What Is This Module About?

Have you ever wondered why your mother tells you not to drink soft drinks on an empty stomach? Or why your throat hurts when you throw up? Have you experienced hyperacidity? What do you do to relieve the pain? Have you ever heard of acid rain? You can learn the answers to these questions in this module. Acids and bases are important substances. Most of the materials that you use contain acids and bases. There are also plenty of materials that are manufactured with the use of acids and bases. Different acids and bases also have substantial effects on you and your surroundings. Hence, it is important that you learn to recognize what acids and bases are. This module contains three lessons. These are: Lesson 1 What Are Acids and Bases? Lesson 2 What Is pH? Lesson 3 How Do Acids and Bases Combine?

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you should be able to: enumerate the properties of acids and bases; differentiate between an acid and a base; relate pH to the acidity or basicity of a solution; describe what happens in a neutralization reaction; identify the products of a neutralization reaction; and name some uses of acids and bases in everyday life.

Wait!
Before you start studying this module, make sure that you have already read the following modules: Matter 1A: Forms, Properties and Changes Matter 1B: Forms, Properties and Changes Chemical Bonds: Forces That Link Chemical Reactions Around Us

Lets See What You Already Know

Before you continue reading this module, take the following test first to find out how well you know the topics to be discussed. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which of the following is an acid? a. b. 2. soft drink soap c. d. baking soda milk of magnesia

Which of the following best describes a base? a. b. foul odor sour taste c. d. slippery to touch all of the above

3.

Sodium hydroxide is a Brnsted-Lowry base because __________. a. b. it accepts protons it donates protons c. d. it releases H+ in water it releases OH in water

4.

Which of the following is an acid? a. b. oxide acetate c. d. chloride hydronium

5.

Which of the following is a product of a neutralization reaction? a. b. acid base c. d. water none of the above

6.

Which of the following best describes a strong acid? a. b. c. d. contains a hydroxyl group contains two or more hydrogen atoms dissociates completely in water slightly dissociates in water

7.

Which of the following is present in batteries that are used in cars, trucks and other automobiles? a. b. phenol acetic acid c. d. cyanic acid sulfuric acid

8.

What is the neutral pH? a. b. 2 4 c. d. 7 9

9.

At what pH is a substance considered corrosive? a. b. 1 4 c. d. 7 9

10. If the amount of hydronium ions is increased, the pH will _____________. a. b. increase decrease c. d. remain the same none of the above

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 35 to find out. If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well. If you got a low score, dont feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will help you understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready? You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

LESSON 1

What Are Acids and Bases?

Do you know what acids and bases are? How can you distinguish an acid from a base? You can tell the difference between an acid and a base through their properties. If you know what these properties are, you will be able to identify even the acids and bases in your home. In this lesson, you will learn what the properties of acids and bases are. You will also find out what acids and bases are commonly found in your home.

Lets Try This

You will need the following materials: vinegar bath soap kalamansi dishwashing liquid/paste orange juice toothpaste

Taste a small sample of each of the materials in the list. Make sure that you immediately spit out the inedible materials (namely, the bath soap, dishwashing liquid/paste and toothpaste) right after tasting them. Touch each material and feel its texture.

Lets Think About This

1. What are the taste and texture of each of the materials that you tested? Write these in the table below.
Material Taste Texture

2.

Based on the table on page 4, classify the materials into two groups, those with bitter taste and slippery texture, and those with sour taste and are not slippery. _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 35.

Lets Learn
Most foods contain acids. Examples of these are citrus fruits like lemon, orange and dalandan. Acids taste sour. Do you now know why you are not to drink soft drinks when you havent eaten anything yet? Soft drinks contain carbonic acid. When carbonic acid combines with the other acids inside your stomach, you experience stomach pain. Now, why do you think your throat hurts when you throw up? When you vomit, the bile that you throw up contains hydrochloric acid and other acids. Coffee granules taste bitter, but when you add water, how do they taste? They taste slightly sour. This is because coffee also contains an amount of acid. Some substances exhibit their acidic property when they are dissolved in water. Coffee is one such substance. Another example is milk. Powdered milk becomes slightly acidic when it is dissolved in water. But in this case, we cannot easily say that milk tastes sour. So, there must be some other ways of determining if a substance is an acid or not. Here are more examples of foods that contain acids.

How about bases? Most bases taste bitter and are slippery to touch. They are the main components of soaps and other cleansing agents. Like acids, some substances become basic only when they are dissolved in water. Baking soda is one such substance. When it is dissolved in water, it becomes slippery to touch.

Here are some examples of materials that contain bases. Do you recognize them?

lotion shampoo soap

Acids taste sour; bases taste bitter. However, you cannot use taste as a means of determining whether a substance is an acid or a base. This is because there are some acids and bases that are corrosive, that is, touching or tasting them would be harmful. What then is a safe way of determining if a substance is an acid or a base? You can use an indicator for this purpose. An indicator is a substance that changes in color in the presence of an acid or a base. Litmus is a common indicator. It is a naturally occurring dye extracted from lichen. Lichen is a type of vegetable. Strips of paper dipped in litmus can be used as indicators. We can use litmus paper to prove that a substance is an acid or a base. Litmus paper is used in hospitals to determine whether fecal (waste) matter for analysis is acidic or basic. This is because normal fecal matter should be slightly basic.

