Introduction ___________________________________________________________

With the Montreal Protocol conference from 1993, manufacturing of substances with Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP), including Halon 1301 (CBrF3), Halon 1211 (CCIF2Br) and Halon 2201 (CHF2Br), which were used as fire extinguishing agents, was banned. HFC227ea as one of the Halon alternatives is a clean and safe fire suppression agent for use in total flooding automatic systems. Storage and distribution requirement are similar to Halon or other HFCs fire suppression systems and the majority of system components are identical. Due to the difference in agent quantity and discharge characteristics, HFC227ea is not a direct replacement (drop-in) for existing Halon 1301 installation. It is rated as Zero Ozone Depletion (ODP), is electrically non conductive, clean and leaves no residue. HFC227ea may consist of a single cylinder or several cylinders combination, manifold together and connected via a pipe network to a number of discharge nozzles. System discharge can be activated mechanically or electrically. Mechanical manual actuation is via a manual pull handle mounted on cylinder valve. Electrical actuation is via a solenoid actuator which mounted on the side of manual pull actuator and is energized automatically from detection and alarm control panel.

Health and Safety

Exposure to HFC227ea at the design concentration of 7% and up to 9.0% is not hazardous to health within a limited egress time. Exposure to higher concentrations is permissible for a limited period. In accordance with NFPA 2001, Halocarbon clean agent system for spaces that are normally occupied and designed to concentrations up to the NOAEL shall be permitted. Its Non Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for cardiac sensitization is 9%. With 9% concentration level, the maximum human exposure time shall not exceed 5 minutes. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems) recommends that unnecessary exposure to any agent be avoided and that personnel evacuate protected areas as quickly as possible to avoid the decomposition products of the clean agent. HFC227ea can decompose at high temperature or under fire to a form of halogen acids which is readily detected as a sharp, pungent odor even after fire extinguished or long before hazardous maximum exposure levels are reached. Ventilation and openings are required to clear the protected areas after HFC227ea system discharged, no one is allowed to enter the areas during system discharge or before the area is totally ventilated and safe for occupancy again. Direct contact with the vaporizing liquid discharge from a HFC227ea nozzle has a cool chilling effect on objects and in extreme cases can cause frostbite to the skin. Ones should avoid direct contact with the agent.

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WARNING!

The discharge of clean agent systems to extinguish a fire can result in a potential hazard to personnel from the natural form of the clean agent or from the products of combustion that result from exposure of the agent to the fire or hot surfaces. Unnecessary exposure of personnel either to the natural agent or to the products of decomposition shall be avoided.

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Agent Characteristics

HFC227ea is a clean, colourless odourless gaseous halocarbon agent containing no particles; it leaves no oily residues on electronic equipment, and can be removed from the protected space by ventilation. HFC227ea has an atmospheric lifetime of 36.5 years. And it was the first environmentally acceptable replacement for Halon 1301. The present understanding of the functioning of HFC227ea is that 80% of its fire fighting effectiveness is achieved through heat absorption and 20% through direct chemical means. HFC227ea is stored as a liquefied compressed gas super pressurized with dry nitrogen to 25 BAR and is discharged into the protected area as a vapor. Typical areas that can be protected by HFC227ea system are as follows: Telecommunication facilities Control Rooms LV/HV Switchgear Rooms Server Rooms Electrical Transformer Rooms Clean Rooms (As for example, the list above is by no mean complete) Summary of agent physical properties Chemical Structure Chemical Name Molecular Weight Boiling Point Freezing Point Critical Temperature Critical Pressure Critical Volume Critical Density Specific Heat, Liquid @ 25 C Specific Heat, 25 C Vapor at constant pressure 1 atm and 25 C Heat of Vaporization at Boiling Point Thermal Conductivity of Liquid @ 25 C Viscosity, Liquid at Centipoise 25 C Relative Dielectric Strength @ 1 atm Solubility of Water in Agent @ 21 C Saturated Vapor Density @ 20 C (68 F) Ozone Depletion (ODP) Atmospheric Lifetime No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) CF3CHFCF3 1,1,1,2,3,3,3 - Heptafluoropropane 170 -16.4 C (1.9 F) -131 C (-204 F) 101.7 C (214 F) 29.1 BAR (422 psi) 274 cc/mole (0.0258 cu.ft./lb) 621 kg/m3 (38.76 lb/ft3) 1.184 kJ/kgC 0.808 kJ/kgC 132.6 kJ/kg 0.069 W/m C 0.184 2 0.06% by weight 31.18 kg/m3 (1.95 lb/ft3) 0 36.5 yrs 9.0% >10.5%

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HFC227ea contains no chlorine and bromine atoms, presenting no ozone depletion effect. According to medical findings, as an aerosol propellant, HFC227ea is used in pharmaceutical metered dose inhalers such as those used for dispensing asthma medication. NOTE:

HFC227ea shall not be used on fires involving the following materials unless they have been tested to the satisfaction of the authority having jurisdiction. 1. Certain chemicals or mixtures of chemicals, such as cellulose nitrate and gunpowder, those are capable of rapid oxidation in the absence of air. 2. Reactive metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, uranium, and plutonium. 3. Metal hydrides. 4. Chemicals capable of under going auto thermal decomposition, such as certain organic peroxides and hydrazine.

