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Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating layer. If a current i ows, positive change, q , will accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge will be present on the lower plate.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating layer. If a current i ows, positive change, q , will accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge will be present on the lower plate.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates proportional to q . d v=A q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is the permittivity of the insulating layer ( 0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum).
Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating layer. If a current i ows, positive change, q , will accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge will be present on the lower plate.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates proportional to q . d v=A q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is the permittivity of the insulating layer ( 0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum). The quantity C = A d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F), hence q = Cv .
Capacitors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A capacitor is formed from two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating layer. If a current i ows, positive change, q , will accumulate on the upper plate. To preserve charge neutrality, a balancing negative charge will be present on the lower plate.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
There will be a potential energy difference (or voltage v ) between the plates proportional to q . d v=A q where A is the area of the plates, d is their separation and is the permittivity of the insulating layer ( 0 = 8.85 pF/m for a vacuum). The quantity C = A d is the capacitance and is measured in Farads (F), hence q = Cv . The current, i, is the rate of charge ow, hence the capacitor equation: dv i = dq = C qt dt .
Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by the material used as the insulator.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by the material used as the insulator. Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a thin plastic lm and rolled up to save space. Values: 10 pF to 1 nF.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by the material used as the insulator. Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a thin plastic lm and rolled up to save space. Values: 10 pF to 1 nF. Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic (a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by the material used as the insulator. Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a thin plastic lm and rolled up to save space. Values: 10 pF to 1 nF. Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic (a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F. Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil separated by paper soaked in conducting electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Types of Capacitor
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitor symbol represents the two separated plates. Capacitor types are distinguished by the material used as the insulator. Polystyrene: Two sheets of foil separated by a thin plastic lm and rolled up to save space. Values: 10 pF to 1 nF. Ceramic: Alternate layers of metal and ceramic (a few m thick). Values: 1 nF to 1 F. Electrolytic: Two sheets of aluminium foil separated by paper soaked in conducting electrolyte. The insulator is a thin oxide layer on one of the foils. Values: 1 F to 10 mF. Electrolytic capacitors are polarised: the foil with the oxide layer must always be at a positive voltage relative to the other (else explosion). Negative terminal indicated by a curved plate in symbol.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often around a steel or ferrite core.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often around a steel or ferrite core.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
The magnetic ux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil (around the toroid).
N A
is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its permeability . For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, For steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.
Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often around a steel or ferrite core.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
The magnetic ux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil (around the toroid).
N A
is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its permeability . For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, For steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.
From Faradays law, v = N d dt = N 2 A di l dt di = L dt .
Inductors
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Inductors are formed from coils of wire, often around a steel or ferrite core.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
The magnetic ux within the coil is = l i where N is the number of turns, A is the cross-sectional area of the coil and l is the length of the coil (around the toroid).
N A
is a property of the material that the core is made from and is called its permeability . For free space (or air): 0 = 4 107 = 1.26 H/m, For steel, 40000 = 5 mH/m.
From Faradays law, v = N d dt = N 2 A di l dt N 2 A , l di = L dt .
in Henrys (H).
Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention. Resistor: v = Ri
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention. Resistor: v = Ri
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
di Inductor: v = L dt
Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention. Resistor: v = Ri
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
di Inductor: v = L dt
Capacitor: i = C dv dt
Passive Components
9: Capacitors and Inductors
We can describe all three types of passive component by the relationship between V and I using, in each case, the passive sign convention. Resistor: v = Ri
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
di Inductor: v = L dt
Capacitor: i = C dv dt
Note: There are no minus signs anywhere whatever you were taught at school.
