Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Reversed Carnot Cycle

Reversed Carnot Cycle Refrigeration Cycle

Dr. M. Zahurul Haq
Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

ME 415: Refrigeration & Building Mechanical Systems

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Coecient of Performance, COP =

TL QL = Wnet TH TL
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Refrigeration Cycle Reversed Carnot Cycle

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Refrigeration Cycle Reversed Carnot Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Wet Compression in Carnot Cycle vs. Dry Compression

Expansion Process in Carnot Cycle

Carnot cycle demands that the expansion take place isentropically and that the resulting work be used to help drive the compressor. Practical diculties, however, militate against the expansion engine: the possible work that can be derived from the engine is small fraction that must be supplied to the compressor. practical problems such as lubrication intrude when a uid of two phases drives the engine. the economics of the power recovery have in past not justied the cost of the expansion engine. A throttling device, such as a valve or other restriction, is almost universally used for this purpose.

During compression, droplets present in liquid are vaporised by the internal heat transfer process which requires nite time. High-speed compressors are susceptible to damage by liquid because of the short time available. In wet compression, the droplets of the liquids may wash the lubricating oil from the walls of the cylinder, accelerating wear. Dry compression takes place with no droplets and is preferable. Liquid refrigerants may be trapped in the head of reciprocating compressor by the rising piston, possibly damaging the valves or the cylinder head.

c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Refrigeration Cycle

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c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Refrigeration Cycle

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Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

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Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Processes of VC System

QL QH Win COP
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= = = =

Q41 = m(h1 h4 ) Q23 = m(h2 h3 ) W12 = m(h2 h1 ) QL /Win

1 2: Isentropic compression, Pevap Pcond 2 3: Isobaric heat rejection, QH 3 4: Isenthalpic expansion, Pcond Pevap 4 1: Isobaric heat extraction, QL
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Simple vapour compression cycle with pressure & enthalpy values for R134a

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Example
A theoretical single stage cycle using R134a as refrigerant operates with a condensing temperature of 30o C and an evaporator temperature of -20o C. The system produces 50 kW of refrigeration eect. Estimate:
1 2

Eect of Evaporator Temperature

R134a: RE = 50 kW, Tcond = 30 C
o

10 9 8 7 6

0.40 0.39 0.38 0.37

Coecient of performance, COP Refrigerant mass ow rate, m

COP

Ref. flow rate COP

0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30

5 4 3 2 1 0

QL Win COP
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= Q41 = m(h1 h4 ) = 50 kW m = 0.345 Kg/s = W12 = m(h2 h1 ) = 12.5 kW = QL /Win = 50.0/12.5 = 4.0

-50
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-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20
o

-15

-10

-5

Tevap ( C)
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Refrigeration Cycle

ME 415 (2011)

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c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle

Ideal Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Eect of Condenser Temperature

12 11 10 9 8

Eect of Evaporator & Condenser Temperatures

o

R134a: RE = 50 kW, Tevap = -20 C

12
0.44 0.42 0.40

11 10 9 Tcond = 20 C
o

Refrigerant flow rate (kg/s)

0.38

8 7 Tcond = 30 C
o

COP

COP Ref. flow rate

0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 50

COP

7 6 5 4 3 2 0 5 10 15 20 25
o

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

o

Tcond = 40 C

30

35

40

45

Tcond ( C)
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Tevap ( C)
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Refrigerant flow rate (kg/s)

Deviation from Simple Cycle

Deviation from Simple Cycle

Deviations from Ideal Cycle

1

Super-heating & Sub-cooling

Refrigerant pressure drop in piping, evaporator, condenser, receiver tank, and through the valves and passages. Sub-cooling of liquid leaving the condenser. Super-heating of vapour leaving the evaporator. Compression process is not isentropic.

2 3 4

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Sub-cooling of liquid serves a desirable function of ensuring that 100% liquid will enter the expansion device. Super-heating of vapour ensures no droplets of liquid being carried over into the compressor. Even through refrigeration eect is increased, compression work is greater & probably has negligible thermodynamic advantages.
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