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SYSTEM COMPONENTS

This section shows the individual components: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. HCV Valves HCV Manual Pull Actuator Discharge Hose Solenoid Actuator Cylinder Discharge Flashing Light Nozzles Manual Pull Box 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Pilot Cylinder c/w Solenoid Heat & Smoke Detector Extinguishing Panel Sounder Alarm Bell Abort Switch Door Warning Sign Door Fan Test Equipment

HCV valves Part no. SPS1C001HVC20 SPS1C001HVC40 Part name. HVC 20 (for 25L cyl) HVC 40 (for 45 130L cyl) HVC 60 (for 160 230L cyl) Outlet size 1 BSP 2 BSP

SPS1C001HVC60

2 1/2 BSP

HCV manual pull Actuator Part no. SPS1C-003-MPAV Part name. Manual pull actuator

Discharge hoses Part no. 1. SPS1C-005-38mm SPS1C-005-50mm SPS1C-005-65mm 2. SPS1C-006-8mm Part name.

1
Discharge Hose

2
Loop Hose

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Solenoid Actuator Part no. CO2070-BR-XXX-XX Part name. Solenoid Actuator

Cylinders Part no. SPS1C-004-25L SPS1C-004-45L SPS1C-004-75L SPS1C-004-100L SPS1C-004-130L SPS1C-004-160L SPS1C-004-190L SPS1C-004-230L Part name. 25L cylinder 45L cylinder 75L cylinder 100L cylinder 130L cylinder 160L cylinder 190L cylinder 230L cylinder

Discharge Flashing Light Part no. FAS251-24VDC-STD Part name. Discharge Flashing Light

Nozzle Part no. SPS-1C007-15mm SPS-1C007-20mm SPS-1C007-25MM Part name. Nozzle Nozzle 1 Nozzle

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Manual Pull Box Part no. CO2072-MS-STD-RD Part name. Manual Pull Box

Pilot Cylinder c/w Solenoid Part no. CO205A-CS-001-SP Part name. Pilot Cylinder c/w Solenoid

Optical Smoke Detector Part no. FAS1B-55000-317 Part name. Optical Smoke Detector

Heat Detector Part no. FAS1B-55000-100 Part name. Heat Detector

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Extinguishing Panel Part no. FAS0021P-002-RD Part name. Extinguishing Panel

Sounder Part no. FAS4A-Y04-24VDC Part name. Sounder

Alarm Bell Part no. FAS194-LA-150-RD Part name. Alarm Bell

Abort Switch Part no. FAS258-AB-28V Part name. Abort Switch

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Door Warning Sign Part no. MISC-SPD-DIV Part name. Door Warning Sign

Door Fan Test Equipment Part no. SPS xxxxxxxxxx Part name. Door Fan Test Equipment

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SYSTEM DESIGN

Two main elements are critical to HFC227ea system design. The first is the risk assessment to determine the type of protection required, such as what kind of hazards to protect from, whether an occupied area or a restricted area, ventilation or openings, what kind of building, types of equipments, locations etc. The second is calculating the quantity of HFC227ea required, determine cylinder quantity, nozzle quantity, nozzle orifice size, pipe sizes, piping layout and nozzle location base upon criteria of room sizes, floor height, raised floor and/or ceiling voids. Hazard Analysis An analysis of the hazards is useful and highly recommended to carry out by the contractor/designer/supplier if such location is far too complex and difficult to visualize and/or understand under a plan drawing. This enable contractor to measure and provide an accurate details for designer/supplier to calculate a precise pre-engineered HFC227ea system for each application in accordance with NFPA 2001 standard. HFC227ea systems are suitable for use in normal commercial and industrial environments. The design concentration for Class A & C is 7.17% but differs for Class B fires. However, the minimum design concentration for flammable liquids is 9.0% based on commercial grade heptanes. All design concentration calculations are based on extinguishing concentrations plus an additional 20% safety factor for Class A & C and a 30% safety factor for Class B and all manually actuated only systems. Class A Fires involving solid materials usually of an organic nature, in which combustion normally takes place with the formation of glowing embers. Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids and flammable gases. Fires involving energized electrical equipment where the electrical non conductivity of the extinguishing media is of importance.

Class B Class C

Design concentrations are determined by NFPA 2001. HFC227ea cup-burner value is 6.7% for commercial heptane fuel. distribution test concentration is 6.9%. Nozzle

Nozzle efficiency factor = nozzle distribution test concentration / cupburner value. = 6.9/6.7 = 1.03 Safety factor: Class A = 1.2 Class B = 1.3 Class C = 1.2

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Minimum design concentration Class A fire (determine by fire test) 5.8% x 1.03 x 1.2 = 7.17% Class B fire (commercial grade heptane) 6.7% x 1.03 x 1.3 = 9.0% Class B fire (other Class B fuels) cupburner value x 1.03 x 1.3 = no less than 9.0% Class C fire same concentration as Class A fire Although HFC227ea is tested capable to extinguish fire under Class A, B & C, it is not effective on the following: Class A Deep seated fires. Class D combustible metals. Chemicals capable of auto-thermal decomposition. Chemicals capable of rapid oxidation. Enclosures with hot surfaces >400 C (>752 F). Volume of Hazard In order for the design concentration can be achieved and maintained, the total flooding applications hazard area must be an enclosed space with no significant openings. In general, the design is based on an empty area. All subsequent furniture, fittings or even the large equipment and cabinets should not be considered in the design calculation as it has a little effect on the actual concentration and as it is assumed that the internal area is required to be flood with the agent. Temperature of Hazard The extinguishing agent required must be based on the anticipated minimum ambient temperature in the hazard area. Precaution must be taken that the calculated concentration for normally manned areas at the anticipated maximum ambient temperature in the area does not exceed the NOAEL/LOAEL values as per the NFPA2001, section 1.5 - Safety Filled and pressurized cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures other than the storage / operating temperature range of 0 to 50C (32F to 120F). This also includes while being transport or storage.