Remember the following: Acids turn blue litmus paper to red. BRA Blue to Red, Acid Bases turn red litmus paper to blue. RBB Red to Blue, Base

Lets Think About This

1. Write down other examples of acids that you can see at home. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Write down other examples of bases that you can find at home. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Camote tops in sinigang change color when tamarind extract is added. Camote tops are an example of an _______________.

2.

3.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 35.

Lets Learn
Why do acids and bases have their distinct properties and characteristics? Among the first to explain the behavior of acids and bases was Svante August Arrhenius. His theory, which is called the Arrhenius ionic theory, states that an acid is a substance that gives hydrogen ions (H+) on dissociation (release of ions) in water, and a base is a substance that gives hydroxyl ions (OH) on dissociation in water. Thus, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an acid and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a base. Let us see why: HCl NaOH
H2O H2O

H+ + Cl Na+ + OH

In the presence of water, HCl dissociates into two ions, hydrogen ion and chloride. Thus, it is considered an acid. In the presence of water, NaOH dissociates into two ions, sodium ion and hydroxyl ion. Thus, it is considered a base. In the light of recent knowledge on Arrheniuss free hydrogen ion, it has been found that hydrogen ion cannot exist in aqueous (water) solution. The hydrogen ion must be completely surrounded by water. Therefore, it is actually a hydronium ion that is formed, not a hydrogen ion. Look at the following dissociation reaction: H2O 2H2O H+ + OH H3O+ + OH

Notice the double-headed arrows in both chemical equations. This indicates that the reactions are reversible, that is, they can take place the other way around. For example, the hydronium ion and hydroxyl ion can combine to form water molecules.

We can also say that an Arrhenius acid is a substance that upon dissociation can increase the concentration of the solvent cation, H3O+. Likewise, an Arrhenius base is a substance that can increase the concentration of the solvent anion, OH. In the Arrhenius ionic theory, the role played by water as solvent is central to acid-base behavior. However, it was proven later that there are acid-base reactions that occur among gases and in solvents that cannot be ionized, such as benzene. Before we go any further, let us first recall the definitions of the terms mentioned in the preceding section. Can you recall what an ion is? An ion is an atom that has either gained or lost an electron. A positive ion is called a cation, while a negative ion is called an anion. Danish chemist Johannes Brnsted and English chemist Thomas Lowry each offered a set of new definitions of an acid and a base. According to the Brnsted-Lowry theory, an acid is any substance that donates a proton to another substance, and a base is any substance that can accept a proton from any other substance. In other words, an acid is a proton donor while a base is a proton acceptor. This redefinition does not really contradict the Arrhenius definition. An Arrhenius acid is a Brnsted-Lowry acid that has dissociated in water by transferring its proton to the solvent. H+A + H2O A + H3O

An Arrhenius base is also a Brnsted-Lowry base because it accepts a proton when it reacts with an acid. The difference is that it is no longer the only base that can exist in water. Any species, molecular or ionic, as long as it can accept a proton, whether in solution or in a gasphase reaction, is considered a base. H+Cl + NH3
base (proton acceptor)

Cl + NH4+

H3O+ + Cl
base (proton acceptor)

H2O + HCl

Lets Study and Analyze

Let us take a look at the dissociation of nitric acid (HNO3) in water: HNO3 Take note that HNO3 gives up the proton H+. Therefore, HNO3 is a Brnsted-Lowry acid. H+ then combines with water: H+ + H2O H3O+ H+ + NO3

The water molecule accepted the proton from HNO3. Therefore, H2O can also act as a base because it follows the definition of a Brnsted-Lowry base.

Lets Review
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates in water in the following manner: HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl

What do you think will happen to the hydrogen in HCl? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Which is the acid? Why?__________________________________________________ Which is the base? Why?__________________________________________________ Compare your answers with the following: The hydrogen in HCl was transferred to H2O. Thus, the acid is HCl because it donated a proton to water. The base is H2O because it accepted a proton from HCl.

Lets Learn
Hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3) is one of the species present in lakes and rivers. It dissociates in water to form a carbonate ion (CO32) and a hydronium ion (H3O+). HCO3 + H2O
acid base

H3O+ + CO32

Notice that HCO3 lost its hydrogen to form CO32. H2O, on the other hand, gained the hydrogen to form H3O+. Which of them is the base? If you answered H2O, then youre right! This is because H2O received the hydrogen ion, which is the proton. HCO3 is the acid because it released the proton. As you can see from the previous examples, bases are not limited to substances containing the hydroxyl group. Any substance that can accept a proton is considered a base. Examples of this are: ammonia (NH3) metal oxides, such as sodium oxide (Na2O) and magnesium oxide (MgO) anions, such as chloride (Cl) and cyanide (CN) 9

There are still many things you need to know about acids and bases. Before you proceed to the next lesson, do this simple activity first.

Lets Try This

You can make a homemade acid-base indicator. Just do this simple activity to find out how your indicator works. Get six substances in your home that you think may contain acids or bases. These may include baking soda, soft drink, butter, pineapple, shampoo and milk. Try to get three or more of the following: cosmos flowers santan flowers yellow bell flowers pink gumamela flowers black beans mayana leaves

In a bowl, press the santan flowers with a spoon. Add a little water until you get at least one tablespoon of the extract. The extract will be your indicator. Get a piece of white paper and a sheet of plastic cover/cellophane. Draw six small circles on the paper and write the name of each of the materials you will test near each circle. Cover the paper with the plastic cover/cellophane. See the diagram below.

pineapple

milk

baking soda

white paper

butter

soft drink

shampoo

cellophane

1. 2.

