CAR-PARKS

In accordance w l t h t h e regulations applicable t o garages. small garages are d e f ~ n e d as those w l t h ~ 1 0 0 neffective i ~ area. m e d l u m garages are those w l t h 100-1000mZ e f f e c t i v e area; large garages are those w t t h 11000m2 effective area U n d e r g r o u n d garages are defined as those w t t h the floor level o n average 2 1 . 3 0 m b e l o w t h e surface of the g r o u n d Separate entrances a n d exits m u s t b e p r o v l d e d for large garages These garages are n o r m a l l y located close t o p o t n t s of m a j o r t r a f f ~ c congestion such as railway stattons, airports, s h o p p l n g centres, theatres. ctnernas, offlce a n d a d m l n l s t r a t l o n blocks a n d large resldentlal b u ~ l d l n g s . M e d l u m a n d large garages m u s t b e located In e a s ~ l y accesstble areas. h a v e a clear h e a d r o o m of 2 . 0 0 m , even b e l o w the m a i n beams, ventllatton ducts a n d other structural components. O n the g r o u n d floor, thls clear h e a d r o o m is n o r m a l l y larger, as the space is o f t e n used for other purposes. To a c c o m m o d a t e s m a l l transport vehtcles, t h ~ shetght s h o u l d be 2 . 5 0 m . Floor loadlngs m u s t b e In accordance w l t h local standards Open garages have o p e n i n g s w h i c h cannot b e closed (equal In s12e t o o n e thlrd of the total area of t h e outslde walls) leadlng dtrectly i n t o the o p e n alc a n d even , d i v i d e d In such a w a y that there ts continuous t h r o u g h - v e n t ~ l a t ~ o n i n t h e presence of weather screentng. s a n ingenious e x a m p l e o f a car-park In t h e centre o f Geneva There 1 beneath t h e rlver Rhone. T h e entrance a n d extt p o i n t s are o n t h e Vehhlcles can easlly fllter In a n d o u t approaches t o the Rhone brldge + o f t h e traffic f l o w b y means of access r a m p s o n b o t h sldes. A l l storeys are accessed b y a rlght-hand drlve u p a central s l o p l n g r a m p - $ No

Longitudinal ramp

a
@

Large garage at Siemens

Transverse ramp

Section

10
t 7 95+7 95+7

9 5 t 5 004

. 'cD

staff are necessarv as there are automatic parklng tlcket machlnes In use Trie L r rer a f o r the q.ral tv o f m..lt storey :ar parks are safzt, n ..sc r. ear vls D 11) [)ark n g - s p a c e nlarkltlq t o c n a o ~ e dr,vers 13 r r l n e m u i r t11c5 ocatton of tne r vnh cles, a n u ntcgrat 011 n t o tnc c s n t i x t o f I.lnrl p l a n n rig Other factors t o b e considered are: natural lhghttng a n d ventllatlon. clear v i e w s t o t h e outside, plants a n d greenery a n d a s l m p l e system o f collecting charges.

8
Plan view of multi-storey ramped car-park
high water
LO

escape passage key out vent~laf~o ducts n rnergency e x l t

u
0
5

10

15 ZOm

-- - - --- . - . --

entrances

pedestr~ans entrances and exits emergency exlt

design a n d construc1,on C Zschokke

Under lake car-park in Geneva, Switzerland, Plan view of 1st floor. 372 parking spaces

CAR-PARKS
Examples + - @ show how parking spaces can be creatively integrated into their surroundings without restricting their use. Parking spaces can be completely or partially sunken or provided with roof planting to increase Planting not only enhances the area of open space + 0-0. the look of the area, but also provides shade and improves the environment by absorbing dust. There are various ramp systems for gaining access to upper and lower floors of car-parks. The gradients of the ramps should not exceed 15%, or in the case of small garages 20%. A horizontal run of more than 5 m must be included between an area carrying general traffic and ramps with more than 5% gradient. For car ramps the run must be more than 3 m long, with ramps that can be up to 10% gradient. The options available for the arrangement and design of ramps can be summarised under four main headings 0- 0: (1) straight, parallel and continuous multi-storey ramps with intermediate landings, with separate ramps for up and down traffic located at opposite ends + (2)sloping floors, with a full width ramp with no loss of space. The entire car-park structure consists of sloping levels. A space-saving system is shown r @ - 0with a gradient of more than 6%; (3) offset half storeys (D'Humy ramps); parking areas are offset half storeys, height is gained by the use of short rampso-@and (4) spiral ramps - a relatively expensive design which lacks good visibility. The circular shape makes poor use of remaining areas + @ - @ and + @ and @. Spiral ramps must have a transverse gradient of more than 3%. The radius of the edge of the inner lane must be more than 5m. In large garages where special pedestrian routes are not provided, the ramps that are used by both vehicles and pedestrians must have a raised pavement at least 80cm wide. Medium-sized and large garages must have the following minimum width of lanes at entrances and exits: 3 m when used by vehicles up to 2 m wide; 3.5m when used by wider vehicles.