v = v1 + v2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dI dt
d(i1 +i2 ) dt
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dI dt
di2 dt
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dI dt
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dI dt
= v=
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dI dt
= v=
di di + L2 dt v = v1 + v2 = L1 dt di = (L1 + L2 ) dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dI dt
= v=
i = i1 + i2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
d(v1 +v2 ) dt
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv2 dt
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv2 dt
i C1
i C2
=i
1 C1
1 C2
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv2 dt
= i=
i C1
1/C
i C2
=i
1 C1
1 C2
dv 1 1/C dt + 1 2
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv2 dt
= i=
i C1
1/C
i C2
=i
1 C1
1 C2
dv 1 1/C dt + 1 2
dv i = i1 + i2 = C1 dv dt + C2 dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
dv2 dt
= i=
i C1
1/C
i C2
=i
1 C1
1 C2
dv 1 1/C dt + 1 2
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitor: i = C dv dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
This never happens so ... The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously.
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
This never happens so ... The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously. Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
This never happens so ... The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously. Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di Inductor: v = L dt
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
This never happens so ... The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously. Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di Inductor: v = L dt
= v = .
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
This never happens so ... The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously. Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di Inductor: v = L dt
= v = .
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
This never happens so ... The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously. Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di Inductor: v = L dt
= v = .
This never happens so ... The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously.
Current/Voltage Continuity
9: Capacitors and Inductors
= i = .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
This never happens so ... The voltage across a capacitor never changes instantaneously. Informal version: A capacitor tries to keep its voltage constant.
di Inductor: v = L dt
= v = .
This never happens so ... The current through an inductor never changes instantaneously. Informal version: An inductor tries to keep its current constant.
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
For a capacitor i = C dv dt .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )
v (t )
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )=
v (t )
C t2 t1
(v (t2 ) v (t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )=
v (t )
C t2 t1
(v (t2 ) v (t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
(1) If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then the average current exactly equals zero.
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )=
v (t )
C t2 t1
(v (t2 ) v (t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
(1) If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then the average current exactly equals zero. (2) If v is bounded then the average current 0 as (t2 t1 ) .
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )=
v (t )
C t2 t1
(v (t2 ) v (t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
(1) If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then the average current exactly equals zero. (2) If v is bounded then the average current 0 as (t2 t1 ) . The average current through a capacitor is zero
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )=
v (t )
C t2 t1
(v (t2 ) v (t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
(1) If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then the average current exactly equals zero. (2) If v is bounded then the average current 0 as (t2 t1 ) . The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average voltage across an inductor is zero.
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )=
v (t )
C t2 t1
(v (t2 ) v (t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
(1) If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then the average current exactly equals zero. (2) If v is bounded then the average current 0 as (t2 t1 ) . The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this.
Average Current/Voltage
9: Capacitors and Inductors
idt =
1 t2 t1
t2 t1
C dv dt dt=
C t2 t1
v (t2 ) v (t1 )
dv
C t2 t1
2 [v ]v(t1 )=
v (t )
C t2 t1
(v (t2 ) v (t1 ))
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
(1) If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then the average current exactly equals zero. (2) If v is bounded then the average current 0 as (t2 t1 ) . The average current through a capacitor is zero and, likewise, the average voltage across an inductor is zero. The circuit symbols remind you of this. Average can either be over an exact number of periods of a repetitive waveform or else the long-term average (provided v and i remain bounded). v is bounded means |v | always stays less than a predened maximum value.
Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A buck converter converts a high voltage, V , into a lower one, Y . The switch, S , closes for a fraction a of the time. a is the duty cycle and is 1 3 in this example.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A buck converter converts a high voltage, V , into a lower one, Y . The switch, S , closes for a fraction a of the time. a is the duty cycle and is 1 3 in this example. When S is closed, x = v , and a current iL ows.
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A buck converter converts a high voltage, V , into a lower one, Y . The switch, S , closes for a fraction a of the time. a is the duty cycle and is 1 3 in this example. When S is closed, x = v , and a current iL ows. When S opens, the current iL cannot change instantly and so it must ow throught the diode (we assume the diode forward voltage is zero).