On each circle, put three drops of the material to be tested. Dissolve a small amount of the solids in water before you put them on the circles. Add a drop of the santan extract on each circle. Observe whether there will be a change in color of the extract.

Follow the same procedure for extracting an indicator from each of the plant parts listed. Test each indicator on all the materials. Classify the materials into two groups based on the color changes in the indicators. To determine which group is the acid or the base, do the taste test (except for the shampoo) and determine the texture of each material. Make a table similar to that in Lets Try This on page 4. 10

If you want to know if you got the right results, compare the color changes of your indicators with the expected colors in the table below:
Indicator Gumamela Santan Cosmos Yellow bell Mayana Black beans Acid Pink/colorless Pale orange Yellow orange Light yellow Light pink Light yellow Light Yello Red Dark Light Dark

If you did not get the same results, it may be because the acids and bases in your materials are not easily detected. Show your results to your Instructional Manager or Facilitator.

Lets See What You Have Learned

A. Identify the acids and the bases in the following reactions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. HCN + H2PO4 HS + OH H2O + NH2 H2O + HCl NH3 + H2O CN + H3PO4 S2 + H2 OH + NH3 H3O+ + Cl NH4+ + OH

Answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between the Arrhenius ionic theory and the BrnstedLowry theory? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Why do you need to use an indicator when testing if a substance is an acid or a base? _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

2.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 35 and 36. Did you get a perfect score? If you did, thats very good! If you did not, dont worry. Just review the parts of this lesson that you did not understand very well. Afterward, you may move on to Lesson 2.

11

Lets Remember
Acids have a sour taste. They turn blue litmus paper to red. Bases have a bitter taste and are slippery to touch. They turn red litmus paper to blue. An Arrhenius acid donates a hydrogen ion or hydronium ion while an Arrhenius base donates a hydroxyl ion. A Brnsted-Lowry acid donates a proton while a Brnsted-Lowry base accepts a proton. An indicator is a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base.

12

LESSON 2

What Is pH?
How can you know how acidic or basic a substance is? For example, when do you consider rain acidic? How will you know if a substance is corrosive without touching it? These questions will be answered in this lesson. In this lesson, you will find out what pH is and how it is used to measure how acidic or basic a substance is. You will also find out what instruments or tools are used for measuring pH. In addition, you will also find out the pH of some common materials. Are you eager to learn all about pH? Read on!

Lets Study and Analyze

Acidified clouds Air pollution Traffic exhaust and smoke from factories, power stations and fires are carried into the air. Pollutants combine with atmospheric moisture to form sulfurous, sulfuric, nitric and carbonic acids. Damaged forest Acid rain Uneven, sparse foliage unable to perform photosynthesis efficiently.

Dead lake Deposition Some particles do not mix with moisture, but come down as acid rain in a harmful process called deposition. Acid disrupts the delicate balance of the lake ecosystem and eventually kills all organisms.

Damaged root systems are unable to collect nutrients or support trees in windstorms.

Even rain can be acidic. How could this happen? Gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) that are emitted from vehicles and factories can cause rain to become acidic. When SO2, NO2 and CO2 go up into the atmosphere, they eventually become sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3) and carbonic acid (HCO3). These acids combine with water droplets in the clouds. These water droplets then become acid rain.

13

Acid rain damages trees and foliages. It combines with waters from rivers and lakes and kills fishes and other aquatic organisms. Acid rain also damages structures that are made of marble and other artifacts. Shown below is a statue before and after it was exposed to acid rain.

A marble statue before and after exposure to acid rain

Lets Think About This

1. Do you live in a place where acid rain falls? Why do you say so? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ How do you think acid rain can affect you? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ How can you help prevent acid rain? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

2.

3.

Have your Instructional Manager or Facilitator check your answers.

Lets Learn
pH of Acids and Bases How can you determine if the rain that falls on your area is acidic or not? What if the sour taste of the acid is not easily detected? This is where the concept of pH comes in. So how do we define pH? pH stands for power of hydrogen. Can you see a connection between acidity and pH? Do you remember that acids are capable of releasing hydronium ions in water? Well, pH is the measure of the amount of hydronium ions present in a solution. 14

We can understand this concept better by getting the pH of pure water through the dissociation of water. Water is said to be amphiprotic or amphoteric, meaning it can act both as an acid and a base. It can release a proton in the presence of a weaker acid and it can accept a proton in the presence of a stronger acid. The hydrogen in water constantly transfers from one molecule of water to another. The molecules of water react this way: H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH

Water dissociates very slightly. Not all water molecules give up their hydrogen ions in solution. Because of this, a small amount of H2O is still present in the solution. The hydrogen ions that are released combine with the molecules of H2O to form H3O+. Each H3O+ will then combine with another to form H2O molecules and OH. Therefore, tests and computations can be made to determine the amount of H3O+ in the solution. Computations show that in 1 liter of pure water, there is 0.0000001 mole of H3O+, which is also the amount of OH ions because they have a 1:1 ratio in the balanced equation for the dissociation reaction. Another way of writing this value is through scientific notation:

1 107 or 107 mole of H3O+ per liter of water 1 107 or 107 mole of OH per liter of water

