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Project Report On Water Turbines
Project Report On Water Turbines
CHAPTER 1
SYNOPSIS
Water turbines convert Mechanical rotary energy into Electrical energy. A mechanical interface, consisting of a step-up gear, water Pump and a suitable coupling transmits the energy to an electrical generator. The output of this generator is connected to the Battery or system grid. The battery is connected to the inverter. The inverter is used to convert DC voltages to AC voltages. The load is drawn current from the inverter. 1. Generator 2. Mains haft with Leafs 3. Gear Wheel Arrangement Water power ratings can be divided into three convenient grouping, small to 1kW, medium to 50 kW and large 200 kW to megawatt frame size.
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
Energy is the most important thing in this world. All living plants, animals (organisms) on this earth require energy to perform any type of work. The capacity to do a work is energy. The energy may require in smaller amount or in larger amount depending upon the nature of work to be performed. The different things from which we get the energy are called as Energy Sources. This is the simplest meaning of energy sources. There are two types of energy sources: 1 Conventional OR Non-Renewable Energy Sources 2 Non-Conventional OR Renewable Energy Sources
Fig 2.1
How much electrical energy can be generated by a hydroelectric turbine depends on the flow/quantity of water, and the height from which it has fallen (the head). The higher the head, and the larger the flow, the more electricity can be generated. Click here to view our article Calculation of Hydro Power to find out more. The image above shows the Rainbow Power 300 Watt Hydro Generator which costs around 1,300.
Fig 2.2
By 2004, 6% of the world's electricity was hydro, some of that generated in enormous GigaWatt rated hydro power stations in Asia and Australia amongst other places including the World's largest hydropower plant at the Three Gorges Dam in China. However micro-hydro (a small localised hydro electic turbine) is also very useful for farmers and other people in remote locations. A part of a nearby river is diverted through a turbine to generate electricity and then the water is returned to the river at a lower point reducing the environmental impact. This is known as a run of river hydro power system. Where the flow of water is regular it is possible to set up a 240 AC hydro system which can be turned on whenever power is needed. Alternatively lower voltage DC electricity can be generated and stored in batteries for later use (via a 240V power inverter).
Diversion structure:
The diversion structure provided should be simple in construction as well as economical. It should involve minimum maintenance. Depending upon the type of river bed the diversion structure may be of two-type viz. Boulder weir and Trench type weir. It is usually constructed in re-enforced concrete or masonry.
Desalting tank :
Desilting tank is provided usually in the initial reaches of water conductor to trap the suspended silt load and pebbles etc ; so as to minimize the erosion damages to the turbine runner. The size of silt particles to be trapped for medium head power stations is from 0.2 to 0.5 mm and for high head it is from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. The depth of tank may be kept between 1.5 to 4 m. The horizontal flow velocity should not exceed 0.4 to 0.6 m/s.
Power house
The power is positioned at the toe of the concrete masonry dam where the suitable rock to lay foundation is available each turbine is fed by a separate penstock which is embedded inside the non-overflow section of the dam. The power house separated from the dam expansion joints. With a view to minimize the fluctuations in the Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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Submersible powerhouse:
In this type of power plant which is incorporated in the body of spillway beneath the crest. The head water elevation is incorporated in the body of spillway beneath the crest. The head water elevation is maintained with the help of vertical lift crest gates. It has advantages of economy because separate powerhouse structure is avoided in this arrangement.
Fig 2.1
Fig. 2.2
REACTION
TURBINES:
THE
LAWN
SPRINKLER
By contrast with the impulse turbine, reaction turbines are difficult to understand and analyze, especially the ones usually met with in practice. The modest lawn sprinkler comes to our aid, since it is both a reaction turbine, and easy to understand. It will be our introduction to reaction turbines. In the impulse turbine, the pressure change occurred in the nozzle, where pressure head was converted into kinetic energy. There was no pressure change in the runner, which had the sole duty of turning momentum change into torque. In the reaction turbine, the pressure change occurs in the runner itself at the
3. Transmission cost
It covers the cost of transmission facilities to connect the power generated to the system load."Low head" hydroelectric plants are power plants which generally utilize heads of only a few meters or less. Power plants of this type may utilize a low dam or weir to channel water, or no dam and simply use the "run of the river". Run of the river generating stations cannot store water, thus their electric output varies with seasonal flows of water in a river. A large volume of water must pass through a low head hydro plant's turbines in order to produce a useful amount of power. Hydro-electric facilities with a capacity of less than about 25 MW (1 MW = 1,000,000 Watts) are generally referred to as "small hydro", although hydro-electric technology is basically the same regardless of generating capacity. "Pumped Storage" is another form of hydro-electric power. Pumped storage facilities use excess electrical system capacity, generally available at night, to pump water from one reservoir to another reservoir at a higher elevation. During periods of Peak electrical demand, water from the higher reservoir is released through turbines to the lower reservoir, and electricity is produced (Figure 2). Although pumped storage sites are not net producers of electricity - it actually takes more electricity to pump the water up than is recovered when it is released - they are a valuable addition to electricity supply systems. Their value is in their ability to store electricity for use at a later time when peak demands are occurring. Storage is even more valuable if intermittent sources of electricity such as solar or wind are hooked into a system.
