SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN INDIA

SEMESTER 1 :- SOCIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT F.Y. B.M.M. 2013-14 GUIDED BY : PROF. AMANJEET KAUR

PRESENTED BY: TANUJ BAROT

Civil Rights Movement: The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for legal
equality that occurred between approximately 1950 and 1980. APPEARS IN THIS RELATED CONCEPT: Protestantism

conservative: A person who favors maintenance of the status quo or reversion to some earlier status.
APPEARS IN THESE RELATED CONCEPTS: An Overview of U.S. Values African Americans as a Political Force

democracy: a system of rule by the people, especially as a form of government; either directly or
through elected representatives

Cultural Anthropologist David F. Aberle has identified four kinds of social movements: alternative, redemptive, reformative, and revolutionary social movements. Social movements can occur at the individual level or thegroup/societal level and they can advocate for either minor or radical changes. Alternative social movements are at the individual level and advocate for minor change. Redemptive social movements are at the individual level and advocate for radical changes.

Reformative social movements occur at a broader group or societal level and advocate for minor changes. Revolutionary social movements occur at a broader group or societal level and advocate for radical changes. Other ways to categorize social movements include classifying by scope, type of change, targets, methods, and range. Social movements are a specific type of group action in which large informal groups of individuals or organizations work for or against change in specific political or social issues. Cultural Anthropologist David F. Aberle described four types of social movements based upon two fundamental questions: (1) who is the movement attempting to change? (2) how much change is being advocated? Social movements can be aimed at change on an individual level, e.g. Alcoholics Anonymous, which is a support group for recovering alcoholics or change on a broader group or even societal level, e.g. anti-globalization). Social movements can also advocate for minor changes such as tougher restrictions on drunk driving (see MADD) or radical changes like prohibition. The diagram below illustrates how a social movement may either be alternative, redemptive, reformative or revolutionary based on who the movement strives to change and how much change the movement desires to bring about Figure 1. Other categories have been used to distinguish between types of social movements.

Scope: A movement can be either reform or radical. A reform movement advocates changing some norms or laws while a radical movement is dedicated to changing value systems in some fundamental way. A reform movement might be a trade union seeking to increase workers' rights while the American Civil Rights movement was a radical movement. Type of Change: A movement might seek change that is either innovative or conservative. An innovative movement wants to introduce or change norms and values while a conservative movement seeks to preserve existing norms and values. Targets: Group-focused movements focus on influencing groups or society in general; for example, attempting to change the political system from a monarchy to a democracy. An individual-focused movement seeks to affect individuals. Methods of Work: Peaceful movements utilize techniques such as nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience. Violent movements resort to violence when seeking social change. Range: Global movements, such as Communism in the early 20th century, have transnational objectives. Local movements are focused on local or regional objectives such as preserving an historic building or protecting a natural habitat.

2012 Indian anti-corruption movement

The 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement is a series of demonstrations and protests across India intended to establish strong legislation and enforcement against perceived endemic political corruption. It was a revival of the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement, which had ended on the last day of the winter session of the Rajya Sabha. The movement restarted with an initial mass gathering at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi on 25 March 2012.

Contents
1 Background 2 Detail 3 See also 4 References

Background
The 2012 Indian anti-corruption movement is the successor to similar activities that happened in 2011. The figurehead was Anna Hazare, a social activist. Popularly known as Team Anna, one of the movement's main demands was the passing of legislation enabling an anti-corruption and enforcement body. On 27 December 2011, the Lok Sabha - the lower house of theIndian parliament - passed the controversial Jan Lokpal Bill, which Team Anna said was weaker than they had been demanding. The bill suffered delays in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of parliament and could not get passed during the winter session. The government reintroduced the bill in the Rajya Sabha in February 2012 but the bill was not timetabled for debate and the session ended without it being passed.

Detail
In February 2012, Kiran Bedi alleged that the Congress party had cheated them by introducing a watereddown anti-corruption bill Hazare declared that the protest movement would recommence and a mark of protest he sat on hunger strike on 25 March 2012 for one day. A month later, Hazare sat a token one-day fast focussed on remembrance of whistle-blowers such as Narendra Kumar and Satyendra Dubey who had died as a result of their support for the anti-corruption cause. On 3 June, Hazare undertook another one-day fast at Jantar Mantar, where he was joined by Ramdev, a yoga guru. This attracted a large crowd in support. Jantar Mantar was the scene of an "indefinite" fast that began on 25 July and involved various members of Team Anna, although Hazare was not involved until four days later. The focus on this occasion was a protest against the government's refusal of an inquiry against the prime minister and 14 cabinet ministers, whom they had accused of corruption. The fast ended on 3 August. Three days later, Hazare announced that since the government seemed to be unready to enact the Jan Lokpal Bill, he and his fellow activists had decided to end their fast, to discontinue talks with the government and to cease any protests under the Team Anna name. Towards the end of 2012, Hazare and Bedi reformed Team Anna, while Kejriwal and some others split from the erstwhile apolitical movement with the intention of forming what was to become the Aam Aadmi Party.

Causes

Government corruption Police corruption Judicial corruption Corporate corruption Unemployment Discretionary powers of politician Black money

Government corruption Political corruption is the use of power by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence. Police corruption Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which law enforcement officers seek personal gain, such as money or career advancement, through the abuse of power, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. Judicial corruption

Judicial corruption is judges more interested in bringing money into the courthouse bank and being a productive banker rather than making certain that justice is served and citizens are treated fairly according to law. Allowing case chamber decisions before entering the courtroom and just placing the decision on the record and never permitting all evidence to be entered into the record and the defendant even to speak in their own defence.

Corporate corruption In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a corporation (i.e., a business entity having a separate legal personality from the natural persons that manage its activities), or by individuals acting on behalf of a corporation or other business entity (see vicarious liability and corporate liability). Some negative behaviours by corporations may not actually be criminal; laws vary between jurisdictions. For example, some jurisdictions allow insider trading.

Unemployment Unemployment (or joblessness) occurs when people are without work and actively seeking work. The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labor force. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. According to International Labour Organization report, more than 197 million people globally are out of work or 6% of the world's workforce were without a job in 2012.

Discretionary powers of politician

Discretionary Power the authority granted by the law to a head of state or government or other high official to act on his own discretion under certain conditions, for instance, in an emergency situation. Widely practiced in bourgeois states, the granting of discretionary power to state and administrative agencies, individual officials, and judges is an expression of the crisis of bourgeois legality. For instance, in 1968 the Federal Republic of Germany adopted the so-called emergency laws granting wide discretionary powers to the government. Black money

In India, Black money refers to funds earned on the black market, on which income and other taxes has not been paid. The total amount of black money deposited in foreign banks by Indians is unknown.

Method of movement
Nonviolent resistance (or nonviolent action) is the practice of achieving goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, and other methods, without using violence. It is largely but wrongly taken as synonymous with civil resistance. Each of these terms ("nonviolent resistance" and "civil resistance") has its distinct merits and also quite different connotations and commitments, which are briefly explored in the entry on civil resistance. For instance you can operate non-violence on quite all peaceful fronts of refusals, but on some occasions without denying concurrently the government in activity.