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Chicago Style (CMS): Formatting Footnotes & Bibliography Citations

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) format of citation allows you to avoid distracting your readers with in-text citations, referring them to footnotes or endnotes instead. Professors in some disciplines, especially History and American Studies, often request that you use this style. Of the three citation styles commonly used at the university level (APA, MLA and CMS), the Chicago Style is the only one that requires using footnotes or endnotes, rather than in-text citations. Also check out our second handout, Chicago Style: Formatting your paper that shows how to format your paper as a whole when you use Chicago Style. This handout looks more closely at the format for the footnotes/endnotes and the bibliography citations themselves. !!! Note in the examples below that Chicago Style has significant differences in both punctuation and indentation between the format used on the bibliography page and in the footnotes/endnotes themselves. Also note that the authors name is different, in that the bibliography begins with the last name, while the footnote/endnote starts with the first name. It is important to follow this system in your own paper. Citing a book with one author: Bibliography: Ramirez, M. Psychotherapy and Counseling with Minorities: A Cognitive Approach to Individual and Cultural Differences. New York: Pergamon Press, 1991. First footnote/endnote that cites this source: 1 M. Ramirez, Psychotherapy and Counseling with Minorities: A Cognitive Approach to Individual and Cultural Differences (New York:Pergamon Press, 1991), 23. All other footnotes/endnotes that cite this same source: 2 Ramirez, 25. Citing a book with three or more authors: Bibliography: Hairston, Maxine; Ruszkiewicz, John; and Friend, Christy. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers. 6th Edition. New York: Longman, 2001. First footnote/endnote that cites this source: 1 Maxine Hairston et al., The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers, 6th. Edition (New York: Longman, 2001), 66. All other footnotes/endnotes that cite this same source: 7 Hairston et al., 233.
Undergraduate Writing Center, The University of Texas at Austin UWC website: uwc.fac.utexas.edu Handout created by Phil Tiemeyer, October 2003

Citing a book with an editor instead of an author: Bibliography: Pennebaker, J.W. and Rime, Barbara, eds. Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997. First footnote/endnote that cites this source: 4 J.W. Pennebaker and Barbara Rime, eds., Collective Memory of Political Events: Social Psychological Perspective (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997), 3. All other footnotes/endnotes that cite this source: 6 Pennebaker and Rime, Collective Memory, 43. Citing an article in a scholarly journal: Bibliography: Albrecht, D.G. Visual Cortex Neurons in Monkey and Cat: Effect of Contrast on the Special and Temporal Phase Transfer Functions. Visual Neuroscience 12 (1995): 1191-1210. First footnote/endnote that cites this source: 17 D.G. Albrecht, Visual Cortex Neurons in Monkey and Cat: Effect of Contrast on the Special and Temporal Phase Transfer Functions, Visual Neuroscience 12 (1995): 1193. All other footnotes/endnotes that cite this source: 21 Albrecht, 1198. Citing a web page: Bibliography: Du Pont Canada Inc.. 2001 Annual Report: Building on Strength. Published online at http://www.dupont.ca/english/financials/2001/DuPont%20AR%20English.pdf [cited September 23, 2003]. First footnote/endnote that cites this source: 23 Du Pont Canada Inc., 2001 Annual Report: Building on Strength, published online at http://www.dupont.ca/english/financials/2001/DuPont%20AR%20English.pdf [cited September 23, 2003], 23. All other footnotes/endnotes that cite this source: 34 Du Pont Canada Inc., 27. Citing an online scholarly article: Bibliography: Fine, M.A., and Kurdek, Laura. Reflections on Determining Authorship Credit and Authorship Order on Faculty-Student Collaborations. American Psychologist 48 (1993) 1141-1147. Found online at http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/kurdek.html [cited July 17, 2003]. Footnotes/Endnotes: Make the same stylistic adjustments to the bibliography entry as in the previous examples.
Undergraduate Writing Center, The University of Texas at Austin UWC website: uwc.fac.utexas.edu Handout created by Phil Tiemeyer, October 2003