1973 Constitution

ARTICLE III Citizenship Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

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(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. (2) Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens of the Philippines. nineteen hundred and thirty-five. (4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
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(3) Those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of

Section 2. A female citizen of the Philippines who marries an alien retains her Philippine citizenship, unless by her act or omission she is deemed, under the law, to have renounced her citizenship Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. Section 4. A natural-born citizen is one who is a citizen of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship.

1935 constitution
ARTICLE IV Citizenship Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:

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(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. (2) Those born in the Philippine Islands of foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippine Islands. (3) Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines. (4) Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship. (5) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. Section 2. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. ARTICLE V Suffrage Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by male citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, who are twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for one year and in the municipality wherein

they propose to vote for at least six months preceding the election. The National Assembly shall extend the right of suffrage to women, if in a plebiscite which shall be held for that purpose within two years after the adoption of this Constitution, not less than three hundred thousand women possessing the necessary qualifications shall vote affirmatively on the question.

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

ARTICLE IV
CITIZENSHIP Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines: [1] Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; [2] Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; [3] Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and [4] Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. Section 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens. Section 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. Section 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it. Section 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.
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A BRIEF HISTORY

The Bureau of Immigration evolved from a mere division of the Bureau of Customs in 1899, in the early years of the American regime in the Philippines. This was pursuant to Act No. 702 of the Philippine Commission. It seems that the government then, attached more importance on the entry

of goods than on monitoring of aliens coming into the country. The government was more interested in customs duties that they may generate from these incoming goods, than in the control and regulation of the arrival and stay of foreigners. The functions of immigration remained under the said bureau until 1937, when it was transferred again as a division under the Bureau of Labor. This was mainly to respond to the arrival of Chinese nationals who owned and operated trade houses, stores, and restaurants in the country. On 22 January 1940, the Second National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth enacted the Philippine Immigration Act of 1940 (Commonwealth Act No. 613). It was signed into law by the President of the United States of America on September 3, 1940, creating the Bureau of Immigration under the administrative supervision of the Office of the President. A year or so later, it became an attached agency of the Department of Justice. Later, its administrative control was returned to the Office of the President. When the Pacific war broke out in December 1941, the Bureau, then under the Department of Justice, moved to the Bilibid Prison in Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. Recto Avenue) which the Japanese Imperial Army declared off limits to anyone during the occupation. Immediately after the war, the Bureau was transferred to the Bacharach Building at Gate 1 of the South Harbor in Manila, then eventually was moved again to Building No. 5 at the Customs Bureau at Gate 4. In 1945, in line with the reorganization plan of the government, the Bureau was put under the supervision and control of the Department of Labor. This was at the time when there was an influx of foreign labor and the government deemed it appropriate to do so. In August 1948, the administrative control of the Bureau was returned to the Department of Justice where it remains up to this time. In 1951, the Bureau relocated to the Court of Appeals Building at Adriatico St., in Ermita Manila, before finally transferring to Intramuros where it presently stands.

On September 21, 1972, then President Ferdinand E. Marcos proclaimed Martial Law. Through General Order No.1 dated September 22, he ordered and decreed the adoption and implementation of the Integrated Reorganization Plan. Hence, the Commission on Reorganization issued the Letter of Implementation No. 20, dated December 31, 1972 which embodies the plan , including among other things, the change of name of the office from the Bureau of Immigration to Commission on Immigration and Deportation, being a collegial body and performing both administrative and quasi-judicial functions. The Commissioner and his two Associate Commissioners composed the Board of Commisioners of the Commission on Immigration and Deportation. Letter of Implementation No. 20 also abolished the Deportation Board and transferred its functions to to the Board of Commissioners who has now the exclusive power to try and decide deportation cases. The Bureau has now the sole authority to enforce and administer immigration and alien registration laws including the admission, registration, exclusion, deportation and repatriation of aliens. It also supervises the immigration into and emigration from the Philippines of aliens. It can be gleaned from these functions that the office is a vital component of government and a potent factor in the development of the nation. On July 25, 1987, President Corazon C. Aquino signed Executive Order No. 292 also known as the Administrative Code of 1987. Said order renamed the office, "Bureau of Immigration." It continues, however, to perform all the powers and functions it had while still a commission, and its head of office still remains to be called Commissioner as provided under DOJ Circular Order No.31, dated December 1,1989.

ITIZENSHIP RETENTION AND RE-AQUISITION ACT OF 2003

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9225 Sec 1. SHORT TITLE This Act shall be known as the "Citizenship Retention and Re-acquisition Act of 2003."

Sec 2. DECLARATION OF POLICY - It is hereby declared the policy of the State that all Philippine citizens who become citizens of another country shall be deemed not to have lost their Philippine citizenship under the conditions of this Act. Sec 3. RETENTION OF PHILIPPINE CITIZENSHIP - Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, naturalborn citizens of the Philippines who have lost their Philippine citizenship by reason of their naturalization as citizens of a foreign country are hereby deemed to have re-acquired Philippine citizenship upon taking the following oath of allegiance to the Republic: "I _________________, solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines and obey the laws and legal orders promulgated by the duly constituted authorities of the Philippines, and I hereby declare that I recognize and accept the supreme authority of the Philippines and will maintain true faith and allegiance thereto; and that I impose this obligation upon myself voluntarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion." Natural-born citizens of the Philippines who, after the effectivity of this Act, become citizens of a foreign country shall retain their Philippine citizenship upon taking the aforesaid oath. Sec 4. DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP - The unmarried child, whether legitimate, illegitimate or adopted, below eighteen (18) years of age, of those who re-acquire Philippine citizenship upon effectivity of this Act shall be deemed citizens of the Philippines. Sec 5. CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES - Those who retain or re-acquire Philippine citizenship under this Act shall enjoy full civil and political rights and be subject to all attendant liabilities and responsibilities under existing laws of the Philippines and the following conditions: 1. Those intending to exercise their right of suffrage must meet the requirements under Sec. 1, Article V of the Constitution, Republic Act No. 9189, otherwise known as "The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003" and other existing laws; Those seeking elective public office in the Philippines shall meet the qualifications for holding such public office as required by the Constitution and existing laws and, at the time of the filing of the certificate of candidacy, make a personal and sworn renunciation of any and all foreign citizenship before any public officer authorized to administer an oath; Those appointed to any public office shall subscribe and swear to an oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and its duly constituted authorities prior to their assumption of office: provided, that they renounce their oath of allegiance to the country where they took that oath; Those intending to practice their profession in the Philippines shall apply with the proper authority for a license or permit to engage in such practice; and That right to vote or be elected or appointed to any public office in the Philippines cannot be exercised by, or extended to, those who:

2.

3.

4. 5.

(a) are candidates for or are occupying any public office in the country of which they are naturalized citizens; and/or (b) are in active service as commissioned or non-commissioned officers in the armed forces of the country which they are naturalized citizens. Sec 6. SEPARABILITY CLAUSE - If any Sec. or provision of this Act is held unconstitutional or invalid, any other Sec. or provision not affected thereby shall remain valid and effective. Sec 7. REPEALING CLAUSE - All laws, decrees, orders, rules and regulations inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly. Sec 8. EFFECTIVITY CLAUSE - This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following its publication in the

Official Gazette or two (2) newspapers of general circulation.