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02 - Cytology - Handout
02 - Cytology - Handout
02 - Cytology - Handout
CYTOLOGY
TERMS
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Ion Channels Have a pore or hole through which specific ions can flow into or out of the cell Transporters Move specific substances across the membrane
Receptors
act
Enzyme
Catalyze
Linker
Anchor
filaments inside and outside to the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. Link two cells together
MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY
Selectively permeable
Permeable
to nonpolar, uncharged molecules such as O2, CO2 and steroids Impermeable to ions and charged or polar molecules such as glucose. Slightly permeable to water and urea
CYTOPLASM
Protoplasm outside the nucleus Site of most cellular activities Elements of cytoplasm:
CYTOSOL
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles 55% of total cell volume composition? Function: site of many chemical reactions required for a cells existence
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
1. CYTOSKELETON
Network of protein filaments Provides structural framework Aids in the various types of cellular and organelle movement
CYTOSKELETON
Made up of: Microfilaments , Intermediate filaments, Microtubules
2. CENTROSOME
Components: paired centrioles Pericentriolar material Centriole- a cylindrical structure, composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubles arranged in a circular pattern
v
CENTROSOME
Pericentriolar Material contains hundreds of ringshaped complexes composed of tubulin Tubulin complexes - the organizing centers for formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Pericentriolar Material
Cilia
hairlike protrusions from the cell membrane Sweep foreign particles away from the lungs Sweep oocytes toward the uterus
Flagella
4. RIBOSOMES
Surface
STRUCTURE OF A RIBOSOME
Consists of 2 subunits Made separately in nucleolus. Once released from the nucleus, they come together in the cytoplasm Actual site of protein synthesis
Network of folded membranes or flattened sacs that extends from the nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm.
2. Smooth ER
Site of fatty acids and steroid synthesis Detoxification of drugs and harmful substances Allows free glucose from G-6P to enter the bloodstream Releases calcium for muscle contraction (sarcoplasmic)
6. GOLGI COMPLEX
A stack of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, with bulging edges (vesicles).
Consists of 3-20 cisternae
The cisternae at the opposite ends of golgi complex differ from each other in size, shape and enzymatic activity
GOLGI COMPLEX
face receives and modifies protiens produced by the rough ER 2. The medial cisternae add carbohydrates to protein to form glycoproteins and lipids to proteins to form lipoprotein 3. The exit face modifies the molecules further and then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations.
Modifies and packages proteins Delivers proteins and phospholipids to the plasma membrane Packages hydrolytic enzymes into membranous sacs called lysosomes
7. LYSOSOMES
Membrane-enclosed vesicles containing digestive enzymes pH5
powerful
LYSOSOMES
Transport proteins: Move final products of digestion into the cytosol Act in the maintenance and repair of cellular components (autophagy) Act as suicide agents in old and weakened cells (autolysis)
8. PEROXISOMES
Has similar structure to lysosomes but smaller in size. Contains oxidases and catalases
PEROXISOMES
Oxidase enzymes: detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances Catalase enzymes: protect the cells from the toxic effects of H2O2
9. PROTEASOMES
Protein bodies Contain proteases, enzymes that cut proteins into small peptides Function: Continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
10. MITOCHONDRIA
Small oblong-shaped structures composed of: Outer and inner membranes Intermebrane space Cristae Matrix
MITOCHONDRIA
Abundant in active cells: liver, kidney and muscle cells Powerhouses of the cell generate most of the ATP Enormous surface area of cristae provides site of chemical reactions With own DNA containing 37 genes inherited only from the mother
NUCLEUS
Spherical or oval-shaped structure Control center of the cell Gene-containing
NUCLEUS
Structures: Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear Envelope Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Chromatin
Double nuclear membrane that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm Selectively permeable Perforated with nuclear pores
NUCLEAR PORES
Circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large central opening. Control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
NUCLEOLUS
a spherical particle inside the nucleus composed of DNA, RNA and proteins that is not enclosed by a membrane site of ribosomal synthesis
CHROMATIN
Long, thin, thread-like Genetic material of the cell Complex of DNA, proteins and some RNA
CHROMOSOMES