CONVENTIONAL GENERATORS
Designed for all types of vertical axis applications, conventional generators are installed in locations having a variety of head and flow conditions.
Statistics Storage:
o Gross storage: 98.78 TMC o Live: 93.65 TMC o Dead: 5.125 TMC Length: 1807.22 m Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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CHAPTER 3
3.1.1
WATER PUMP:-
The single phase induction motor is coupled with the vacuum pump impeller with suitable arrangement. It is found to drive the roller shaft which fixed on the end of the frame structure. The free end of the shaft in the motor a large pulley is found around which the belt runs. The other specification about the motor is discussed in design part of the machine.
3.1.2
BATTERIES
3.1.2.1 INTRODUCTION:
In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of excess solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are isolated sunshine load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for storage.In fact for small units with output less than one kilowatt. Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available storage means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs. It is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect
We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar panel for lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.
emf is the difference between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as the
terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one coulomb then on complete discharge it would perform 1.5 joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement employed. As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and zinc carbon cells have different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other hand the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or more. The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged. The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore the output voltage, as long as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat with excessive charge and discharge currents shortends the useful life to about 3 to 5 years for an automobile Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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3.1.2.3 CONSTRUCTION:
Inside a lead-acid battery, the positive and negative electrodes consist of a group of plates welded to a connecting strap. The plates are immersed in the electrolyte, consisting of 8 parts of water to 3 parts of concentrated sulfuric acid. Each plate is a grid or framework, made of a lead-antimony alloy. This construction enables the active material, which is lead oxide, to be pasted into the grid. In manufacture of the cell, a forming charge produces the positive and negative electrodes. In the forming process, the active material in the positive plate is changed to lead peroxide (pbo ). The negative electrode is spongy lead (pb). The construction parts of battery are shown in figure.
Fig 3.1
2pbSO + 2HO
gloves, goggles and old clothes. Battery acid will burn skin and eyes and destroy cotton and wool clothing.The quickest way of ruin lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and leave them stand dead for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there is a chemical change in the positive plates of the battery.They change from lead oxide when charge out lead sulfate when discharged. If they remain in the lead Sulfate State for a few days, some part of the plate dose not returns to lead oxide when the battery is recharged. If the battery remains discharge longer, a greater amount of the positive plate will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the plates that become sulfate no longer store energy. Batteries that are deeply discharged, and then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less then one year.Check your batteries on a regular basis to be sure they are getting charged. Use a hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead acid batteries. If batteries are cycled very deeply and then recharged quickly, the specific gravity reading will be lower than it should because the electrolyte at the top of the battery may not have mixed with the charged electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in the wet-cell batteries at the least four times a year and top each cell of with distilled water. Do not add water to discharged batteries. Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are very discharged. If you add water at this time, and then recharge the battery, electrolyte will overflow and make a mess.Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not tighten or remove cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries can cause a hydrogen explosion inside, and ruin one of the cells, and you.On charge, with reverse current through the electrolyte, the chemical action is reversed. Then the pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right side of the equation re-form the lead and lead peroxide electrodes. Also the SO ions combine with H ions from the water to produce more sulfuric acid at the left side of the equation. Leadacid batteries lose the ability to accept a charge when discharged for too long due to sulfation, the crystallization of lead sulfate. They generate electricity through a double Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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3.1.3 INVERTER
3.1.3.1 INTRODUCTION:
The process of converting D.C. into A.C. is known as INVERSION. In other words, we may define it as the reverse process of rectification. The device, which performs this process, is known as an INVERTOR. Inversion is, by no means, a recent process. In olden days gas-filled tubes and vacuum tubes were used to develop inverters. Thyratron inverter is popularly used as a large power device. Vacuum tube inverters were generally used for high-frequency applications. Some of the main disadvantages of the tube of as well as the mercury pool type inverters are: Dept. Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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STEAM
P.M.D.C. GENERATOR
BATTERY
INVERTOR
Fig 3.2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A.C MAINS RF CHOKE INDICATOR INVERTER BC 547 10k 100F/25V 0.1F 120
TRANSFORMER 100F/25V 40 W
4.7F
560
3.1.4
3.1.4.1Voltage Production
DC Circuits, that there are three conditions necessary to induce a voltage into
a conductor.
