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Introduction
The migration of intellectual manpower from less developed countries to more developed countries is a global phenomenon. The most prominent migration of intellect is from the poor and developing countries to the rich and advanced countries. The recent trend of globalization has been characterized as the flow and exchange of goods, services, capital, and informative services and at high level qualified skilled labor. Pakistan is a developing country which is confronted with the great loss of highly skilled workers to green pastures and for compensating that government offers high incentives in order to retain a critical number of engineers, scientists, and another professional in their countries. Research work conducted by South Asia Network of Economic Research Institutes identified that the most important cause of immigration of scientists has been identified as desire to be part of global knowledge. Developed countries specifically Western Europe, USA, and Eastern Asia led by Japan established scientific networks comprising of scientists from developed and developing countries to build scientific capabilities. All these factors lead towards the hiring of foreign faculty members for the attainment of those economic and social loss created by the emigration of highly skilled professional workers. It is generally argued that this outflow is compensated through remittances and brain circulation. In this regard both skilled and semi-skilled workers are encouraged to seek employment abroad to overcome the unemployment, economical problems etc, although it worked for a short span but if we look into depth we come to the conclusion that we are lacking professionals specifically in health and Education fields. A recent study by World Bank identified that shortage of skilled workers in a country is the main cause of our poor industrial growth and development. It

is therefore, a matter of great concern to investigate the causes of migration of qualified persons from Pakistan. In this report an attempt has been made to investigate the reasons of intellectual migration, so called Brain Drain, along with various measures to minimize the effects of migration at government level /International level would be studied in detail to understand the phenomena in depth. In conclusion all this study would lead towards suggestions and solutions which could be beneficial for future research areas as well as for policy level interventions.

Literature Review
The British Royal Society first coined the expression Brain Drain to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to the United States and Canada in the 1950s and early 1960s. It is normally used as synonymous of the movement of Human Capital (HC hereafter), where the net flow of expertise is heavily in one direction.

Phase-1 (1950s to 1960s)

Grubel and Scott identified that developed and developing country benefit in the field of science and technology. Pierpaolo Giannocolo found that with heavy outflow of qualified workers the sending country effect socially as well as economically. The outflow of scientists and technologists was focused from Europe (and primarily the UK) to the United States and Canada. For instance reviews of effect of the immigration Act of 1965 on the demographic characteristics of USA. Kannappan stated heavy outflow of skilled labor from poor countries their economic potentials were losing especially when turning to the productivity levels. According to Portes initially brain drain was considered very harmful for the native countries. They claimed that the situation exists because of the development of North and backwardness of South.

Phase-2 (1970s-1990s)
Reviews of most of the scholars concluded that the term brain drain is not beneficial for the native country, while host country gain benefits from the inflow of qualified skilled workers. In this connection the solution suggested is to implement migration policies, to create and to fortify the role of the International Organizations and Institutions on the management of the

migration flows.8During 1970s the BD was termed as North/South, developing developed issue. Literature shows that BD is deteriorating factor to the welfare of the countries. As per circumstances Bhagwati proposed a Brain Drain Tax. This tax should from one side, reduce the high outflow and from the other perspective developed countries pay to the LDCs for draining their scientific and economical elites. Reviews of the researches on Bhagwatis proposal we find debate which culminate in the Bellagio Conference on the Brain Drain and Income Taxation, in Italy from 15 to 19 February 1975, where the scientist discussed deeply these arguments.

Phase-3(1990-till date)
However in mid 1990s a new trend termed as new economics of brain drain emerged with rapid advancement in globalization and growth in information and communications technologies. It argued that under such

circumstances, migration of professionals from developing countries maybe blessing and the potential gains could be higher than costs. In shorted may have both positive and negative effects on the sending countries. The economists who created harmonized databases of skilled migration rates and the positive effects of brain drain were to some extent verified. The scholars who present the theory argue that the detrimental impacts of skilled outflow on human capital may countervail by positive impacts of migration. Several new phenomena were introduced in this period with a view that migration perspective increases the attractiveness of educational investments in the sending economy, thus contributing to increased accumulation of human capital and faster growth Locus Effect of induced education by Beine et al. brain effect and Schiff brain gain.

