Course 4 Restrained beams in bending

Resistance of cross-section Beams are perhaps the most basic of structural components. A variety of section shapes and beam types may be used depending on the magnitude of loading and the span Loading uniaxial bending
z

My y y

biaxial bending
z

My y y

Mz z

Types of cross sections for members in bending:

Fig.1 Hot rolled beams

Fig. 2. Castellated beams

Fig.3 Plate girders, box girders

Fig.4 Riveted beams (old constructions)

Fig.5 Compound sections

Fig.6 Cold formed sections simple or connected using welding or screws 4

beams may be with constant or variable inertia to adapt for the bending moment along the beam

<2

1:5

>2

Haunched or tapered beams

Lv

Lv L

Fig.7 Beams with variable inertia Haunched segment length: Lv = (0.10.12 L)

truss girders or vierendeel trusses may also be used to to resist in bending!

talpa comprimata

talpa intinsa montant

Fig.8 Vierendeel truss

conectori placa beton armat

grinda din otel

Fig.9. Composite steel - concrete beams Generally, beams are members loaded mainly in bending; therefore they may be realized with any shape from simple sections or as compound sections. o The ideal beam, loaded in pure bending, could be realized from flanges, only flanges will resist the bending, while web is design to assure the two flanges act together o Pure bending is seldom met in practice

M
o Bending is usually accompanied by shearing. In this case, the web will carry most of the shear forces.

Selection of beam type according to loading and span Nr. 1. 2. Type Simple angles 5 Cold formed sections Hot rolled channel sections I Hot rolled profiles IPE, HEB, HEA Castellated beams Plate girders with high depth and stiffeners Constant or variable depth Box beams 6-7 Max. span [m] Observations As rails or purlins Light loading - roof purlins - wall rails - light deck girders - light to moderate loading - secondary beams - roof purlins - wall rails - moderate loading - main beams - secondary beams for heavy structures (ex. bridges) - large spans and moderate loading - mainly to optimize the steel consumption Large spans (large industrial buildings) Moderate spans and large loads (cranes)

3.

6-8

4.

12-35

5. 6.

5-35 <100

7.

<200

Large spans Large loads When torsion is important Ex. Crane girders for heavy cranes, bridges

Presizing the plate girders

t

ti

hi h

c t b

The following formula may be used for presizing the plate girders:

hk

W t
M max R

(1)

W section modulus for bending about one axis

Wnecesar =

(2)

R = steel design resistance

R=
0

fy

(3)

M = 1 - 1.10
k = 1,15 plate girders with constant depth k= 1.10 plate girders with variable depth Percent of the flanges aria from the total cross area

A flange = (0.5 0.6) Atotal

Recommended values h(m) <1 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 ti(mm) 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 16-18 20-22 22-24 hi/ti 80-125 100-125 125-150 145-165 165-185 185-200 210-230 For h=0.8 2m, it may be taken in the presizing: ti (7 + 3h) mm ; h [m] Attention! Values presented in the table correspond to class 3 or 4 cross sections. For these cases, the design is related to elastic resistances. In order to avoid local buckling, intermediate stiffeners (transversal and/or longitudinal) should be introduced. Flange width, b, may be taken as 1/5 1/3 the height of the beam. b/t and c/t ratios, respectively, should be limited in order to avoid local buckling. Generally, no class 4 flanges are allowed.

c / t 14
For class 3

235 fy

For plastic design (global analisys), beam cross section should be entirely class 1. For plastic design (at element), may be used also a class 2 cross section.

Moment resistance of a beam (cross section)

z

R
y y

x
M

M Mpl Mel
raspuns idealizat(elastic-plastic)

el

pl

curbura

1 R

Fig. 10 Curvature bending moment relation for a beam in pure bending See Strength of Materials, Navier formula !!!! Longitudinal strain of a fiber located at the distance z from the neutral axis may be give by: = z/R (7)

M yz Iy

(Navier)

(8)

= E (Hook) = =
p
E

Relation M- is linear in the elastic range, for < p

My 1 = R E I y

(9)

p =

(10)

where p is the limit of proportionality of steel for a elastic perfect plastic model ( p = f y ) and y = p

10

M fy

E=tg

el

y (11)

y =

fy E

When elastic strain is reached in a fiber, y , the corresponding stress will be f y and it cannot increase beyond this value. In the post elastic stage, fibers will successively plastify, from the exterior to the neutral axis, until the cross section is fully plastified. For rectangular cross section:

W pl Wel

= 1.5

=> Moment resistance in the post elastic range is doubled. Efficiency of cross section in bending Cross section type Properties A(cm2) Wel Wpl Wpl/Wel Rectangular (bxh) b=5.2cm h=10.4cm 53.8 93.7 140.6 1.5 HE HEA200 53.8 388.6 429.5 1.11 IPE IPE300 53.8 557.1 628.4 1.13 rectangular hollow section 200x100x10mm 51.7 235.5 309.3 1.31

Check for bending Sections class 1 and 2

M pl , Rd M Sd W pl , necesar M Sd /( f y / M o )
Sections class 3

(14) (15)

M el , Rd M Sd Wel ,necesar M Sd /( f y / M o )
Sections class 4

(16) (17)

M el , Rd M Sd Weff M Sd /( f y / M o )
11

(18) (19)

Shear force It is based on formula of Juravski (see Strength of Materials) which is employed to determine the shear stress Rd

Rd =

Vz S y ti I y

> Sd

(20)

Vz - shear force on z direction

S y statical moment of area for y axis, at cross section level Iy = moment of inertia ti - web thickness
In principle, in order to simplify the verification, it may be neglected the contribution of the flanges. Checking formula is (EN 1993-1-1):

Vsd V pl , Rd =

Av f y

(21)

Vsd shear force in the cross section, results form the statical analysis Vpl,Rd rezistenta la taiere

12

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14

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