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System Design Procedure Kindly follow these procedures when designing HFC-227ea systems: Hazard analyses and survey of protected area. Determine the required design concentration for the hazard. Determine the hazard altitude level and correction factor. (Refer to Table B) Calculate the agent quantity to provide required design concentration at minimum expected ambient temperature in protected area. Determine the cylinder size. Determine the integrity of the protected area. Locate nozzles. Locate and design pipe work. Check the percentage agent split at tees. Identity all pipe lengths, rises, drops, and nozzle.

Note: For flow splits less than 30%, the split shall be done through a side tee with the smaller flow going through the side tee member. The minimum flow through the side tee member is 10%. The maximum flow through the tee is 90%. For the flow splits equal to or greater than 30%, the split shall be done through a bull head tee. The maximum flow through a bull tee is 70%.

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Example: Tee Split Design Diagrams

a) Side Tee Split limits. B) Bull Tee Split limits.

90 70%

70 30%

30 70% 10 30%

c) Side Tee Orientation correct

d) Side Tee Orientation incorrect

Correct Tee splits

Incorrect tee splits

e) Bull Tee Orientation correct Correct tee splits

f) Bull Tee Orientation incorrect

Incorrect Tee splits

NOTE: Incorrect orientation of side and bull tee could result in separation of HFC-227ea from the Nitrogen
(due to HFC-227ea greater density). The design would also be outside the parameters permitted by the calculation software. Refer to diagram d) and f).

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Design Calculations
The required agent quantity is based on the volume of protected area at the lowest expected ambient temperature and concentration required. To obtain the minimum agent quantity required, use the following equation: W = (V/S) x ( C/100 C) W = weight of Agent required V = volume of protected area S = specific vapour volume S = 0.1269 + 0.000513 T C = Required HFC-227ea Design Concentration (% by volume) at Design Temperature (t). T = Design temperature in protected area (C)

Design Example Server Room: 6.3m x 6m x 2.5m(H) = 94.5m

T = 20C for calculation example (7% required design concentration example only) W = (94.5 0.1373) x (7 (100 -7) ) = 51.81kg or 94.5m x 0.5483 (flooding factor) = 51.8kg

Note: Refer to table A for flooding factor.

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Table A HFC-227ea Total Flooding Quantity Temp Specific Vapour Volume S kg/m3
0.1215 0.1241 0.1268 0.1294 0.132 0.1347 0.1373 0.1399 0.1425 0.145 0.1476 0.1502 0.1527 0.1553 7% 0.6169 0.6064 0.5936 0.5816 0.5700 0.5589 0.5483 0.5382 0.5284 0.5190 0.5099 0.5012 0.4929 0.4847

Weight Requirements of protected space, W/V (kg/m3) Design concentration (by volume)
8% 0.7158 0.7005 0.6858 0.6719 0.6585 0.6457 0.6335 0.6217 0.6104 0.5996 0.5891 0.5790 0.5694 0.5600 9% 0.8142 0.7987 0.78 0.7642 0.749 0.7344 0.7205 0.7071 0.6943 0.6819 0.6701 0.6586 0.6476 0.6369 10% 0.9147 0.8951 0.8763 0.8586 0.8414 0.8251 0.8094 0.7944 0.7800 0.7661 0.7528 0.7399 0.7276 0.7156 11% 1.0174 0.9957 0.9748 0.955 0.936 0.9178 0.9004 0.8837 0.8676 0.8522 0.8374 0. 823 0.8093 0.796 12% 1.1225 1.0985 1.0755 1.0537 1.0327 1.0126 0.9934 0.975 0.9573 0.9402 0.9230 0.908 0.8929 0.8782

T
o

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

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Table B - Atmospheric Correction factors Equivalent Altitude Ft km -3,000 -0.92 -2,000 -0.61 -1,000 -0.3 0 0 1,000 0.3 2,000 0.61 3,000 0.91 4,000 1.22 5,000 1.52 6,000 1.83 7,000 2.13 8,000 2.45 9,000 2.74 10,000 3.05

Enclosure Pressure Atmospheric psi mm Hg Correction Factor 16.25 840 1.11 15.71 812 1.07 15.23 787 1.04 14.71 760 1.00 14.18 733 0.96 13.64 705 0.93 13.12 678 0.89 12.58 650 0.86 12.04 622 0.82 11.53 596 0.78 11.03 570 0.75 10.64 550 0.72 10.22 528 0.69 9.77 505 0.66

Table C Max. and Min. Flow Rates Nominal Pipe Size DN (mm) 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 Minimum Flow Rate (kg/s) 0.272 0.454 0.907 1.588 2.722 4.082 6.35 9.072 13.61 24.95 40.82 54.43 Maximum flow Rate (kg/s) 0.907 1.361 2.495 3.855 5.67 9.072 13.61 24.95 44.92 56.7 90.72 136.1

Note: The above information is for Schedule 40 pipe and serves as an estimate only. Pipe and nozzle sizes need to be confirmed by the computer software program.