Because the amount of positive ions and negative ions are equal in the solution, pure water is said to be neutral, meaning it carries no electric charge and is therefore neither an acid nor a base. This is because the cations cancel out the anions in the solution. This is like having an equal number of boys and girls in a room. Lets say the boys are negatively charged and the girls are positively charged. You cannot say that there are more boys than girls. In the same way, you cannot say that pure water is an acid or a base. To make the values simpler, when water has a concentration of 1 107 or 107 mole of H3O ions per liter of water, the water is said to have pH 7.
+

Aside from pH, the concept of pOH is also used. In this case, it is the concentration of hydroxide ions that is measured. Can we therefore say that water has pOH 7? Yes, of course because we have equal amounts of hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions in the solution. Therefore we can add the pH and the pOH of pure water to come up with:
pH + pOH = 14

We can use this formula to get the pH of a substance if the pOH is given. We can also use this to get the pOH if the pH is given. What do you think will happen to the pH of pure water in the clouds when sulfuric acid combines with the water? Will the pH of the resulting rainwater be higher or lower than that of pure water? Lets find out. 15

Remember that pH is dependent on the concentration of hydronium ions present in the solution. So when an acid is added to water, the concentration of hydronium ions will increase. The value may change from 0.0000001 mole to 0.000001 mole of hydronium ions. In scientific notation, the value will change from 1 107 to 1 106. The pH will then be 6. So, will the pH of the acidic rainwater be higher or lower than that of pure water? It will be lower. How about pOH? At the start, we had equal amounts of hydronium and hydroxyl ions in the solution. But the amount of hydronium ions increased, therefore the amount of hydroxide ions decreased. If the pH of rainwater is 6, what could be its pOH? From the formula.
pH + pOH = 14

we can derive the formula for pOH. We just subtract the pH value from 14. pOH = 14 pH = 14 6 =8 Therefore, the pOH of rainwater is 8. If the pOH of urine is 9, what must be its pH? To answer this question, we just subtract the pOH value from 14. pH = 14 pOH = 14 9 =5 The pH of urine is 5.

Lets Review
1. 2. The pH of wine is 3. What must be its pOH? _________________________________________________________________ The pOH of detergent is 5. What is its pH? _________________________________________________________________ Are your answers the same as the following? 1. 2. If the pH of wine is 3, then its pOH is 14 3 = 11. If the pOH of detergent is 5, then its pH is 14 5 = 9.

16

Lets Study and Analyze

Study the following diagram. A B C

pH

A. pH = 8 pOH = 6 B. pH = 7 pOH = 7 C. pH = 6 pOH = 8

pOH

Comparison of the pH and pOH in solution

Write increase or decrease. 1. 2. What happens to the pOH of a substance when pH is increased? ______________ What happens to the pH if pOH is increased? ______________

Based on the graph and on the calculations, when you increase the pH, the pOH will decrease. And if you increase the pOH, the pH will decrease. When you add the pH and the pOH of one solution, the sum should always be 14.

Lets Learn
A substance is said to be acidic if the amount of hydronium ions is more than 1 107 or if the pH is less than 7. A substance is basic if the amount of hydronium ions is less than 1 107 or if the pH is more than 7. To understand this a lot better, do the activity on the next page.

17

Lets Think About This

Barangay Mahalimuyak Barangay Maaliwalas

Imagine yourself standing on a bridge connecting two barangays, Barangay Mahalimuyak and Barangay Maaliwalas. Youre facing Barangay Mahalimuyak and behind you is Barangay Maaliwalas. 1. 2. If you walk forward, where will you be? ________________________ If you walk backward, where will you be? ________________________

Are your answers the same as these? 1. 2. If you walk forward, you will be in Barangay Mahalimuyak. If you walk backward, you will be in Barangay Maaliwalas.

Lets Learn
Now, think of the bridge as the pH of a neutral substance, which is pH 7. If you go forward, the substance will become basic. The pH of a base can range from 8 to 14. If you go backward, the substance will become acidic. The pH range of an acid is from 1 to 6. Putting it simply:
pH = 7 neutral because the concentration of hydronium ions and the concentration of hydroxyl ions are equal pH < 7 acidic solution because the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than that of the hydroxyl ions pH > 7 basic solution because the concentration of the hydronium ions is less than that of the hydroxyl ions

18

Lets Study and Analyze

Using the preceding explanation, complete this number line. Write the values that would correspond to acidic and basic pH.

s
acidic pH

neutral pH

basic pH

The number line that you completed above is the pH scale. A more detailed pH scale will look like this:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

s
s s
increasing acidity pH < 7.0 neutral pH pH = 7 decreasing acidity pH > 7.0

Notice that the pH scale can be used in expressing how acidic or how basic a substance is. Therefore, there is no need for a pOH scale. But of course, you must also be familiar with the concept of pOH. So how do we measure pH?

Lets Learn
Measuring pH We can get the pH of a substance if the concentration of the ions in the solution is given. But we must calculate the pH. There are other ways of getting the pH without solving for it. The most common materials used are the pH paper and pH meter. The pH paper is a strip of paper that can change colors. The colored portion is very sensitive to changes in pH. If you dip the paper in an acidic or basic solution, the color of the paper will change. You can check the pH of the solution by comparing the new color of the paper with a standard range of colors and their corresponding pH values.

