CHAPTER I

QUALITY THROUGHOUT HISTORY

Quality is far larger than a business. For any common people, quality is anything which adds value that makes our lives better. Looking forward to its definition, it has many genres. Quality has two aspects: 1. First is represented by the 11,000-year-oldSphinx at Giza, which is beauty. 2. The second is represented by the 5,000 year-old Great Pyramid (Giza), which testifies for its great engineering. Quality Across All Cultures Understanding of quality evolves through different time in different cultures. Most of the civilization during the late era, Quality is identical to the appreciation of art. The oldest works of living art come from the Australian aboriginal cultures. Great civilizations focused their attention on building monuments in architecture and sculpture. Facets of Quality Some of the great philosophers such as Plato 2,500 years ago from Greece, to Robert Pirsig (1975), argued that quality is cannot be defined. We know about it from our own perception and understanding. There are 4 levels of determinants of quality: 1. Universal- anything which is common or universal. 2. Cultural- agreed by people in a certain civilization/ organization/ group etc. 3. Social- agreed by people in a certain phenomenon: fashion, gadgetsetc. particularly among the society. 4. Personal- own understanding for a matter, opinion, or comment. Here is a list of issues that make it difficult to understand what people want: - One problem ruins the whole experience. - Quality works at all 4 levels at once. - Each individual is different, but companies by selling to many individuals.

Quality in Art and Engineering Four key points: 1. All art depends on engineering. 2. Some art gets defined and becomes engineering. 3. Changes in engineering create changes to art. 4. Cultural values affect engineering method.

All artistic quality is supported by durability and stability. The best example is Vincent Van Goghs masterpiece, The Night Caf. Some arts is also identified as engineering such as dancing, acting, and singing. As such in music, one cannot produce a good rhythm and sound without any organization of such factors. New technology creates a greater and better art form. The highest quality also requires both art and engineering such as the design.

Standardization in Law and Medicine A standard is a rule or guideline which brings consistency. Two broad categories: 1. External Standards- rules that keep the business environment stable. * Regulations- a standard with the power of law. 2. Internal Standards- rules inside the business. Writings and Schools The earliest compilation of written standards, were textbook of medical treatment. Medical need during the earliest time of man is high. One cannot use medicine properly without standard steps to follow. Therefore, it was written and listed. Secret Teachings Secret teaching is the main way that production methods and quality methods were passed down from generation to generation before the 1800s. it is the way that a certain master choose students to teach his methods. When the students learn, they seek to become a journey man and gather far more experience. Until each one of them can master their own unique technique. Ancient Quality- Maintaining, but Rarely Improving The great work of each civilization such as the Great Wall of China is considered an ancient quality through its architectural organization and even its unique engineering. Yes, great, yet unable to make it better. Monuments, buildings, or anything which is part of history is great yet undeveloped further. This is a fact that time moves and technology is growing. Each standard of quality differs from time to time, on how people see through it. A good example of it is music. The music runs through different genres but the new ones is more recognized and appreciated.

CHAPTER II
THE DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT
The scientific revolution which followed by industrial revolution, changed the way we live our lives. Quality management evolves through the response to every problem of our lives. Quality management runs through evolution. Standardization To standardize something, we have to: - Understand the standard. - Have a way of comparing the thing or process to the standard. - Know how much variation from the standard is acceptable. - Take action when the action does not meet the standard. Empiricism, Mathematics, and the Scientific Method Empiricism is the idea that observable facts and experience are the basis of knowledge. Mathematics takes a crucial part in quality management specially statistics. Scientific method is the process that scientists use to make and test theories. - Steps of scientific method: a. Observe b. Create a hypothesis. c. Design a test. d. Perform the test and record the results. e. Evaluate the results of the test. Smeaton and Scientific Engineering John Smeaton, an English physicist, was the first to bring the scientific method to the world of engineering. Smeaton took the chance to build a lighthouse which can last long enough. Through his brilliant mind, he was able to provide the building. Up until now, the Eddystone lighthouse is still standing in a field in Devon. Through his different techniques and unique building designs, he was known as the father of civil engineering. Accomplishments of Smeaton: - A recipe for concrete called hydraulic lime which can last over a hundred years. - Dovetail fitting of granite blocks which gave maximum strength in construction. - Specialized cranes for construction projects.

Industrial Standardization in the 1800s Mass production began through early versions of the production line, where each worker would make one part of an item, and then the item would be assembled and finished. The earliest items made this way were probably, guns. Industry Standards In the time of civil war, a new type of standard arose, which is the industrial standard. The standard was used in the production of military arms, munitions, etc. It was used to avoid falsified guns. It also makes the production more accurate and less time consuming. The Second Industrial Revolution It is where modern printing and electronic communications were made. Including the creation of smaller, more powerful engines that transformed transportation, particularly with cars and airplanes beginning to replace steam locomotives and steamships. Inspection- every single component or product was inspected to make sure that it either met specifications or that it worked. Taylor Introduces Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor, developed and applied the principles of scientific management. He published his book, The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911. Scientific management is the direct predecessor of all of quality management. Taylors key ideas: - The scientific method can be used to improve the best tools and methods for doing any job. - Changing an organizations way of working requires principled management that makes the situation better for both management and workers. General steps to be taken: 1. Find 10 or 15 different men who are skillful in doing the particular work to be analized. 2. Study the exact series of elementary operations or motions. 3. Review the time of each works and choose the quickest way of doing such elementary works. 4. Eliminate all false movements, slow movements, and useless movements. 5. Collect into one series the quickest and best movements as well as the best implements. Summarized philosophy of scientific management: - Science, not rule of thumb. - Harmony, not discord. - Cooperation, not individualism. - Maximum output, in place of restricted output. - The development of each man to his greatest efficiency and prosperity.

Taylors innovation in 3 key points: - Use observation, measurements, and experiments to improve work processes as well as engineering practices. - Set standards from experiments then manage the work to bring everyone to the level of the standard. - Management has a key responsibility to work with the workers, guiding with the knowledge provided by science, but doing it is a way that engenders cooperation.

The Split After Taylor Douglas MacGregor said that there are two attitudes of workers, he called it Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the attitude in which the workers are in a poor performance. Theory Y is the attitude in which the workers are in a good performance. Shewharts Scientific Management Shewhart is a physics professor who focused his work in statistical quality control which was called before as statistical process control. He also developed the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) . Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) - Plan. Establish the objectives and process to be made. - Do. Implement the process. - Check. Monitor and measure. - Act. Take actions to improve the process. Statistical Quality Control - It is the core of the more advanced engineering side of quality management. Deming and Total Quality Management W. Edwards Deming, a colleague and protg of Shewhart, pioneered the development of Total Quality Management. Productivity, Not Quality Three major barriers: - Economic success. High productivity and high profit, it can seem like there is no need for quality management. - Elitism and management-labor conflicts. Poor understanding and rare implementation. - Focus on quick profits. Leaders of the business only seek for short-term basis of high income or profit. Other Developments in Scientific Engineering and Management Research and Development Function (R&D) Operations Research (OR)