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Table D Equivalent Length Diameter (mm) 10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150 90 Elbow (m) 0.4 0.52 0.67 0.85 1.13 1.31 1.68 2.01 2.5 3.26 4.08 4.94 45 Elbow (m) 0.18 0.24 0.3 0.4 0.52 0.61 0.79 0.94 1.16 1.52 1.92 2.32 Thru Tee (m) 0.24 0.3 0.42 0.55 0.7 0.82 1.06 1.25 1.55 2.01 2.56 3.08 Side Tee (m) 0.82 1.04 1.37 1..74 2.29 2.65 3.41 4.08 5.06 6.64 8.35 10 Union (m) 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.24 0.27 0.37 0.43 0.55 0.73 0.91 1.07

Equivalent length table for pipe fittings.

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INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL Prior to installing the HFC-227ea fire suppression system, the installer must be familiar with the system and have previous experience in installation of gaseous suppression systems. The installer must refer to the piping and instrumentation diagram and general arrangement drawings for the system and check that all components are complete and in order. If the installation is carried out by untrained or inexperience personnel, they may jeopardize the integrity of the system, their own safety and of others as well as the warranty of the system. The instructions in this section as well as information contained in the component data sheets should be read by the installer. The location of the cylinder bank shall have sufficient floor loading capability, a flat dry floor and walls or solid structures for securing the system. The owner / client should satisfy themselves in this regard. All necessary work permits & procedures shall be obtained / established first to the satisfaction of the client, owner or the local authorities having jurisdiction. SAFETY The HFC-227ea system is filled to a pressure of 25 bars at a reference temperature of 20oC. The cylinders have the different sizes which could fill with different quantity of agent. Safety precautions must be adhered to in the handling of the HFC-227ea cylinders. Some safety precautions to follow are: 1) The transport cap shall always be screwed onto the cylinder whenever the cylinder is moved, being loaded or unloaded. 2) Always use suitable lifting gear, (forklift, truck or hoist) when loading or unloading cylinders. Do not offload the cylinders by dropping them to the ground. 3) Use a suitable cylinder trolley to move the cylinders. Do not roll them on the ground. 4) At site, if the cylinders are not to be installed immediately, store either on their sides with wedges to prevent them from rolling or secure them using ropes or belts in an upright position. The storage area must be dry and in a place where they will not be damaged. 5) Do not remove the screwed cylinder transport cap from the cylinder unless the cylinders are securely held in position by its clamps or brackets.

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6) Never attempt to remove a cylinder valve from a pressurized cylinder. 7) Do not use extreme force (hammers, long levers, pipe wrench, etc.) on any part of the valve or actuating components. 8) Cylinders, valves, and actuating components SHALL NOT BE drilled, braised, welded, machined or stamped. The only permitted processes are cleaning and painting of the cylinders. 9) In the event of any abnormalities such as jammed or deformed valves, cracks or other apparent weaknesses, keep away and inform the appropriate engineer. 10) Heavy protective gloves (preferably textile or leather) should be worn at all times for the manual handling of cylinders to minimize the risk of hand injury. During discharge, all connected parts of the cylinder and valve are likely to become very cold and there is a risk of "frostbite" if any of the parts are handled at that time with unprotected hands, particularly if hands are wet. 11) Safety footwear shall always be worn at all times. HFC-227ea System Installation Procedures 1) The following drawings and instructions should be as a minimum be in the possession of the installer :a) P & I Diagram b) Piping Isometric c) Piping Plan d) Cylinder Bank Assembly e) Electrical Wiring Diagram f) Installation Procedures, this section. g) Material List

Material Preparation. a) Prior to carrying out the assembly and installation, check that all the required materials have arrived at site and they are in good condition. b) Ensure that the protected areas and cylinder storage areas matches the drawings in layout and size. Inform the project manager of any discrepancies.

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Transport and Storage of Materials The cylinders must be fitted with transport caps whenever they are moved or when they are not connected to the manifold. When the cylinders and associated equipment arrive on site, they shall be stored in a dry room within a temperature range of 0oC and 50oC until they are needed for installation. When storing the cylinders, secure them so that they cannot fall or roll. Avoid exposing the cylinders from sunlight and heat. NOTE: The cylinders must not be dropped or rolled when transporting or moving them. A suitable trolley should be used to move the cylinders.

Installation of the low pressure pipe distribution network The low pressure pipe network begins after the manifold. The pipes used shall be Sch. 40 ASTM A-106A or other equivalent standards which can accommodate the maximum pressure calculated in the network. Refer to table E. 1) Piping should be installed in accordance with good commercial practice. Screwed pipe should be cleaned of oil and swarf. Screwed joints should be sealed using PTFE on the male threads. Care should be taken to avoid possible restrictions due to foreign matter, faulty fabrication or improper installation. The piping system should be securely supported with due allowance for agent thrust forces and thermal expansion/contraction, and should not be subjected to mechanical, chemical, vibration, corrosion or other damages. Where explosions are likely, the piping system should be attached to supports that are least likely to be displaced. A galvanized steel pipe is recommended as they are less likely to corrode within a short period of time. If rust flakes or particles are present within the pipe, they may come loose during a discharge and may be able to block off the orifices in the nozzles thus jeopardizing the release. Also the rust cloud / spray may ruin the ceiling tiles, or may damage sensitive equipment within the enclosure. Special coatings or corrosion resistant materials must be used in corrosive environments. After installation of the pipe work it is recommended to flush the pipe work in order to remove dirt / particles, sealing material, cutting burrs, etc. as well as to verify that flow is continuous and that the piping is unobstructed. Flushing should be performed prior to the pressure testing of the pipe work and after any rectification

