Parts

A.A level platform

B.A vertical column
C.A horizontal arm
– A surveying arm:
capable moving in a vertical
direction and contains a
mandrel at its lower end.
A.mandrel
– Surveying tools:
placed in the mandrel
Surveying tools

– A analyzing rod:
determine relative parallelism of
surfaces
– A carbon marker:
mark the height of contour on
surfaces
– Undercut gauges: .01 .02 .03
identify the positions of desired
undercuts on dental casts
– A wax knife:
used in blockout procedure and in
the construction of surveyed
restorations
4 critical factors when determine the most favorable tilt

– presents of suitable undercuts

– elimination of hard and soft tissue interference
– creation of desirable esthetics
– the establishment of appropriate guiding planes
1. Retentive undercuts
• The first, unchangeable rule:
retentive undercuts must be present on the abutment teeth
when horizontal tilt
• surveying procedure always started with the occlusal
surface s parallel to the platform of the surveyor
1. Retentive undercuts

• if retentive undercuts are not present, they must be

created in the mouth
• 1. recontouring enamel surfaces
• 2. fixed restorations(completed before RPD
fabrication)
 1. Retentive undercuts

• each of the proposed abutments should display a .010-inch

undercut at the most desirable location ( .015 undercut
wrought wire)
• MB line angle, DB line angle, midfacial surface; apical third
of the clinical crown

after existence is verified

• tilt is changed so that a retentive clasp will be positioned no

farther occlusally than the junction of the gingival and middle
third of the tooth (esthetic,torque force)
2. Interferences - maxillary arch
goal to minimize surgical procedures

palatal torus - design of the major

connector | surgical removal

exostosis on the buccal surfaces -

surgical correction is relatively simple
2. Interferences - maxillary arch
posterior tooth facial tipping
=>height of contour move up=>lever arm
longer=>more damaging

facial tipping=>gingiva tissue in an

undercut=>infra bulge clasp food trap

just one side=> changing the tipping

if not severe=> enameloplasty

severe=>surveyed crown

anterior ridge undercut - cast tipping |

modify or eliminate denture flange
2. Interferences - mandibular arch

tori -
surgery must be considered if prominent
lingual tori

posterior teeth lingual tipping -

most common solution:
lingual surface recountouring
placing restoration
orthodontic movement

undercuts near pear-shape pads -

cast tilting | adjust denture base
3.esthetics

– The ideal position for a retentive clasp is

in the gingival third of the clinical crown

– appropriate selection, contouring, and

placement of the prosthetic teeth;
appropriate tooth selection requires
consideration of shade, size, and contour

• stock teeth should be modified to reflect the

esthetic and functional characteristics of the
individual
3.esthetics

• one or more missing anterior teeth

=>single path of insertion

surveyor must be used to determine

whether recontouring of the remaining
natural teeth is indicated, if not possible,
crown or other suitable restoration should
be planned.

• large undercut may be caused by the

shape of the clinical crown or by tipping
of the tooth toward an edentulous space.
• The undercuts produce triangular spaces
- esthetics problem, food trap
4. guiding plane

• guiding plane are always parallel to the path of insertion and

are rarely greater than 2~4mm in height

• guiding planes can be prepared on most enamel surfaces

• if abutments are to receive cast restorations: teeth should
be prepared, and wax pattern should be shaped so their
guiding surfaces are parallel to the established tilt
Path of insertion
• most RPD have 2 or more paths of insertion
• the most influencing factor: whether or not
edentulous spaces are tooth bounded

• unmodified Kennedy Class I,II:

bounded at one end
=>variety of angles

• Class II with modification space:

if guiding plane prepared
=>single path of insertion

• Kennedy Class III:

entirely tooth bounded;if guiding plane prepared
=>single path of insertion

• Kennedy Class IV:single path of insertion

Path of insertion

• minor connectors are the only components that contact the

guiding planes of the teeth

• minor connectors remain in contact with the guiding planes

throughout the insertion and removal processes
Tripoding
– after ensuing the proper tilt,
survey table is locked

– lingual surface of the cast,

mark with undercut
gauge(.03); widely spaces; on
areas that not likely to change
from cast to cast

– resulting shallow grooves;

4mm long and narrow;
completed as a crosshair
configuration
 
Survey lines,Undercut
•
placing survey lines with carbon
marker on tooth and soft tissue
•
 
•
depth and position of the desired
undercut will vary the material and
clasping system to be used (.01)
•
selected abutment tooth contacts the
undercut gauge

•
"scrap" contact be marked with red
pencil; 2mm in length
Design

 
Philosophy of design
– entirely tooth supported=>
very straightforward
a single impression may be used

edentulous ridge does not offer support, can be recorded in

anatomic form

no noticeable rotation forces=> no indirect retainer, flexible

direct retention

– main concern is for tooth-tissue supported RPD(I,II,and

long-span IV)
1. stress equalization
2. physiological basing
3. broad stress distribution
1. stress equalization

• forces applied to a RPD are transmitted to abutments

• Think:
rigid connection between base and direct retainer are
damaging
• stress directors are essential to protect abutments
• simple hinges interposed between base and clasping
assemblies
• minimal direct retention
1. stress equalization