19

If you want to get an accurate value of pH, you can use a pH meter. This instrument consists of a voltmeter connected to an electrode dipped in the solution. The pH reading will show on the instrument. This is what a pH meter looks like: Why do you need to get the pH of a substance? You already learned that different substances have different pH values. The pH value can tell you how strong an acid or a base is. Substances with pH values lower than 2 and higher than 12 are corrosive. Examples of substances that are corrosive are toxic wastes and concentrated acids and bases. Knowing the pH of a substance will also tell you how safe it is to use that substance. You surely would not use a soap that has a very high pH, would you? It would surely be harmful to your skin. You would want to use a soap with a pH that is nearer that of your own body.

Lets Study and Analyze

Many of the materials that we encounter at home contain acids and bases. Here are some of them and their corresponding pH values.

1
Corrosive

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Detergentss Tomato juice Milk Saliva Blood Tap water Soda Lemon juice Vinegar Wine Acid rain Urine

Beer

10 11 12 13 14
Corrosive Household ammonias

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1. 2. 3.

Which substance is the most acidic? _________________________________________________________________ Which substances are neutral or nearly neutral? _________________________________________________________________ Which substance is the most basic? _________________________________________________________________

Based on the table on the previous page, the most acidic substance is lemon juice. Why? Because lemon juice has the lowest pH. The substances that are neutral or can be neutral are tap water, urine and saliva because they are all near the pH 7 mark. Recall that the neutral pH is 7. Lastly, the most basic substance is the household ammonia because it has the highest pH.

Lets See What You Have Learned

A. Fill in the blanks. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Adding acid to pure water will ___________ the concentration of the hydronium ions and ________ the pH of water. Adding a base to pure water will __________ the concentration of the hydronium ions and _____________ the pH of water. A substance is corrosive if it has a pH of ______ or _______. A substance is an acid if it has a pH _________ 7. A substance is a base if it has a pH _________ 7. A ______________ is an instrument for accurately measuring the pH of a solution. Blood is __________ because it has a pH that is almost equal to 7.

B. Name the ways by which you can tell if a substance is an acid or a base. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 36. Did you get a perfect score? If you did, thats very good! If you did not, dont worry. Just review the parts of this lesson that you did not understand very well. Afterward, you may proceed to Lesson 3.

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Lets Remember
The pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in that solution while the pOH is a measure of the concentration of hydroxyl ions in the solution. The higher the hydronium ion concentration, the lower the pH. If the pH is equal to 7, the solution is neutral. If the pH is less than 7, the solution is acidic. If the pH is greater than 7, the solution is basic. The pH paper and pH meter are used in getting the pH of a substance. Substances that have pH lower than 2 and higher than 12 are corrosive.

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LESSON 3

How Do Acids and Bases Combine?

What happens when you eat too much, drink too much soft drink or do not eat anything at all? Sometimes you suffer from hyperacidity. What do you do when you experience hyperacidity? Usually, you take an antacid to relieve the pain, right? What do you think happens inside your stomach when you take an antacid? How is the antacid able to relieve the pain? You will learn the answers to these questions and some more as you study this lesson. This lesson will tell you what happens when an acid reacts with a base. You will find out what a strong acid, weak acid, strong base and weak base are. Are you ready to learn more? Read on!

Lets Study and Analyze

Look at the following pictures: 1

s
Raymund Kate

Raymund +

Kate

Raymund +

Hazel

Raymund Hazel

s
Glenn Hazel

Glenn + Hazel

Glenn

Kate

Glenn Kate

1. 2.

What happened to the two couples? _________________________________________________________________ Who ended up with each other? _________________________________________________________________

23

The first couple separated. This is also what happened to the second couple. Raymund and Hazel, and Glenn and Kate ended up together. This kind of thing is something you see in the movies and sometimes even in real life. But did you know that this kind of separation and combination can be compared to reactions between acids and bases?

Lets Learn
Lets apply the analogy of the two couples to the reaction between an acid and a base. Let us assume that the first couple is an acid. The boy is a hydrogen ion and the girl is a chloride ion. The second couple will then be a base. The boy is a sodium ion and the girl is a hydroxyl ion.

s
Raymund Kate ACID

Raymund +

Kate

Glenn Hazel BASE

Glenn + Hazel

In the same manner that each of the two couples separated, the acid and the base dissociate in water. Do you remember the term dissociation? An acid or a base is said to dissociate if it forms ions in solution. Another term that is used for dissociation is ionization. Like the couples in the illustration above, we can write the dissociation of the acid and the base in this way: Raymund-Kate HCl Glenn-Hazel NaOH H+ + Cl Glenn + Hazel Na+ + OH Raymund + Kate

If you combine the acid and base, the positive ion of the acid will combine with the negative ion of the base: Raymund + Hazel H+ + OH H2O Raymund-Hazel

Likewise, the positive ion from the base will combine with the negative ion from the base: Glenn + Kate Na+ + Cl NaCl Glenn-Kate

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We can write the reaction as: Raymund + Kate + Glenn + Hazel H+ + Cl + Na+ + OH The overall reaction will then be: HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl Raymund-Hazel + Glenn-Kate H+ OH + Na+ Cl

The products are water and sodium chloride (NaCl), a salt. A salt consists of a metal cation and a monoatomic (with one atom) or polyatomic (with more than one atom) anion. The combination of HCl and NaOH is a neutralization reaction. Why is it called neutralization? It is a neutralization reaction because water is a product of the reaction. Water is neutral because the concentration of hydronium ions and that of hydroxyl ions are equal. Not all acids and bases form water when combined. Only those acids and bases that completely dissociate in solution, as well as some oxides, undergo neutralization reactions. What do we call these acids and bases that completely dissociate in water?
An acid that completely dissociates in water is a strong acid. All the hydrogen ions in the solution are converted to hydronium ions. A base that completely dissociates in water is a strong base.