2)

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work on the pipe network. If water is used for flushing, ensure that the pipe work is blown dry to minimize internal corrosion of the piping. If gaseous media is used, (compressed air, nitrogen, etc.) ensure that the pipe work has not been sealed off in any way. Make sure that no one is in any of the rooms in which the pipe work is to be flushed. Where necessary, filter bags should be used to collect any dirt or particles being blown out of the pipe work especially if there is equipment in the room. 3) The pipe work should be leak tested prior to installing the discharge nozzles. Leak testing of the distribution pipe work should be carried out as follows :a) Verify that all manifold check valves are fitted onto the manifold. Plug off the nozzle points using suitable plugs. b) Connect the nitrogen test supply cylinder assembly to the manifold. c) Make sure that no one is in any of the rooms in which the pipe work is to be tested. d) Slowly pressurize the distribution pipe network to 3 bar. e) Check the pipe network for leaks. If there are no leaks, proceed to pressure test the pipe work to 3 bar for about 10 minutes. Any pressure drop should not exceed 20% of the test pressure. f) Release the pressure slowly after testing. g) If rectification work was carried out, flush the pipe works first prior to pressure test the pipe work again.

The following tables show the maximum allowable pressure (psi) for steel pipe with threaded end connection as well as rolled grooved or welded end connections.

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Table E Maximum Allowable Pressure (psi) for steel pipe with threaded end connections ASchedule Nom. Wall Grade A-106C A-53B 53B A-53A Pipe A-106B A-106A Size 40
1/ " 2 3/ " 4

Thickness 0.109 0.113 0.133 0.140 0.145 0.154 0.203 0.216 0.237

Type

Seamless Seamless 2593 2234 2026 1782 1667 1494 1505 1392 1278 2222 1915 1736 1528 1429 1280 1193 1096 1022

ERW 1896 1634 1482 1304 1220 1093 1100 1018 935

Seamless 1778 1532 1390 1222 1144 1025 1032 954 876

1" 11/4" 11/2" 2" 21/2" 3" 4"

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Table F Acceptable Fittings Class 300 malleable/ductile iron 1,000-lb rated ductile iron / forged steel Class 300 flanged joints Source: NFPA2001 - 2004 Edition Note: Other fittings manufactured to equivalent standards / codes can be used so long as they can withstand the working pressure. Maximum Pipe Size up to 3" NPS > 3" All

Installation of the Discharge nozzle 1) 2) A. 1) 2) 3) Install the appropriate nozzles with the correct orifice sizes in their designated locations as per the piping isometric drawing & plan. Screw the discharge nozzles into their fittings, using PTFE tape to make a tight seal. Use a spanner to make the nozzles hand tight. Miscellaneous Install the entrance warning signs on all entry doors into the protected area. Install the manual release warning signs adjacent to the cylinder equipped with the manual release. Check the integrity of the protected area for excessive openings which could result in unacceptable leakage of the clean agent. NOTE 1: A fan integrity test may be used to ascertain the integrity of the enclosure. NOTE 2: A discharge test is usually not encouraged for HFC gases to determine the performance of the system. 4) Check the interconnections between the actuation device and the control panel, as well as the pressure switches and the audio & visual alarms plus equipment and ventilation systems shutdown.

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Pipe Hangers/Support The maximum distance between hangers/support should not exceed the distances as stated in table G. Piping shall be securely supported using solid supports, giving due allowance for thrust forces and thermal expansion and contraction and should not be subjected to mechanical, chemical, vibration or other influence unless special precautions are made. Adequate hanger/support shall be provided for nozzles and their reactive forces such that in no case shall the distance from last hanger/support be more than 300mm. Table G Hanger Spacing Pipe Size (mm) Maximum Spacing (m) 1 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.7 4.3 5.2

10 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 150

Electrical Clearance When exposed electrical conductors are present in the protected enclosure, safety clearance no smaller than those listed in Table H shall be provided, where practicable between electrical conductors and all parts of the system that may be approached during maintenance. Where these clearances cannot be achieved, warning notices shall be provided and a safe system of maintenance work shall be adopted. Minimum clearance from any on or about the permanent equipment where a person may be required to stand (measure from the position of the feet).Section clearance to the nearest unscreened live conductor in air. Ground clearance to the nearest part not at earth potential of an insulator supporting a live conductor.