Stark at al, identified that the Diaspora may return to their homelands, bringing social, physical and human capital accumulated abroad, thus contributing to the economic development that is brain migration. Ghosh, concluded that the migrants transfer part of their in comeback. These transfers in some cases e.g. Dominican Republic, Jordan constitute a large part of the national income, if properly utilized may help to boost the economic growth. Kugler and Rapport acknowledge the Diasporas effects-even staying abroad overseas skilled migrants may contribute in the development and progress of country by offering expertise, skills, advice or simply investing their money. This effect may be observed directly-as the FDIs and their companies or indirectly when the Diaspora members encourage other entities to do so.

Terminologies of Brain Drain

During the years vast terminology concerning brain mobility arose. Lowell and Findlay mention these terms: Optimal Brain Drain Optimal brain drain theory is based on the hypothesis that some developing countries can benefit from the right amount of skilled emigration. Brain Waste The term brain waste is used in the case when highly skilled is underemployed. Physicians working as taxi drivers are a good example of this phenomenon. This situation occurs both in the sending and receiving country.

Brain Circulation Brain circulation refers to lively return migration of the native born. Returnees re-supplied the highly educated population in the sending country and boosts source country productivity. Brain Exchange Brain exchange occurs when the loss of native-born workers is offset by an equivalent Inflow of highly skilled foreign workers. A given source country may exchange highly skilled migrants with one or many foreign countries. Brain Globalization Some level of skilled mobility is needed to participate in the global economy. Multinational corporations and the forces of globalization necessarily require international mobility. Brain Export Brain export is defined as a strategy to educate and export highly skilled workers in order to gain economic feedbacks. In a few cases, developing countries choose to educate and export their highly skilled workers, either in bilateral contract programs or in free- agent emigration. The strategy is to improve the national balance sheet through return of earnings and the return of more-experienced workers, or through remittances, technology educated from a given country who emigrated. Applying the data gained, there are two transfer and investment.

Pakistan Brain Drain

Literature is reviewed to develop and understand the magnitude of Pakistan Brain Drain. Causes (Push and pull) factors and various measures at national and international level to tackle this issue were reviewed from different resources. Reviewed studies were divided into three parts; Magnitude of Pakistan Brain Drain, causes of brain drain, various attempts to stop this issue domestically (in Pakistan context) and internationally.

The Magnitude of the Pakistan Brain Drain

Several studies have documented the loss of skilled Pakistani qualified Emigration. Although precise numbers of overseas skilled Pakistanis in terms is not identified, the following statement highlights the magnitude and impact of the problem. UNESCO 127th Executive conference discussed about the highly skilled migration rate of Pakistan increased by more than50%from 6.1 in 1990 to 9.2 in 2000. During the period 1961-1976 the highest number of migrating skilled personnel to the US and UK, Canada came from Asia. Trends of migration (2002-2008), show the ratio of skilled and unskilled migrants. Since 1971 the qualified migrants comprising of engineers, doctors, IT specialists and other professionals are trained by government financial resources. A very small percentage of the age group is enrolled in institutions of higher learning also there is shortage of institutions providing quality education. With the migration of doctors, engineers, and teachers and other professionals health, education, industrial and constructional fields are badly affected. Migration trends show the failure of the

government to provide sufficient opportunities and incentives to retain its qualified workers. World Bank study of 2007 identified Pakistan Infrastructure Capacity Assessment shows 1971-2000 skilled manpower was 1.236. This number is soared to 1.641 million during 2000-2005. Out of these 23078 were engineers. In 2007 1800 engineers emigrated overseas which is almost the 70% of the numbers trained in 2006. Habibullah Khan & M.Shahaidul Islam discussed on the total number of Pakistani skilled workers to OECD countries (age of 25 or more or older), 85668 were immigrated with 6022 Primary level, 22458Secondary level, and 57188 with tertiary education which shows that majority of the migrants possess tertiary qualifications. Dr. S. M. Ali stated that according to Bureau of emigration and overseas employment Pakistan the outflow of highly-qualified migrants increased from 1,292 in 1995 to 3,291 in 2004.20 However, the share of highly-qualified migrants remains low at around 1.9 percent in