If we have strong acids and bases, we also have weak acids and bases.
A weak acid dissociates slightly in water. This means only a fraction of the acid molecules release hydrogen ions in water. A weak base is one that dissociates slightly in water.

Examples of weak acids are acetic acid, which is found in vinegar, and citric acid, which is found in citrus fruits. Ammonia is an example of a weak base. It is commonly found in cleansing agents and hair dyes.

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We are going to study the reactions between strong acids and bases and strong acids and oxides. Here is a list of all the strong acids and bases:
STRONG ACIDS Formula HClO4 H2SO4 HBr HCl HNO3 H3PO4 HF Hl Name perchloric acid sulfuric acid* hydrobromic acid hydrochloric acid nitric acid phosphoric acid hydrofluoric acid hydroiodic acid Formula LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH TlOH Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 STRONG BASES Name lithium hydroxide sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide rubidium hydroxide cesium hydroxide thallium (II) hydroxide calcium hydroxide strontium hydroxide barium hydroxide

*Only the first proton in sulfuric acid completely dissociates in water. The first product of dissociation, HSO4, is a weak acid.

Now lets predict the products of the neutralization reaction between nitric acid (HNO3) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). KOH is also used in the manufacture of soap. HNO3 + KOH ?

Let us first write the ions that will be formed from the dissociation of HNO3 and KOH: HNO3 KOH H+ + NO3 K+ + OH

Combining and exchanging the ions we get: H+ + NO3 + K+ + OH H+ OH + K+ NO3

Because the reaction is a neutralization reaction, the products are water and a salt. HNO3 + KOH H2O + KNO3

Take note that what we did was exchange the ions. The positive ion of the acid which is H+ combined with the negative ion of the base, which is OH, to form water. The positive ion of the base, K+, combined with the negative ion of the acid, NO3, to form potassium nitrate (KNO3), a salt.

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Lets Study and Analyze

Sulfuric acid is very corrosive. It is commonly used in batteries for cars, trucks and other automobiles. It is also used as a dehydrating agent (one that has the ability to remove water).

We can neutralize sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by adding a strong base such as strontium hydroxide [Sr(OH)2] in the solution. A neutralization reaction is possible because both are included in the list of strong acids and bases. The neutralization reaction is as follows: H2SO4 + Sr(OH)2 H2SO4 is completely dissociated in water: H2SO4 H+ + HSO4 ?

The dissociation of Sr(OH)2 is: Sr(OH)2 Sr2+ + OH

Combining all the ions in the solution, we get: H+ + HSO4 + Sr2+ + OH ?

To get the products, we just exchange the ions from the acid and the base. Take note that a positive ion should combine with a negative ion: H+ + HSO4 + Sr2+ + OH The overall reaction will then be: H2SO4 + Sr(OH)2 H2O + Sr(HSO4)2 H+ OH + Sr2+ HSO4

To balance the reaction, we put 2 before H2SO4 and 2 before H2O: 2H2SO4 + Sr(OH)2 2H2O + Sr(HSO4)2

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Lets Review
Predict the products of the neutralization reaction between perchloric acid (HClO4), used in bleaching agents and lithium hydroxide (LiOH). 1. Write the reactants first: _________________________________________________________________ 2. 3. 4. Write the equation for the dissociation of HClO4: ____________________________ Write the equation for the dissociation of LiOH: ____________________________ Now write all the ions formed on the reactant side and the new pairs of ions on the product side: _________________________________________________________________ 5. Write the overall reaction: _________________________________________________________________ Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 36.

Lets Read
Antacids are drugs that reduce the amount of excess acid in the digestive tract. The acid present in your stomach is hydrochloric acid (HCl). Small amounts of hydrochloric acid are secreted by cells in the lining of your stomach to aid in food digestion.

Hyperacidity occurs when there is excess HCl secreted by the cells or when you take in too much food that contains acids, like soft drink and coffee. How do antacids relieve the pain of hyperacidity? Antacids contain magnesium carbonate. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3), in the presence of heat (), decomposes to magnesium oxide (MgO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the following reaction: MgCO3

MgO + CO2 28

The magnesium oxide will then react with the HCl in your stomach. Remember that even oxides can act as bases because they can accept protons from acids. The neutralization reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid is: Mg2+ + O2 + 2H+ + 2Cl or simply MgO + 2HCl pain. H2O + MgCl2 H2O + MgCl2

Now you can see that the antacid neutralizes the acid in your stomach and thus relieves the

Lets Review
1. List three foods that you must avoid eating when you experience hyperacidity. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ Why is magnesium oxide (MgO) considered a base? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

2.

Compare your answers with the following: 1. When you experience hyperacidity, you should avoid eating foods that contain too much acid. Some of these are citrus fruits, mangoes and guavas. You should also avoid drinking coffee, soft drinks and fruit juices. Why? Because the acid content of these foods will only add to the excess acid in your stomach. Magnesium oxide is considered a base because it can accept a proton from an acid.

2.