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A buck converter converts a high voltage, V , into a lower one, Y . The switch, S , closes for a fraction a of the time. a is the duty cycle and is 1 3 in this example. When S is closed, x = v , and a current iL ows. When S opens, the current iL cannot change instantly and so it must ow throught the diode (we assume the diode forward voltage is zero). The average value of x is aV , so the average value of y must also be aV .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A buck converter converts a high voltage, V , into a lower one, Y . The switch, S , closes for a fraction a of the time. a is the duty cycle and is 1 3 in this example. When S is closed, x = v , and a current iL ows. When S opens, the current iL cannot change instantly and so it must ow throught the diode (we assume the diode forward voltage is zero). The average value of x is aV , so the average value of y must also be aV . The average current through R is aV R so, since the average current through
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
aV R
Buck Converter
9: Capacitors and Inductors
A buck converter converts a high voltage, V , into a lower one, Y . The switch, S , closes for a fraction a of the time. a is the duty cycle and is 1 3 in this example. When S is closed, x = v , and a current iL ows. When S opens, the current iL cannot change instantly and so it must ow throught the diode (we assume the diode forward voltage is zero). The average value of x is aV , so the average value of y must also be aV .
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
C must be zero, the average current iL must also be aV R . C dy dt = iL iR : if C is large, then the variations in y will be very small.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2502)
The average current through R is aV R so, since the average current through
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt= C
v (t2 ) v =v (t1 )
vdv
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt= C
v (t2 ) v =v (t1 )
vdv
1 2 v (t2 ) 2 v v (t1 )
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt= C
v (t2 ) v =v (t1 )
vdv
1 2 v (t2 ) 1 = v 2 2C v (t1 )
v 2 ( t2 ) v 2 ( t1 )
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt= C
v (t2 ) v =v (t1 )
vdv
1 2 v (t2 ) 1 = v 2 2C v (t1 )
v 2 ( t2 ) v 2 ( t1 )
If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then there has been no nett energy absorbed: all the energy absorbed when the voltage rises is returned to the circuit when it falls.
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt= C
v (t2 ) v =v (t1 )
vdv
1 2 v (t2 ) 1 = v 2 2C v (t1 )
v 2 ( t2 ) v 2 ( t1 )
If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then there has been no nett energy absorbed: all the energy absorbed when the voltage rises is returned to the circuit when it falls.
1 Cv 2 The energy stored in a capacitor is 2
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt= C
v (t2 ) v =v (t1 )
vdv
1 2 v (t2 ) 1 = v 2 2C v (t1 )
v 2 ( t2 ) v 2 ( t1 )
If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then there has been no nett energy absorbed: all the energy absorbed when the voltage rises is returned to the circuit when it falls.
1 2 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 1 Li . The energy stored in a capacitor is 2 2
Electrical power absorbed by any component at the instant t is v (t) i(t). So total energy absorbed between times t1 and t2 is W = t=t vi dt. 1 For a capacitor i = C dv dt , so
t2
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
W =C =C
t2 t=t1
v dv dt dt= C
v (t2 ) v =v (t1 )
vdv
1 2 v (t2 ) 1 = v 2 2C v (t1 )
v 2 ( t2 ) v 2 ( t1 )
If v (t1 ) = v (t2 ) then there has been no nett energy absorbed: all the energy absorbed when the voltage rises is returned to the circuit when it falls.
1 2 Cv 2 and likewise in an inductor 1 Li . The energy stored in a capacitor is 2 2
If v and i remain bounded, then the average power absorbed by a capacitor or inductor is always zero.
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2012-2502) Capacitors and Inductors: 9 11 / 12
Summary
9: Capacitors and Inductors
Capacitor:
i = C dv dt
parallel capacitors add in value average i is zero, v never changes instantaneously. average power absorbed is zero
Current/Voltage Continuity Average Current/Voltage Buck Converter Power and Energy Summary
Inductor:
di v = L dt
series inductors add in value (like resistors) average v is zero, i never changes instantaneously. average power absorbed is zero