2004.Migrants in this category include those with either minimum tertiary education (a bachelor degree) or very high level of tertiary education, such as Master / Ph. D. holders and very specialized education similarly, from 1995 to 2004.The outflow of highly-skilled Pakistanis has been on the rise from 7,681 to 15,557. In 2004, the share of highly-skilled migrants was around 8.9 percent of total migration outflows. These people have tertiary education but may or may not hold very advanced tertiary education. Migrants in this category include secretaries, mechanics, nurses, etc.

Causes of Brain Drain

Normally causes of outflow of talented emigrants for developed market economies are covered in general by means of push-pull model .Push and pull factors regarding brain drain appear to be rooted in the unequal economic development of the emigration and immigration countries.

Economic Reasons Researchers argue that a highly qualified professional opts for emigration generally for economic reasons, for example, job satisfaction, progressive environment, higher salary, better living conditions etc. It is apparent from the history that countries that have provided these attractions have experienced the largest number of professional migrants. Furthermore, these migrants have made significant contributions to the economic growth of host countries. The movement and interaction of skilled personnel is considered to be productive but the cost of losing intellectual minds to the home countries can never be calculated in terms of both opportunities and investment. Poverty, ignorance, war against terrorism, and financial instability has resulted in poor living standards in the country which has forced professionals to run away from their country. Furthermore, lack of facilities, resources, technology, infrastructure and opportunities force these skilled professionals to move abroad where these facilities and advanced technology is available. Lack of Academic Resources According to prior researchers, foreign countries, especially the United States and those in Europe have been green pastures for scientists, engineers and doctors because payment at home is negligible in comparison. The education system in Pakistan is not well structured and

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developed and thus students leave for abroad for higher studies and most of them never return since they are offered better job opportunities after completing their education. These students think that the degree obtained from a developed country is much better than Pakistans. The Pakistani Government has never paid much attention to reengineering of its academic institutions especially higher education universities. This is the reason why none of the Pakistani universities was ranked among top 25 Universities of the Islamic World. Among the top 25 most productive institutions in the Islamic World, 10 are in Turkey, 5 in Egypt, 3 in Saudi Arabia and 2 in Malaysia. The three most productive institutions which contributed higher number of papers belong to Turkey and are: University Hecetteppe (8979 research papers), University of Istanbul (6488 research papers) and Ankara University (5982 research papers). The three most productive scientists of past ten years are: Fun, HK (729 research papers) of University Sains Malaysia, Ng,SW (530 research papers) of University Malaya and Shamsipur M. (322 research papers) of University of Tehran (Naim and Atta ur Rahman, 2005). It is so unfortunate to see none of Pakistani universities in these lists. Role of Political Factors Literature on factors causing brain drain shows that political factors have a crucial role to play in defining the trends of migration/brain drain. The reasons for the deteriorating environment are the weaknesses we are still confronting in various areas of governance which need to be given a strong priority and commitment on the part of the government. There is a dire need in Pakistan to promote and practice good governance by stemming out corruption, conflicts and tribal clashes. It is necessary to

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ensure unbiased and uniform distribution of resources to make certain political stability. Diplomacy should be given a top priority to resolve conflicts rather than going in conflicts or wars to decide disagreements. Ensuring good governance would result in a better political stability and encourage professionals to stay in their home countries. No prior research information was available through secondary sources on this topic in Pakistan. A research report similar to this one was available which was conducted on the brain drain in OIC countries. The report brought to light almost similar reasons for brain drain in OIC countries including Pakistan. Moreover, the research also pointed out some measures that could help prevent loss of intellectual minds of these countries. These preventions include: Improvement of working conditions in private sector Investment in research and development Development of technological capabilities Identification of job opportunities for educated individuals Facilitation of social insurance benefits Development and strengthening of operating institutions