Banking

Earth wall

2
@
Plant cover

T
2 10

Canopy (for sound-proofing)

@)

Roofed over

At a lower level

a-@;

Multi-storey structure with full ramps

Plan view

+a-@;

Full ramps, no loss of space Gradient 56%

Plan view

Half-storey ramp car-park (D'Humy system)

Plan view

13% gradient

Spiral ramp ear-park

Plan view + @. The smaller the ramp radius, the wider the lane

Basic forms of D'Humy ramp Ramps have 13-15% gradient

Dovetailing of storeys

Separate circular towers for ramps a t the corners

@ Plan

view

Spiral ramp, adjacent up and down lanes

Double spiral ramps, superimposed up and down lanes

access lane

access lane

CAR-PARKS
" \
All the load bearing components of multistorey car-parks (floors, walls, support columns, bracing) m u s t be fire-resistant. Garages o p e n t o t h e air m u s t be o f fire retardant d e s ~ g n . The recommended clearance height in multistorey and basement garages is 2.20m. It is sensible t o allow an extra 25cm for directional signs for drivers and pedestrians. A further 5 c m is required for subsequent repair coats t o the wearing surface. giving a total mean height of 2.50m, plus structures above the access lanes, which means a height per storey of 2.75-3.50m. depending u p o n the choice of design. A relat~vely narrow column grid pattern can, w i t h careful planning and design, reduce building costs and height without any loss of function 4 +2 1 . Long span structures w i t h n o columns take u p 7-12% less floor area than those w i t h conventional support columns + @. Gradients and ramps m u s t be appropriately shaped and designed + @. Straight or spiral parking ramps are constructed by sloping the floor. With a spiral shape 4 @, y o u can have veh~cles o n both sides of the ramp. In @ it can be seen that the area required for a given number o f cars t o be parked, including the area required for manoeuvring, can be determined at t h e preliminary design stage. Layouts of multistoried garages and arrangements of ramps are shown + These include t w o offset double rows of parked vehicles, four rows, six rows, parking in a corner, ramps i n the direction o f traffic, a multistorey car-park w i t h ramps and finally one w i t h parking o n a continuous helical ramp. Reinforced concrete structures ( w i t h concrete mixed o n site, pre-cast sections o r h y b r i d construction) best meet t h e requirements for fire protection. As a rule, steel structures provide the main and subsidiary support systems and m u s t be protected f r o m fire w i t h concrete, fire resistant cladding or other fireproofing coatings. In garages, high loads should be allowed for, i n addition t o permitted superimposed loads of m o t o r veh~clesof 3.5kN/m2, and of ramps 5kN/m2. Roofs w i t h gardens o n t o p have t o be designed for a loading of 10kN/m2.

a
A

Poss!ble column positions. parkang at 90" to access lane

0
2

Parking at 450 to access lane

0%

road

.. .

a.

+5W+>4Wi Bi s~mpler deslgn n c l u d ~ n g stra~ght runs

Change of gradient on ramps

area
I" "72

($

Possible positions of columns

10

12

14

16

18 20

22

24

26

28

30

number of v e h ~ c l e s

With smaller radius of ramps, larger lane widths

Spiral parking ramp

Area required for parking spaces, including room for manoeuvring

iour rows

two offset sets

of

two rows

s x raws

rtght angled layout

ramps

In d r e c t i o n of t r a f f c

w~th ramps

rnult~storey car park

wlth s p l r a l ramps

Plan views and arrangement of ramps