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Table H Safety Clearance

Maximum Rated Voltage (KV) 15 33 44 6 88 110 132 165 220 275

Minimum Section Clearance (m) 2.6 2.75 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.35 3.5 3.8 4.3 4.6

Minimum Ground Clearance (m) 2.5

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System Operation
General The SRI HFC-227ea fire suppression system must be used in conjunction with a detection and control system in order for the extinguishing system to operate automatically. Some issues must be addressed before deciding on the best detection system. They are:a) the speed of detection required b) what phenomenon to detect, e.g. Smoke, heat, flame, gas, fuel mist, etc. c) Relative acceptability of unwanted alarms d) Cost effectiveness Generally, all gaseous extinguishing systems requires a detection and control system to operate automatically. Detectors are needed to sense the fire, while the control system would give the signal to all visual & audio alarms, shutdown auxiliary equipment, and activate the suppression system. Detection Speed A gas extinguishing system's speed of extinguishment is usually more dependant on the response time of the detection system, rather than the discharge time of the gas. There is a wide variety of detection and control technologies available in order to cover the different types of fire risks. However, the technologies differ greatly in cost, and as such it is important to select a system that offers the client the optimum and cost-effective fire protection system. Types of Detectors The types of detectors commonly used in gaseous fire extinguishing systems are smoke detectors and heat detectors. For certain special hazards, flame detectors and gas detectors are used. Smoke detectors are available in several types, optical, aspirated and air aspiration system. The first two types are widely available at reasonable prices and are commonly used. Aspirated type is slightly more expensive but their response time is faster. For an even faster response time an air aspiration system can be used. However, they are much more expensive and are more suited for clean room environments. Generally, the more sensitive the detectors, the more prone they are to false alarms. Heat detectors are normally available in 3 types, rate of rise (ROR), fixed temperature or a combination of both ROR and fixed temperature. Heat detectors are less prone to false alarms and are cheaper compared to smoke detectors. However, in most cases, a fire may well be underway before the

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heat detector operates. In high risks or sensitive areas using a gaseous extinguishing system, the delay of a heat detector would cause fire damages which might be unacceptable to the client. Flame detectors are employed where flammable liquids or powders are present since fires spread very rapidly. Flame detectors are available in 2 types, ultra-violet (UV) and infrared (IR) flame detector. UV flame detector respond faster compared to the IR flame detector. UV detectors can be blinded by dirt or grease while IR detectors can be blinded by water. Consideration must be given to incorporate a monitoring system on these detectors to give a fault alarm if they are blinded. Detector Spacing Currently, there is no one internationally recognized standard for detector spacing therefore the detector requirements shall be based on the respective countries' standard or as required by the local authority having jurisdiction. There is a general consensus that while the detectors used for fire alarms can be installed at its maximum area coverage, those used for triggering gas suppression systems should be reduced or halved. This is because detectors installed at the maximum approved spacing for fire alarm use could result in excessive delay in agent release, especially when more than one detection device is required to be in alarm before automatic actuation results. Detector Location Detectors should be placed in a protected enclosure with the following aims: 1) to give the detectors the best chance to detect a fire quickly, and 2) to reduce the risk that the detectors give a false alarm. To make sure that the detectors can sense a fire, do:1) locate them at least 1 m from all obstructions. 2) assure a free passage of smoke to the detectors. Install detectors in a cable floor as well as the main room if the cable floor should also be protected. 3) evaluate the impact of the ventilation systems on detectors; they sometimes either prevent the smoke reaching the detection chamber or else contaminate detectors in air currents with dust. Conventional detectors should be installed in crossed zones, where each zone is made up of detectors installed diagonally to each other. In any case a minimum of two detectors must operate before the gas is released automatically.

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Typical Sequence The following is a typical sequence of events (details may vary according to local practice or regulations):a) A detector goes into alarm b) Visual and audible pre-alarm is given c) The ventilation system is automatically switched off d) A second detector goes into alarm, confirming the fire condition. e) Visual and audible fire alarm is given and the time delay is started. f) Any automatic closing of doors or openings is initiated. g) After the preset delay, a signal is sent to the electric actuator to release the gas. h) A visual alarm is given, indicating the release of the gas. Other possible events which could alter this sequence are: a) The release signal may be manual; it will have the same effect as the second (confirmation) detection signal. b) There might be an Abort or Hold switch to prevent a discharge, for example when people are present in the enclosure. All control panels normally would have a facility for adjusting the time delay but the range may vary from 0 60 seconds depending on the local requirements. It is not the intention of this section to recommend any particular makes of detectors and control systems since each countries have their own standards and regulations. As such, the proposed detection and control system shall have the approval of the Local Authority having Jurisdiction.

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Condition During a Fire

The users fire and safety instruction to personnel should include advice on the conditions prevailing during the discharge on a HFC-227ea system. This advice is intended to prepare the personnel for the situations likely to arise and therefore minimize the risks of panic. Three major conditions prevail during HFC-227ea systems discharge of which personnel should be made aware: HFC-227ea Concentration HFC-227ea total flooding systems greater than 9% design concentration should only be used with manual actuation in normally occupied areas. A normally occupied area is defined as an area intended for occupancy. Any area protected by HFC-227ea system should be evacuated prior to start of system discharge. Where egress of normally occupied areas cannot be accomplished within one minute, HFC-227ea total flooding systems shall be designed not to exceed 9% concentration. Refer to NFPA 2001, clause 1.5.1.2 for additional information. HFC-227ea Decomposition HFC-227ea decomposes when exposed to temperatures exceeding 482C. The rate of this decomposition is dependent upon the size of the area where extreme temperatures are found, and also upon the length of HFC-227ea exposure time. To avoid decomposition, the HFC-227ea systems are designed to discharge and extinguish the fire quickly. (NFPA 2001, clause 5.7.1.2 Discharge time) Hydrogen Fluoride is the most toxic decomposition product. This material generates a sharp acrid odour, which is easily detected and acts as a warning and a good safeguard to personnel. HFC-227ea Discharge Condition HFC-227ea has a low boiling point; consequently the discharge is very cold at the point where it leaves the nozzle. Care should be taken to avoid working within 1 meter of HFC-227ea discharge nozzles. The velocity of discharge of HFC-227ea from a discharge nozzle is very high, care should be taken to insure that objects which may become dangerous projectiles are secured or removed from the protected area.