short, thick cells of the human body: 46 chromosomes egg cell: 23 chromosomes sperm cell: 23 chromosomes
NUCLEOPLASM
Fluid medium in which the nucleoli and chromatin are suspended Consists of a colloidal suspension of: proteins DNA and RNA enzymes other chemicals of the nucleus
CELL DIVISION
CELL CYCLE
An orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two Major Periods: 1. Interphase 2. Mitotic phase 2.1 Mitosis 2.2 Cytokinesis
INTERPHASE
metabolic phase longest and most dynamic part of a cells life the cell is growing, metabolizing and maintaining itself Sub-phases: G0, G1, S, G2
INTERPHASE
Clearly defined:
Nuclear
MITOTIC PHASE
Consists of: nuclear division (mitosis) cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
MITOSIS
Stages: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
PROPHASE
Chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids Tubulins in the PCM start to form mitotic spindle (microtubules) Spindle fibers form between centrosomes which move toward opposite poles Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear
METAPHASE
The microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the exact center of the mitotic spindle (equatorial plane)
ANAPHASE
Centromeres split separating the two members of each chromatid pair Identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell
TELOPHASE
Begins after the chromosomal movement stops Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear Chromosomes resume chromatin form Mitotic spindle disappears
CYTOKINESIS
Formation of a cleavage furrow around center of the cell Division of a parent cells cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells Each new daughter cell enters the interphase stage
ONCOLOGY
CANCER
TUMOR OR NEOPLASM
Excess tissue that develops when cells in a part of the body divide without control Types:
Malignant
TYPES OF CANCER
Carcinomas - malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells (eg. melanoma) Sarcoma - any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues Leukemia - cancer of blood-forming organs characterized by rapid growth of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) Lymphoma - malignant disease of lymphatic tissue
CAUSES OF CANCER
Carcinogens
chemical agent or radiation that produces cancer induce mutations, permanent structural changes in the DNA base sequence of a gene examples: smoke, asbestos, radioactive materials, UV radiation in sunlight, x-rays
CAUSES OF CANCER
Oncogenes
cancer-causing genes have the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell cause excessive production of growth factors, chemicals that stimulate cell growth
CAUSES OF CANCER
Oncogenic viruses
cause
cells human papilloma virus (HPV) produces a protein that causes proteasomes to destroy the p53 protein
TREATMENT OF CANCER
Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy
PROGERIA
Non-inherited disease Normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging Dry, wrinkled skin Total baldness Birdlike facial features
WERNER SYNDROME
Rare, inherited disease that causes rapid acceleration of aging usually begins in adolescence stage
Mitosis
Prophase Chromosomes condense. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles
Meiosis I
Prophase I Homologous chromosomes further condense and pair. Crossing over occurs. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles
Metaphase Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Chromosomes align along spindle equator.
Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Telophase Chromatids arrive at each pole, and new nuclear membranes form. Cell division begins. Daughter cells Cell division complete. Each cell receives chromosomes that are identical to those in original nucleus.
Metaphase I Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Homologous pairs align along spindle equator.
Anaphase I Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. Centromeres do not divide. Telophase I One set of paired chromosomes arrives at each pole, and nuclear division begins. Daughter cells Each cell receives exchanged chromosomal material from homologous chromosomes.
Mitosis
Prophase Chromosomes condense. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles
Metaphase Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Chromosomes align along spindle equator.
Meiosis II
Prophase II Chromosomes recondense. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles.
Metaphase II Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Chromosomes align along spindle.
Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Centromeres divide.
Telophase II Chromatids arrive at each pole, and cell division begins.
Telophase Chromatids arrive at each pole, and new nuclear membranes form. Cell division begins.
Daughter cells Cell division complete. Each cell receives chromosomes that are identical to those in original nucleus.
Daughter cells Cell division complete. Each cell ends up with half the original number of chromosomes.
END!