HANDOUTS ON

Graphics
By: Richard Arellano
Richard H. Arellano

Graphics -is one of the elements that are vital to a multimedia websites. An image can be very complex, in which case a picture can be worth a thousand words. Digitizing process of converting images into a format that a computer can recognize and manipulate. Scanners digitize already develop images including photograph and drawing. Slide scanners - converts a slide or a negative to a digital image. Still images- taken by a digital camera Video images taken by a video camera Photo CD- a method used of storing photographic digital images Stock Photography refers to a photographs available on CD or websites Istockphoto Sxc.hu

Clip art refers to a collection of drawings or illustrations Copyright law designed to protect intellectual property and provide potential monetary rewards for inventiveness and hard work The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures (commonly known as digital rights management or DRM) that control access to copyrighted works. It also criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself. In addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. Passed on October 12, 1998, by a unanimous vote in the United States Senate and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended Title 17 of the United States Code to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting the liability of the providers of on-line services for copyright infringement by their users. The Copyright Act of 1976 is a United States copyright law and remains the primary basis of copyright law in the United States, as amended by several later enacted copyright provisions. The Act spells out the basic rights of copyright holders, codified the doctrine of "fair use," and for most new copyrights adopted a unitary term based on the date of the author's death rather than the prior scheme of fixed initial and renewal terms. It became Public Law number 94-553 on October 19, 1976 and went into effect on January 1, 1978.

Copyright on the Philippines Philippine copyright law is enshrined in the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, officially known as Republic Act No. 8293. The law is partly based on United States copyright law and the principles of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Unlike many other copyright laws, Philippine copyright laws also protect patents, trademarks, and other forms of intellectual property. There are also other laws that protect copyrights: the Optical Media Act (which protects music, movies, computer programs, and video games) is an example of such. The law is enforced through a body established by the law: the Intellectual Property Office, or IPO, and its various branches. Copyright implementation is done with the coordination of the IPO and the Copyright Division of the National Library of the Philippines. Image Type Line Art - tem used to describe drawings that contains flat colors without tonal variations Continuous tone images are graphics that have tonal variations such as color photographs. Grayscale image is a continuous tone image consisting black, white, and gray data only. 2 Classification of Image 1. 2D -2D computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital images mostly from two-dimensional models 2. 3D - Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopics or 3D imaging) is a technique for creating or enhancing the illusion of depth in an image by means of stereopsis for binocular vision. Hypergraphics clickable graphics Image map graphics more then one link. Bitmaps array of pixels Color Resolution measures the number of bits of stored information per pixel - Determines how many tones of colors every pixel in a bitmap can have. - Bit resolution - Pixel resolution - Color depth - Bit depth - Pixel depth Palette reference of colors that make up an image

Browser safe web safe color palette Dithering process of positioning different colored pixel side by side to create illusion that no color is missing Banding reduces the color without the dithering which results in areas of solid colors. Image resolution refers to the amount of information stored for each image which means the number of pixel making up images. Compression is a process that creates smaller process of file sizes. Two types of compression Lossy file sizes is not reduced, eliminates redundant data Lossless some data is lost Graphics programs allows graphics artist or web designer to create and modify two dimensional images for multimedia websites. It includes: - Drawing - Paint - Image editing - 3d modeling programs Paint programs create a bitmapped images Features of Paint Programs 1. Geometric Figures 2. Edit 3. Add color and patterns 4. Selection 5. Rotate Drawing Programs - allows you to create vector graphics, which are created and re-created from mathematical models. Features of a Drawing Programs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fully editable shapes Bezier curves curves named after Pierre Bezier Gradient fill Blending - often called morphing Grouping objects Rasterizing - process of converting a vector image to pixel

a. Raster graphics the result of rasterizing bitmapped graphics 3d Modeling Programs allow you to create or modify three- dimensional images. Rendering process of converting images that will be visible on web page. Features of 3-D Modeling Programs 1. Modeling process of creating an object to place in a scene. 2. Arranging objects is the process of positioning and orienting objects 3. Shading is a process of assigning surface properties such as color, texture and finish to an object. Also it determines whether an object appears rough or smooth, shiny or dull, transparent or opaque. 4. Lighting and camera angle setting lighting and camera orientation is important in establishing a perspective and setting the mood of a scene. 5. Rendering is the process of capturing a view of 3D scene and saving it as a 2D image. Image Editing Programs allows you to manipulate digitized images using variety of features that combine painting, editing and other image composition tools. Features of Image editing programs 1. Cropping - used extensively to manipulate photographs one of the first tasks you may encounter. It is removing areas of photograph you do not wish to include in a web page. 2. Brightness, contrast and color correction 3. Layers ability to add layers. 4. Filters special effects applied to an image or part an image 5. File format conversion process of converting files from one format to another. TIFF Tagged Image File Format GIF Graphic Interchange Format JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group PNG Portable Network Graphics

TIFF (originally standing for Tagged Image File Format) is a file format for storing images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and both amateur and professional photographers in general. Graphics Interchange Format (GIF; /df/ or /f/) is a bitmap image format that was introduced by CompuServe in 1987 and has since come into widespread usage on the World Wide Web due to its wide support and portability. The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel for each image, allowing a single image to reference its own palette of up to 256 different colors chosen from the 24-bit RGB color space. It also supports animations and allows a separate palette of up to 256 colors for each frame. These palette limitations make the GIF format unsuitable for reproducing color photographs and other images with continuous color, but it is well-suited for simpler images such as graphics or logos with solid areas of color. JPEG (/dep/ jay-peg) (seen most often with the .jpg extension) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital photography (i.e. images). The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality, and is the file type most often produced in digital photography or computer screenshots. Portable Network Graphics (PNG /p/ ping) is a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. PNG was created as an improved, nonpatented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), and is the most used lossless image compression format on the World Wide Web.