Heres something to keep in mind: Hyperacidity should be treated immediately. Regular occurrence of hyperacidity may result in ulcer, which occurs when the acid slowly destroys the lining of the stomach.

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Lets Review
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), a component of marble, decomposes to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and calcium oxide (CaO) when exposed to acid rain that contains nitric acid (HNO3). CaCO3

CaO + CO2

A neutralization reaction will then occur between nitric acid and calcium oxide. Complete the neutralization reaction: Ca2+ + O2 + 2H+ or CaO + 2HNO3 ________ + ___________ + 2NO3 _________ + Ca2+ NO3

What should be written on the lines? On the first line, you just pair up the hydrogen ion and the oxide ion (H+ O2). Then write the compounds formed by the reaction on the next two lines. The products are H2O and Ca(NO3)2.

Lets See What You Have Learned

Complete the following neutralization reactions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. HNO3 + Ba(OH)2 H3PO4 + NaOH HClO4 + LiOH HBr + Ca(OH)2 HI + Mg(OH)2 HCl + Sr(OH)2 KOH + H2SO4 HF + Mg(OH)2 RbOH + HBr CsOH + H3PO4

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 36 and 37. Did you get everything right? If you did, thats very good! If you did not, just review the parts of the lesson that you did not understand very well before you move on to the next part of this module.

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Lets Remember
A strong acid completely dissociates in water. All the hydrogen ions are converted to hydronium ions. A strong base is one that completely dissociates in water. A weak acid is one that slightly dissociates in water. A weak base slightly dissociates in water. A neutralization reaction occurs between a strong acid and a strong base or a strong acid and some metal oxides. Water and salt are the products of a neutralization reaction.

Well, this is the end of the module. Congratulations for finishing it. Did you enjoying studying it? Did you learn a lot from it? The following is a summary of its main points to help you remember them better.

Lets Sum Up
This module tells us that: Acids are substances that are capable of giving up a proton to other substances. They usually taste sour and can turn blue litmus paper to red. Bases are substances that accept a proton from other substances. They taste bitter and are slippery to touch. They can turn red litmus paper to red. An indicator is a substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base. A strong acid completely dissociates in water. All the hydrogen ions are converted to hydronium ions. A strong base is one that completely dissociates in water. A weak acid is one that slightly dissociates in water. A weak base slightly dissociates in water. A neutralization reaction occurs between a strong acid and a strong base or a strong acid and some metal oxides. Water and salt are the products of a neutralization reaction.

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What Have You Learned?

A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. 1. Which of the following is not true about lemon juice? a. b. c. d. 2. It tastes sour. It has an acid content. It has a pH below 7. It turns red litmus paper to blue.

Nerissa used too much muriatic acid on her kitchen sink. Which of the following should she use to neutralize the acid and remove the smell? a. b. c. d. milk salt vinegar baking soda

3.

Perchloric acid (HClO4) is used as a bleaching agent. It dissociates in water to form: HClO4 + H2O H3O+ + ClO4

Which among the four species is the strongest acid? a. b. c. d. 4. HClO4 H2O H3O+ ClO4

Which of the following best describes a Brnsted-Lowry base? a. b. c. d. accepts protons accepts hydrogen ions contains a hydroxyl group releases hydroxyl ions in water

5.

Phenolphthalein is a substance that changes color when it is added to a soap solution. Phenolphthalein is an example of a/an _____________. a. b. c. d. acid base indicator litmus paper

6.

Which of the following is most effective in determining how acidic or basic a substance is? a. b. c. d. litmus paper pH paper pH meter phenolphthalein

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7.

Which of the following is commonly used in the manufacture of soap? a. b. HCl HNO3 c. d. KOH NaCl

8.

When nitric acid (HNO3), a strong acid, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), a strong base, combine, they will form _________________. a. b. c. d. H+ + NO3 Na+ + OH H2O + NaNO3 H2O + NaOH

9.

Which of the following substances is the most corrosive? a. b. c. d. detergent, pH = 9.5 acid rain, pH = 4 household ammonia, pH = 11 concentrated HCl, pH = 1.5

10.

If the pH of soda is 3, what is its pOH? a. b. c. d. 3 5 7 11

B.

Fill in the blanks. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. An acid changes ________ litmus paper to _______. A base changes _______ litmus paper to _______. The ____________ is an instrument for accurately measuring the pH of a solution. If the pOH of vinegar is 9, then its pH is _________, which means that it is a/an ___________. If the pH of milk is 5, then its pOH is ________, which means that it is a/an __________. A/An ______________ base is one that forms hydroxyl ions in water. Ca(OH) 2 + ____________ ___________ + H3PO4 MgO + 2HI 2H2O + CaCl2 H2O + NaH2PO4 _____________ + ______________

_________ and _______ are the products of a neutralization reaction.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 37.

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If your score is: 1720 1116 610 05 Great! You learned a lot from this module. You may now study a new module. Good! Just review the items that you did not get right. Review the parts of the module that you did not understand very well. You should study the whole module again.

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Answer Key
A. Lets See What You Already Know (pages 23) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. a c a d c 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. c d c a b

Lesson 1 Lets Think About This (pages 45) 1.

Material Vinegar Bath soap Kalamansi Dishwashing liquid/paste Orange juice Toothpaste Sour Bitter Sour Bitter Sour Bittersweet Taste Texture Not slippery Slippery Not slippery Slippery Not slippery Slippery

2.