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Actions Following a Fire

General These notes are only applicable to the protected area(s) protected by a HFC-227ea fire extinguishing system. Where such a system may form part of, or combine with other forms of fire protection systems then composite instruction for all systems are necessary to ensure the safety of personnel and property following a fire. The organization will have appointed, or nominated, a responsible person to act as a Fire Officer or Safety Officer to look after the safety issue. Actions following a fire should be coordinated and/or directed by the officer.

Actions Immediately Following a Fire These actions should, at a minimum, include the following: Advise the Fire Brigade or police if appropriate. Organize a roll call of employees and any visitors. Prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the protected area. In the case of deep seated fires, the protected area should be kept tightly closed for at least 60 minutes after discharge of HFC-227ea extinguishing agent. It is important that the fire be completely extinguished before ventilating the area. Before permitting any one to enter the area, ventilate thoroughly or ensure self-contained breathing equipment is used. Do not enter the protected area in which fire has been extinguished with an open flame or lighted cigarette as the possible presence of flammable vapours may cause re-ignition or explosion.

Should it be necessary to enter a area containing HFC-227ea or decomposition products the following precautions should be taken; Use a fresh air mask or self contained breathing equipment. Do not use a filter mask or canister type mask. Do not enter area unless you are under observation from outside the area, or tethered by a lifeline. Ensure that all pressurized equipment is isolated or safe from release.

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TESTING AND COMMISSIONING PRE - COMMISSIONING CHECK LIST 1) Check that all pipes and fittings are in accordance with the correct specifications as shown on the General Arrangement Drawings. Check that the systems are installed in accordance to the drawings. Any deviations from the original design should be incorporated into "As Built". Check that all remedial works (if any) have been completed. Check that all discharge nozzles with the appropriate orifice size are fitted in their designated locations. Check all pipe supports and brackets to ensure that the system pipe work is firmly secured in position. Check all cylinder supports and brackets to ensure that the cylinders are firmly secured in place. Check all fittings and hoses are tightened and secured. Check the cylinder pressure. The pressure may vary depending on the ambient temperature.

2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

COMMISSIONING PROCEDURES Testing the actuation of the system can be broken down into 2 separate functional tests; electrical and mechanical. WARNING: BEFORE CARRYING OUT ANY FUNCTIONAL TESTS, MAKE SURE THAT THE ACTUATION DEVICE IS REMOVED FROM THE CYLINDER VALVE. Electrical Actuation 1) 2) Make sure that the actuation device is disconnected from the valve. From the control panel, initiate a fire condition. This will start a time delay prior to simulate a 24V DC output to the actuation device connection. Depending on the local authority requirements the delay can be adjusted at the control panel from 0 to 60 seconds. Normally the delay is set at 30 seconds. Use the multi meter to measure if there is 24V DC output from the panel. Make sure to reset the control panel first prior to connecting the actuation device again.

3)

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Mechanical Actuation 1) 2) The manual / pneumatic actuator is fitted to the top of the cylinders valve. Pull the safety pin out and operate the manual release lever. NOTE: ONCE THE TESTING AND COMMISSIONING HAS BEEN COMPLETED, REINSTALL THE ACTUATION DEVICE BACK ONTO THE CYLINDERS VALVE. Commissioning Forms and Certification The Testing and Commissioning forms / checklist and Acceptance report shall be duly completed, and all necessary signatories obtained. A copy is to be given to the relevant party.

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Testing and Commissioning Check List for HFC-227ea System. (Sample)

Item 1

Description Piping Check that the correct pipe schedule and fittings were used. Refer to isometric drawings for specifications.

Yes

No

Remarks

Check that the pipe routing and size correlate with the pipe plan and piping isometric drawings. Any major modifications to be noted and handed over to the project engineer for verification of calculation.

Check that the piping network are securely fastened to a solid and stable structure using appropriate supports. Check that all bolts are tighten properly. Check that the piping network has been flushed / dried out and pressure tested. Test report to be issued by the installer.

Check that all discharge nozzles are Installed securely and are not obstructed. Verify that each nozzle with the correct orifice size is installed at the correct location as per piping isometric drawing. Cylinders Check that the number, their volume and filling pressure correspond with the project specification Check that they are not damage, the Paint has been repaired. Check that the wall brackets are securely fastened to a solid and stable structure. Check that all bolts are tighten properly.

6 7

Check that all cylinder clamps are mounted properly and all bolts are securely fastened.

10

Check that each cylinder has been labeled and the label has been filled correctly.

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Item 11

Description Check that the cylinder transport caps are available for transport of the cylinders for refilling. Manifolds

Yes

No

Remarks

12 13

Check that the manifold arrangement is according to drawings. Check that the manifold brackets are securely fastened to a solid and stable structure. Check that all bolts are tightened properly.

14 15

Check that the manifold is securely fastened to the brackets. Check that the manifold assembly is securely fitted to the distribution pipe network. Accessories

16

Check that the discharge hose(s) has a smooth bending, are not stretched, compressed or kinked.

17

Check that the discharge hose(s) has been securely fixed onto the discharge valve outlet and at the manifold check valve.