1 A magnetic field 2 A conductor 3 Relative motion between the two. A DC generator provides these three conditions to produce a DC voltage
output.
Fig 3.3
Basic Operation of a DC Generator A single conductor, shaped in the form of a loop, is positioned between the magnetic poles. As long as the loop is stationary, the magnetic field has no effect (no relative motion). If we rotate the loop, the loop cuts through the magnetic field, and an EMF (voltage) is induced into the loop.When we have relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor in that magnetic field, and the direction of rotation is such that the conductor cuts the lines of flux, an EMF is induced into the conductor. The magnitude of the induced EMF depends on the field strength and the rate at which the flux lines are cut.The stronger the field or the more flux lines cut for a given period of time, the larger the induced EMF. E g = KF N where Eg = generated voltage K = fixed constant F = magnetic flux strength N = speed in RPM The direction of the induced current flow can be determined using the "left-hand rule" for generators. This rule states that if you point the index finger of your left hand in the direction of the magnetic field (from North to South) and point the thumb in the direction of motion of the conductor, the middle finger will point in the direction of current flow.For example, the conductor closest to the N pole is traveling upward across the field; therefore, the current flow is to the right, lower corner. Applying the left-hand Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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3.1.4.3
DC GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION
Output Voltage-vs-Load Current for Shunt-Wound DC Generator the shuntwound generator, running at a constant speed under varying load conditions, has a much more stable voltage output than does a series-wound generator. Some change in output voltage does take place. This change is caused by the fact that, as the load current increases, the voltage drop (I R) across the armature coil increases, causing output voltage to decrease.As a result, the current through the field decreases, reducing the magnetic field and causing voltage to decrease even more. If load current is much higher than the design of the generator, the drop in output voltage is severe. For load current within the design range of the generator, the drop in output voltage is minimal. Early motor vehicles until about the 1960s tended to use DC generators with electromechanical regulators. These have now been replaced by alternators with built-in rectifier circuits, which are less costly and lighter for equivalent output. Moreover, the power output of a DC generator is proportional to rotational speed, whereas the power output of an alternator is independent of rotational speed. As a result, the charging output of an alternator at engine idle speed can be much greater than that of a DC generator. Automotive alternators power the electrical systems on the vehicle and recharge the battery after starting. Rated output will typically be in the range 50-100 A at 12 V, depending on the designed electrical load within the vehicle. Some cars now have electrically powered steering assistance and air conditioning, which places a high load on the electrical system. Large commercial vehicles are more likely to use 24 V to give sufficient power at the starter motor to turn over a large diesel engine. Vehicle alternators do not use permanent magnets and are typically only 50-60% efficient over a wide speed range.
3.1.5.1.2
CONSTRUCTION:
The fluorescent tube consists of a glass tube and 0.6 meter, 1.2 meters and 1.5 meters in length. The inside surface of the tube is coated with a thin layer of fluorescent material in the form of a powder.Various fluorescent materials give different color light. By mixing the various powders light of any desired color including daylight can be obtained.The glass tube of the fluorescent lamp is provided at both ends with bipin caps and oxide coated tungsten filaments. The tube contains organ gas with a small quantity of mercury under low pressure. Even with organ gas the discharge will not start at ordinary main voltage. A choke and a starter switch are therefore incorporated in the circuit of the tube lamp to give a momentary high voltage across the tube to start the discharge. The choke is connected in series with the tube the starter is connected across tube. The circuit is suddenly opened at the starter, the flux around the choke collapse causing a kick of about 1000V. This voltage is applied across the two electrodes and sufficient to start the discharge of the tube. During the steady operation of this lamp the voltage across the tube drops to about 150 volts. This voltage is sufficient to maintain the discharge of the tube. During the steady operation of this lamp, the voltage across the tube drops to about 150 volts. This voltage is sufficient to maintain the discharge. The choke in series with the tube now acts as a stabilizer. A capacitor is connected across the circuit it improve the power factor.
