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Contrastpp Student s11
Contrastpp Student s11
Contrastpp Student s11
Spring 2011 1
CONTRAST
Ensures visibility of detail Dependent upon adequate density Density difference between adjacent structures Changes in density affect image contrast Controlling factor: kVp
Types of Contrast
Kilovoltage Selection
8 15% change in kvp recommended for repeats Visible changes achieved by: % change Value kvp 30 50 4 5% 1 3 kVp 50 90 8 9% 4 8 kVp 90 130 10 12% 9 16 kVp
CONTRAST
HIGH CONTRAST
LOW CONTRAST
Low kVp Black & White Short scale contrast Used for skeletal anatomy
High kVp Shades of gray Long scale contrast Used for Chest, KUB, or as warranted by M.D.
Dependent on thickness of part and field size Increase in thickness and field size
Influenced by atomic number and tissue density High atomic number and tissue density
Greater attenuation
High contrast
Influencing Factors:
mAs (n/a) Under or overexposure moves contrast out of visibility Beam restriction - Direct Anatomical part
Anode Heel Effect n/a FSS n/a SID n/a OID - Direct RSS - Direct Film processing - Indirect
Types of Contrast:
Range of recorded densities that are plausible for the image receptor
Types of Contrast:
Intensifying Screens
Higher contrast results with screen usage when compared with non-screen use (n/a rad) Film contrast changes with changes in film density Correctly exposed films will result in densities in visible range OD = 0.25 3.0
Film Density
10
11
D log E Curve
12
Image Receptor
Processing
Increasing developer time, temp. or replenishment rate increases film fog Curve A: Contrast is reduced, slope is decreased, toe is raised due to increased fog
13
Contrast
Controlling Factor
14