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SAMPLING
We have used stratified sampling technique to define our sample. The sample comprised of Two Hundred respondents all of which were undergraduate students. In order to get responses from all the fields, the questionnaires were distributed in business schools, engineering

universities, and medical colleges. For that matter we covered IBA, NED, SSUET, AKU, Dow Medical College, and Bahria University. The distribution is graphed as follows:

Sample Distribution
22% 50% 28% Business Students (125) Engineering Students (70) Medical Students (55)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

We have selected the sample from universities of Karachi, like IBA, NED, NUST, SIR SYED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DUHS, and KMDC etc. We have only observed the behavior of Medical, Engineering and Business Students, because we want to narrow down our target population, in order to make the conclusion as concise and accurate as possible.

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This sample is defined to fill up our questionnaire as well as for focus group. Our sample has 200 students, has all at the

Sample Distribution
Business Engineering Medical

undergraduate

level

and

the

following

composition; as shown in pie chart 1. 80 students from Business Schools 70 from Engineering Universities 50 from Medical Universities

Our sample participants/respondents are from diverse educational background, and the following disintegration; as in pie chart 2. 120 students have done intermediate 80 students have done Advanced Levels
intermediate A levels

Sample Educational Background

After conducting the survey, we have observed that out of the sample of 200 students, 160 students want to move abroad. These 160 students include; 60 business students, 60 engineers and 40 medical students, as shown in pie chart;

Students willing to move abroad

Business Student Engineers

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Students who prefer to stay in Pakistan

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Financial/Job Constraint No Relatives Abroad Entrepreneurship Family Business Parents Business Students 0 0 4 16 0 Engineers 4 2 0 0 4 Medical Students 2 4 0 0 4

Students, who are planning to stay in Pakistan, identify the varied reasons, as shown in chart. We have already mentioned that there are 40 students do not want to move abroad, out of 20 business students, 16 are staying because of family business and 4 students are because they are planning to start their own business. Out of 10 engineers, 2 students are staying only because they do not have any relatives abroad for the purpose of accommodation, while 4 are saying that they have some financial constraints or cannot find job abroad and remaining 4 prefer to live in Pakistan only because of their parents. Out of 10 medical students, 4 students are staying only because they do not have any relatives abroad for the purpose of accommodation, while 2 are saying that they have some financial constraints or cannot find job abroad and remaining 4 prefer to live in Pakistan only because of their parents.

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Students who prefer to go abroad

100% 90% 80% 70% Axis Title 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Middle East U.S Europe Canada Business Students 6 18 14 22 Engineers 28 10 14 8 Medical Students 6 24 8 2

As a result of these 40 students preference to live in Pakistan, our sample for rest of the research reduced to 160 students. Out these 160 students (respondent), there are almost 50% engineers who want to migrate to Middle East. These days most of the engineers pursue their future in Oil and Gas sector and in Construction sector, and since Middle Eastern countries are rich in petroleum reservoirs therefore, mechanical, chemical, electronics and petroleum students prefer to move these oil rich countries. Among the remaining 60 Business students, almost 35% students are willing to move to Canada, mainly because most of highest rating business schools are in Canada. Medical education of Pakistan is given greater

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importance in America; therefore almost 60% of medical students of DUHS and KMDC are willing to provide their services to Americans. Only 12.5% of these 160 undergraduate level students are willing to come back to Pakistan. The reasons, that forced these students to pursue their future in their motherland include; patriotism, family business, social life abroad, parents etc. as shown in figure;

Students who will come back to Pakistan

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Social life Abroad Family Business Parents Patriotism

Business Student 0 2 0 4

Engineers 4 0 4 0

Medical Student 2 0 2 2

According to our research, 6 business students, 8 engineers and 6 medical students are willing to come to Pakistan. As it is sown in the figure, 4 engineers and 2 medical student are willing to come to only because of parental pressure and unfavorable social life abroad, while only 2 out 60 business student is willing to come because of family business.

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On the other end, 2 medical students out 40 and 4 business student show love for Pakistan, and are raring to do something for the country and nation. Almost 75% students are staying abroad only because of friends and teachers pressure, it means these two factors seem to be the most determining factors for the student to migrate abroad and serve there. Parents are the least effective factor forcing the students to cause huge human capital loss.