Vinegar, kalamansi and orange juice are grouped together because they all taste sour and are not slippery to touch. Bath soap, dishwashing liquid and toothpaste all taste bitter and are all slippery to touch so they should all be grouped together.

Lets Think About This (page 7) 1. 2. 3. The following are possible answers: Muriatic acid, tamarind, guava, pineapple juice and tomato sauce are some examples of acids found at home. Baking soda, lye, toothpaste, shampoo, detergent and bath soap are bases that can be found at home. Camote tops are an example of an indicator.

Lets See What You Have Learned (page 11) A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The acid is HCN and the base is H2PO4. The acid is HS and the base is OH. The acid is H2O and the base is NH2. The acid is HCl and the base is H2O. The acid is H2O and the base is NH3.

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B.

1.

According to the Arrhenius theory, an acid is a substance that gives hydrogen ions on dissociation in water and a base is a substance that gives hydroxyl ions upon dissociation in water; according to the Brnsted-Lowry theory, on the other hand, an acid is a proton donor while a base is a proton acceptor. The Brnsted-Lowry definition actually covers the Arrhenius acid and base. You need to use an indicator when testing if a substance is an acid or a base because some acids and bases are harmful and testing them by touch or taste would be dangerous.

2.

C.

Lesson 2 Lets See What You Have Learned (page 21) A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. increase; decrease decrease; increase lower than 2; higher than 12 lower than higher than pH meter neutral

B.

You can tell if a substance is an acid or a base by tasting it, touching it, dipping litmus paper or any other indicator in it, getting its pH by using pH paper or a pH meter.

D.

Lesson 3 Lets Review (page 28) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. HClO4 + LiOH HClO4 LiOH H+ + ClO4 Li+ + OH H+ OH + Li+ ClO4 H2O + LiClO4

H+ + ClO4 + Li+ + OH HClO4 + LiOH

Lets See What You Have Learned (page 30) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2HNO3 + Ba(OH) 2 H3PO4 + NaOH HClO4 + LiOH 2HBr + Ca(OH)2 2HI + Mg(OH)2 2HCl + Sr(OH)2 2H2O + Ba(NO3)2 H2O + NaH2PO4 H2O + LiClO4 2H2O + CaBr2 2H2O + MgI2 SrCl2 + 2H2O

36

7. 8. 9. 10. C.

KOH + H2SO4 HF + Mg(OH)2 RbOH + HBr CsOH + H3PO4

KHSO4 + H2O MgF2 + 2H2O RbBr + H2O CsH2PO4 + H2O

What Have You Learned? (pages 3233) A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (d) Lemon juice is an acid. It turns blue litmus paper to red and not the other way around. (d) Baking soda is the only base among the options. A base is needed to neutralize an acid. (a) HClO4 is the strongest acid because it is included in the list of strong acids, that is, all the hydrogen ions are converted to hydronium ions. (a) A Brnsted-Lowry base accepts protons. (c) Phenolphthalein is an indicator. An indicator changes color in the presence of an acid or a base. Soap solution is basic, hence it changes the color of phenolphthalein. (c) A pH meter can accurately measure the pH of a solution and thus determine whether the solution is an acid or a base. (c) KOH is used in making soaps because its a base. (c) Nitric acid and sodium hydroxide will form water (H2O) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3). Because the reactants are a strong acid and a strong base the products are water and a salt. (d) Concentrated HCl with a pH of 1.5 is the most corrosive. Corrosive substances are those with a pH lower than 2 or higher than 12. (d) pOH = 14 pH = 14 3 = 11 B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. blue; red red; blue pH meter 5; acid 9; base Arrhenius 2HCl NaOH MgI2 ; H2O Water; salt

6. 7. 8.

9. 10.

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Glossary
Acid rain Rainwater that contains acids such as sulfuric, nitric, sulfurous and carbonic acids are formed from factory and vehicular emissions. Amphiprotic A substance that can act both as an acid and as a base. Amphoteric See amphiprotic. Anion A negative ion. Arrhenius acid A substance that gives hydrogen ions upon dissociation in water. Arrhenius base A substance that gives hydroxyl ions upon dissociation in water. Brnsted-Lowry acid A proton donor. Brnsted-Lowry base A proton acceptor. Cation A positive ion. Corrosive Capable of destroying something through chemical action; a property of substances with a pH higher than 12 or lower than 2. Dissociation The process in which a molecule separates into its component ions; also called ionization. Extract A substance prepared from another substance. Hydronium An ion formed from a water molecule and a hydrogen ion (H3O+). Hydroxyl The ion formed from hydrogen and oxygen (OH). Indicator A substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base. Ion An electrically charged particle. Neutralization The reaction between an acid and a base that results in the formation of water and a salt. pH Stands for power of hydrogen; the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution. pOH The concentration of hydroxyl ions in a solution. Proton A positively charged particle (+1) with a mass of 1.00723 units; its symbol is H+. .

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References
Atkins, W. and L.L. Jones. Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight. U.S.A.: Freeman and Company, 2000. Blei, I. General, Organic and Biochemistry: Connecting Chemistry to Your Life. U.S.A.: Freeman and Company, 2000. Mapa, Amelia P. and Trinidad Felipe. Science and Technology III: Chemistry. Quezon City: SD Publications Inc., 1999. Nebel, B.J. and R.T. Wright. Environmental Science. 7th ed. U.S.A.: Prentice-Hall, 2000.

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