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RATIO AND PROPORTION

RATIO AND PROPORTION

RATIO AND PROPORTION

Introduction: The concepts of Ratio and Proportion are very useful to solve questions of different topics. In this Unit we will learn the concepts of the topic and solve few questions. Ratio: A ratio is a comparison of two numbers (quantity in the same unit). It is written as, a : b = = a b, where a and b are two number (quantity).
b a

In a ratio a : b, a and b are the terms of the ratio; a is called the antecedent and b is called the consequent. The word antecedent literally means that which goes before and the word consequent literally means that which goes after. Compound Ratio: Compounded ratio is a product of two or more ratios. Example: Find the ratio compounded of the three ratios: 2 : 3, 3 : 4 and 7 : 11 Solution: the required ratio is =
2 3 7 3 4 11

7 22

When the ratio a : b is compounded with itself, the resulting ratio is a2 : b2 , it is called the duplicate ratio of a : b. When the ratio a : b is compounded with itself twice, the resulting ratio is a 3 : b3, it is called the triplicate of a : b.

RATIO AND PROPORTION

a : b is called the subduplicate ratio of a : b.

a : b is called subtriplicate of a : b. Inverse Ratio: If a : b is a given ratio, then or b : a is called its inverse ratio or
a b 1 1

reciprocal ratio. If the antecedent (a) = the consequent (b), the ratio is called the ratio of equality, such as 2 : 2. If the antecedent (a) > the consequent (b), the ratio is called the ratio of greater inequality, such as 3 : 2. If the antecedent (a) < the consequent (b), the ratio is called the ratio of less inequality, such as 2 : 3. Proportion: A proportion expresses the equality of two ratios. E.g. or a : b = c : d or a : b :: c : d. In a proportion in the form of a : b :: c : d the first and the last terms are called the extremes and the second and the third terms or the middle terms are called as the mean terms. When four quantities are in proportion, we can write it in the mathematical form as a : b :: c : d Now we can say that, PRODUCT OF MEANS = PRODUCT OF EXTREMES.
a b a b

c d

c d

ad = bc

RATIO AND PROPORTION

Example: In 2 : 3 :: 6 : 9 2 9 = 3 6. Continued Proportion: Three quantities are said to be in continued proportion when the ratio of first to the second is equal to the ratio of second to the third. Example: 16 : 12 :: 12 : 8. Here 12 is the mean proportion between 16 and 8, and 8 is the third proportion to 16 and 12.

RATIO AND PROPORTION

SOLVED EXAMPLES 1. Find the missing terms. a) 4 : 5 :: 6 : x b) 11 : 13 :: x : 26 c) 2 : x :: 4 : 10 d) X : 9 :: 9 : 27 2. Form the compound ratios. a) 4 : 5, 5 : 7, 2 : 3 and 6 : 7 b) 11 : 13, 5 : 7, 13 : 5 and 7 : 11 c) 4 : 7, 5 : 8, 2 : 5 and 3 : 4 d) 7 : 9, 3 : 4, 5 : 7 and 2 : 3

RATIO AND PROPORTION

SOLUTIONS:1. a) We have b) We have c) We have d) We have

4 5

6 x

4x = 6 5. Therefore x =
x 26

15 2

11 13 2 x x 9

11 26 = 13 x. Therefore x = 22. 2 10 = 4x. Therefore x = 5. x 27 = 9 9. Therefore x = 3.

= =

4 10 9 27

2. a) The required ratio is b) The required ratio is c) The required ratio is d) The required ratio is
4526 5737

16 49

11 5 13 7 13 7 5 11 4523 7854 7352 9473

= 1.
3 28 5 18

= =

. .

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