Inernal Influencial Factors causing Brain Drain

100% 80% Axis Title 60% 40% 20% 0% Sibling Parents Teachers Friends Business Student 8 6 22 18 Enineers 10 8 18 16 Medical Students 4 0 16 14

Keeping external factors apart, internal factors which includes; sibling, friends, family and teachers also influences the students to migrate from Pakistan. Out of 54 business students, who decided to stay abroad, 22 students are influenced by their teachers, 18 students by friends 8 by siblings to serve people who are not living in Pakistan. Similarly, out of 52 engineers, who decided to stay abroad, 18 students are influenced by their

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teachers, 16 students by friends and 10 by siblings to serve people who are not living in Pakistan. Finally, out of 34 medical students, who decided to stay abroad, 16 students are influenced by their teachers, 14 students by friends 4 by siblings to serve people living abroad. Only 5% students do not acknowledge the fact that this human capital loss is hurting the national welfare, economic conditions and social life in Pakistan. Only 2 business
Yes

Loss Recognition
5%

students and 2 medical students do not admit that current plight is due to this flight of human capital, but the rest says that if they

95%

No

stay in the count situation will improve. Consequently, 90% of the students said that Government is not realizing the severity of problem and has not taken any significant steps to curb this ever growing issue of Brain Drain. Other than internal factors as mentioned above, there are enormous external influences forcing potential future leaders to pursue their future life and future in the country other than their homeland. Following are the rating given by the undergraduate students to 10 external factors responsible for Brain Drain.

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Conclusion
From our research we concluded that large numbers of students are tending to go abroad. The main reasons of brain drain are un-employment, poverty, political crisis, economical distress, bad educational system, and bad job and to improve their living standards etc. Especially students go abroad because they think that foreign degree will value them more in their job perspective. Our finding, show that a major part of students love to study and settle in Pakistan but due to the problems and reasons we have defined earlier forced them to go abroad. It is also found that improved educational system and standards can help to restrain large number of students who are expecting to go abroad.

Recommendations
There are some recommendations which are as follows to stop brain drain from Pakistan.

Recommendation by HEC
The desire of the Government of Pakistan to increase the standard of its higher education and benefit from its highly-qualified people settled abroad is reflected in the mandate, policies and programs of the Higher Education Commission (HEC). Under the aegis of HEC, foreign faculty members of Pakistani origin are encouraged to come and teach and transfer their expertise to the teachers and researchers in Pakistan and research institutes. To this end, HEC has launched a number of schemes to offer both permanent and short term employment to foreign faculty members in different public universities of Pakistan. These programmers help in skills and knowledge transfer where those prominent scholars who have gained

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skills, tools and Converting Brain Drain into Gain in Pakistan intellectual capacity from teaching and research abroad to transfer their skills to Pakistani teachers and students. In short, the phenomenon of Brain Drain can be reversed and turned into an advantage if mechanisms are put in place to benefit from the foreign trained professionals. According to HEC, the response to their programs has been very good though no accurate data on the return of these faculty members are available. Foreign qualified Pakistanis with PhDs and post-doctorate have returned on both permanent and short term basis thus elevating the standard of higher education in the country. As early 2006 about 250 PhD expatriate have returned to Pakistan during past couple of years under the HEC Foreign Faculty Programmed.

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Role of political will in the prevention of Brain Drain:

The reasons for the deteriorating environment are the weaknesses we are still confronting in various areas of governance which need to be given a strong priority and commitment on the part of the Governments in the Pakistan. There is a dire need in Pakistan to promote and practice good governance by stemming out corruption, conflicts and tribal clashes. It is necessary to ensure unbiased and uniform distribution of resources to make certain political stability. Diplomacy should be given a top priority to resolve conflicts rather than going in conflicts or wars to decide disagreements. Ensuring good governance would result in a better political stability and encourage professionals and students to stay in their home countries. Reasons we recommended that help out in preventing brain drain are as follows: Improve quality of education Economic stability Employment opportunities. Hiring the qualified and faculty

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