• used in conjunction with • fragile

intracoronal attachments • costly
• can be used in Class I,II • constant maintenance
• minimizing the tipping • impossible to repair
force on abutments=>
limiting bone resorption
2. physiologic basing
• recording the edentulous ridge in its
functional form

• this can be accomplished

by depressing the mucosa during
impression-making procedure or
by relining the denture base after it
has been constructed

• prosthetic teeth and occlusal rest will

be positioned above the existing
occlusal plane when the prosthesis
is not in function
• direct retainers provide minimal
retention
2. physiologic basing

• physiological stimulation • premature contact

effect on the tissue of • difficult to produce
residual ridge effective retention
• lightweight prosthesis • not well stabilized against
requiring minimal lateral forces
maintenance and repair
• reduction in the forces
transmitted t the abutment
teeth
3. Broad stress distribution

• distributing forces over as many teeth and as much soft

tissue area as possible
• additional rests and clasp assemblies and by broad base
3. Broad stress distribution

• multiple clasp not for more increased coverage may not

retention,but resistance for accepted by some pt
horizontal movement complicated oral hygiene
(splinting of perio
compromised tooth)
• no moving parts
• rigid, minimize rotational
movements and provide
horizontal stabilization
• ridge do not bear too much
occlusal load
Essentials of design
 Essentials of design
1.Direct Retention
2.Clasps
3.Rests
4.Indirect retention
5.Major connectors
6.Minor connectors
7.Occlusion
8.Denture bases
 Direct retention

not primary objective 1.clasp assemblies

main objective: 2.adaption of the
− restoration of function framework to guiding
and appearance planes
− maintenance of  extension and
comfort adaptation of denture
− preservation of bases
remaining oral
structures
 Clasps

simplest clasps

remain passive until activated by functional
Stresses
 Clasps: Class I

2 clasp assemblies

Most posterior tooth on the
R/L side of arch

DB undercut:
infrabulge clasp(T,1/2T)

MB undercut:
wrought wire clasp
cast circumferential clasp

Reciprocal : rigid
bracing arm / lingual
plating
 Clasps: Class II

3 retentive clasp assemblies

Distal extension side: Most posterior tooth

Opposite side: 2 retentive clasp arm
− One as far posterior
− One as far anterior

If modification space is present:
clasp the teeth adjacent to the edentulous space

circumferential clasps

Reciprocal : rigid
bracing arm / lingual plating
 Rests

Abutment for max support for prosthesis

Rest seats prepared:
forces directed within long axis of the abutments

adjacent tooth to the edentulous spaces
 Indirect retention

Neutralize unseating forces

As far from the fulcrum line;
not anterior than the canines

2 indirect retainers in a Class I design

1 indirect retainer in a Class II design;
on the opposite side of distal extension base

forces directed within long axis of the abutments

Lingiual plating:
must be supported by rest-rest seat combinations
Major connectors Occlusion

Rigid 
MIP should coincide

目的 : with C.R.

comfort

Harmony

Cleanliness 
Prosthetic teeth

placement of artificial 1.Fewer teeth / narrower
teeth buccolingually
2.Over the residual
ridge
3.Sharp cutting edges /
escapeways
 Denture bases

Broad coverage

Not interfere with functional movements of the
surrounding tissues

Selective pressure impressions are
recommended for extension base areas of
Class I and Class II

External surface of a denture base should
enable the pt to exercise max neuromuscular
control
 Kennedy Class III

Direct retention:
retentive undercuts on individual abutment teeth
are not critical

Clasps:

quadrilateral position of direct retainer

simple circlet clasp

reciprocal arm must be rigid

Rests:

adjacent to the edentulous spaces

support major connectors and lingual plating
 Kennedy Class III

Indirect retention:

not required

if posterior abutment only vertical support, no
retention, entire design must satisfy Class I or II

Bases
functional impressions are not required
 Kennedy Class IV

For esthetics, pronunciation:
prosthesis tooth placed anterior to residual ridge

Reduce forces

Preservation of soft/hard structure of residual ridge

Central incisor/other tooth preservation, reduce
rotation

quadrilateral position of direct retainer
most anterior/posterior
 Kennedy Class IV

Indirect retainer

Not needed if quadrilateral

Far away from fulcrum line

Selective pressure impression if extensive
residual area
Design procedure

 
Design procedures

Armamentarium:
.01 inch: clasp of chrome alloy and titanium alloys
.015 inch: wrought wire (.02 inch: wrought wire)
.03 inch: tripod
 
Color:
•red: tripod, prepared
(rest:solid ,recontoured( 斜線 ),relieved( 寫 relief)
•black:survey line, information
(type of tooth replacement, clasp,depth of undercut)
•blue: resin base
•brown:metallic portion
 1. examine occluded Dx cast
• Vertical black line for rest
area
• Red reshape(for rest)
• Lingual view, black line
 2. tooth placements
• Black pencil

• Tooth on base
• Reinforced acrylic pontic(RAP)
• Braided post(BP)
• Tube(T)
• Metal pontic(M)
1.place cast on survey table
2.Tripod
• Survey line with carbon marker
• Undercut on abutment(2mm)
• Solid red
rest seats
• Diagonal red
recontouring surface
• Blue, resin base
• Brown
major connector
(cast stop)
minor connector
indirect retainer
retentive/reciprocal elements