3089 3.6867 ---
5
1.055258 8.2358 4.5376 4.9151 ---
8
1.17925 9.709 5.2709 5.6996 ---
40
0.73
1.1629 5.7919 3.2720 3.4801 3.480
1
1.26119 6.5305 3.6390 4.0249 ---
2 1.63166 8.4535 4.5997 5.0124 ---
5 2.68335 11.766 6.3066 6.7109 ---
8 3.47022 13.894 7.47313 7.7967 ---
Table 1 Comparison oI Nusselt number values with available results

8
CONCLUSIONS:
In this study the heat transIer Irom a
circular cylinder is considered. The
governing energy equation is discretized
with the Iourth order compact scheme in
cylindrical polar coordinates to achieve
Iourth order accurate heat transIer
solutions. Although HOCS and the
physical problem are not new, HOCS is
applied to energy equation in cylindrical
geometry, probably Iirst time, to achieve
Iourth order accurate heat transIer
solutions. Also, the convection terms in
the energy equation are handled in a
simple and eIIective way. A
transIormation

e r is used along the
radial direction to achieve accurate results
near the surIace oI cylinder. This
transIormation provides the solution in a
non-uniIorm physical plane while keeping
the uniIorm grid in the computational
plane. The numerical experiments have
been perIormed Ior Re 10, 20 and 40 and
Ior Pr oI O (1). The local and mean
Nusselt numbers are calculated and
discussed. The results agree with the
experimental and theoretical Iindings
which are available in literature. It is Iound
that the diagonal dominance Ior the linear
system oI equations is maintained Ior all
parameters oI the Ilow. The results are
presented mostly in the Iorm oI graphs oI
(Re, Nu) and (Pr, Nu). It is Iound that
the local Nusselt number decreases along
the surIace oI the cylinder until it reaches
near the stagnation point and then
increases. The mean Nusselt number
increases with increase oI Pr and Re. The
results are Iourth order accurate and the
scheme is Iound to be stable.
REFERENCES:
Baranyi L (2003),Computation oI
unsteady momentum and heat transIer
Irom a Iixed circular cylinder in laminar
Ilow , J. Comp ana Appl. Mechanics 4,
13-25.
Jiten C. Kalita, D C Dolal and A K Dass
(2001), Fully compact higher order
computation oI steady state natural
convection in a square cavity, Phys.Rev.E
60,006703.
Ming Li, Tao Tang and Bengt Forenberg
(1995), A compact Iourth order Iinite
diIIerence scheme Ior steady
incompressible Navier-Stokes equation,
intl.J.Numerical methoas in
Fluias.,Vol.20,1137-1157.
Norberg C (2003),Fluctuating liIt on a
circular cylinder: review and new
measurements, J. Fluias ana structures,
Vol.17, pp.57-96.
Sekhar T V S, Sivakumar R and
Ravikumar T V R, (2006), 'Flow around a
circular cylinder in an external magnetic
Iield at high Reynolds numbers,
intl.J.Numerical methoas for Heat & Fluia
Flow.,Vol.16,pp.740-759.
Sekhar T V S, Sivakumar R and Harish
Kumar, (2005) 'Numerical solutions Ior
steady viscous Ilow past a circular
cylinder in an aligned magnetic Iield, J.
Comp. ana Appl. Mechanics
http.//mab.mtu.hu/s:eia.
Welliamson C H K (1996a),Vortex
dynamics in the cylinder wake,
Ann.Rev.Fluia Mech., Vol.28.,pp.477-539.
Zhang J (2003), Appl.Math.Comput.109
11-30.

9