18

Check that pressure on each cylinder is within the acceptable range. Check that the pressure gauge orientation is correct, i.e. The dial gauge face is facing outwards. Check that the pneumatic actuating hoses are connected properly to the pneumatic actuators on each slave cylinders. Tighten using a spanner until it stops. Check that there is a plug installed on the pneumatic actuator at the last slave cylinder to close the actuating line.

19

20

21

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WARNING : BEFORE CARRYING OUT ANY FUNCTIONAL TESTS, MAKE SURE THAT THE ACTUATION DEVICE IS REMOVED FROM THE CYLINDER VALVE. Item 22 23 Description Accessories Check that the actuation device wiring is properly terminated. Check the function of the manual / pneumatic actuator if fitted. Replace the seal tag after completion of test. Room / Enclosure 24 Verify the room sizes, compare actual volume with project information. See volume input used in the calculation. 25 Verify that vents / pressure relief arrangement where required is installed in accordance with system requirements. Check against results from flow calculation information or calculations based on the room integrity test / door fan test. Ensure that the room(s) has been cleaned up. General 27 Ensure that all doors into the protected area has been provided with a warning label / signage. 28 29 Ensure that the operating instructions has / will be given. Ensure that the operation and maintenance manual has / will be given. Yes No Remarks

26

Commissioning Engineer's Name : Installer / Contractor's Name : Completion Date : Client :

Signature : Signature :

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HFC-227ea FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM CERTIFICATE OF INSTALLATION, COMMISSIONING AND ACCEPTANCE (SAMPLE) CLIENT SITE ADDRESS WORK UNDERTAKEN : : :

CONTRACT NO

We hereby certify that in carrying out this work the methods, materials and components used comply with the specifications and standards as listed in the contract. Other than the deviations listed below :-

Design Concentration : NOT APPLICABLE

Fan Test Result

PASSED

FAILED

All commissioning procedures as per checklist have been carried out. Commissioning Engineer's Name : Installer / Contractor's Name : Date : We confirm that the work has been carried out to our complete satisfaction and is accepted in good working order. A copy of the Operation and Maintenance manual, as-built drawings and operating instructions have been supplied and received. Client's Representative Signature : Name and Position : Date : Signature : Signature :

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MAINTENANCE
The system shall be maintained on a regular basis, at least on an annual basis or as otherwise specified by the local authority having jurisdiction. Maintenance of the system shall include the following:A. Protected Area / Enclosure Check 1. Survey the protected area to verify that it has not changed from what the system was designed to protect. While surveying, look for different fuels, new equipment, blocked open doors or dampers, new penetrations or gaps which may lead to loss of the hazard integrity, etc. Discharge Nozzles 1. Check all nozzles to make certain they are in place and have not been tampered with. Check the nozzles for corrosion or damage, and that they are not obstructed internally or externally. Distribution Pipe Network 1. Check the condition of the piping to make certain that it is properly secured in the hangers, the brackets are not loose and all fittings are connected tightly. Signage 1. Check all warning nameplates throughout the area. Ensure that they are in place, mounted securely, readable and are not damaged.

B.

C.

D.

IMPORTANT Prior to carrying any maintenance on the system, the system should be inhibited electrically by the control panel (if available). For multiple cylinders system, the actuating hose must be disconnected from the slave cylinder. Thereafter, remove the actuation device from the master cylinder. For single cylinder systems, proceed to remove the actuation device once the system has been inhibited electrically if so equipped. (Ref. Fig. 7.5 - (7) for details) E. Cylinders check 1. Check the cylinder bracketing. Ensure that the cylinders are secured in the brackets. Check for corrosion, damage or missing components. For the packaged type, check the frame and plates for damage or corrosion as well as loose or missing components. 2. Check the condition of all cylinders. Check for signs of damage or corrosion and check the cylinders' last hydro test dates. (NFPA 2001 states "Cylinders continuously in service without discharging shall be given a complete external visual inspection every 5 years or more frequently if required. The visual inspection shall be in accordance with Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet C-6, Section 3; except that the cylinders need not be emptied or stamped while under pressure").

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3. Check storage cylinder pressure gauge and ambient temperatures; compare this pressure to the temperature correction chart to determine temperature corrected pressure. If the cylinder corrected pressure shows a pressure loss of more than 10%, the cylinder should be removed for weighing, all measurements and actions shall be recorded.

F.

Components Check Make a visual inspection of the systems components, distribution piping and nozzles. Check the immediate vicinity of all equipment to ensure that no accidental damage or tampering has occurred.

G.

Specialized Maintenance Duties Cylinder Hydrostatic Pressure Testing Providing cylinders are submitted to a full external inspection every 12 months from the date of introduction, the allowable interval period before the first periodic inspection and hydrostatic pressure test is 20 years. Any cylinder that is discharge between 10 years and 20 years of being introduced into service shall be submitted to a full periodic inspection and a hydrostatic pressure test before being refilled. The interval between the first and second periodic inspection and hydrostatic pressure test may not exceed 10 years. Subsequent retests are not to exceed 5 years. (NFPA 2001) Finally Carry out a final visual inspection of the system and the protected area to ensure that all equipment has been reinstalled and reconnected properly. Ensure that any associated control/indication panel is displaying normal operation. Complete the maintenance log book, recording work carried out and parts used. Inform the responsible person that the work is complete and that the system is back on operation mode.

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