CHAPTER-4
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The block diagram of hydro power plant is consisting of a water tank, 12 voltage batteries, an inverter and a florescent lamp. As we studied from the generator
gives a D.C. output of 12V this D.C. output is not always constant there is some variation in this D.C. output this cannot be given to the battery storage it may weaken the life of the battery. So in order to get constant D.C. output and also to avoid the reverse flow of current to the panel in the case of no load a charge controller have been used this help
us to allow only the constant voltage of 12V D.C. to the battery and also it act as an blocking diode and protect the motor principle.By this way the battery gets charged then this D.C. storage is given to an inverter this inverter inverts 12V D.C. to input in to AC output, step upped in to 230V.The 230V AC supply is given to the supply to the lamp. The lamp used for street lighting is 230V, 50 Hz, singlephase supply.
Fig 4.1
CHAPTER-5
5.1 DISADVANTAGES
1 Only applicable for the particular place.
CHAPTER-6
3 4
Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high standard. The high cost of dam construction means that they must operate for many decades to become profitable. The flooding of large areas of land means that the natural environment is destroyed.
People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded, must move out. This means that they lose their farms and businesses. In some countries, people are forcibly removed so that hydro-power schemes can go ahead.
The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage. For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the earths surface at its location.
Although modern planning and design of dams is good, in the past old dams have been known to be breached (the dam gives under the weight of water in the lake). This has led to deaths and flooding.
Dams built blocking the progress of a river in one country usually means that the water supply from the same river in the following country is out of their control. This can lead to serious problems between neighbouring countries.
Building a large dam alters the natural water table level. For example, the building of the Aswan Dam in Egypt has altered the level of the water table. This is slowly leading to damage of many of its ancient monuments as salts and destructive minerals are deposited in the stone work from rising damp caused by the changing water table level
APPLICATIONS
Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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6.2
A.C. electrical generators. In such applications the energy is fed directly into power networks through voltage step-up transformers. This unit can be integrated with existing hydro electrical networks and used in a water-saver mode of operation. When the water is blowing, electrical an amount equal to the being can reduce generation at the hydroelectric plants in the network produced by this unit. Thus, the water turbines supply part of the network load that is ordinarily produced by the hydroelectric generators. Under these conditions some of the water that would have been used by the hydroelectric plant to supply the load is saved in the reservoir and made available for later use when the water is not blowing. Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity consumption, and 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.Hydro is also a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands. However, damming interrupts the flow of rivers and can harm local ecosystems, and building large dams and reservoirs often involves displacing people and wildlife.Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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CHAPTER-7
MATERIAL
Aluminium Plastic Aluminium Lead-acid Electronic PCB Mild Steel Brass Mild Steel Cu
QUANTITY
1 1 1 1 5 meter 1 2 1 2 meter
CHAPTER-8
COST ESTIMATION
8.1
Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
MATERIAL COST:
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MATERIAL
QUANTITY
AMOUNT (RS)
1800.00 800.00 1560.00 2000.00 2500.00 1200.00 250.00 760.00 125.00
TOTAL
Rs. 10995.00
8.3
OVERHEAD CHARGES
TOTAL COST
Total cost =Rs. 16194.00 Total cost for this project = Rs. 16194.00 = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead Charges
CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION
A strong multidiscipline team with a good engineering base is necessary for the Development and refinement of advanced computer programming, editing techniques, diagnostic algorithms for the dynamic exchange of informational different Dept. ofSoftware, Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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Hydroelectric plants can be easily regulated to follow variations in power demand.Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion, including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity also avoids the hazards of coal mining and the indirect health effects of coal emissions. Compared to nuclear power, hydroelectricity generates no nuclear waste has none of the dangers associated with uranium mining, nor nuclear leaks. Unlike uranium, hydroelectricity is also a renewable energy source. Compared to wind farms, hydroelectricity power plants have a more predictable load factor. If the project has a storage reservoir, it can generate power when needed. Hydroelectric plants can be easily regulated to follow variations in power demand.
Fig 9.1 The ranking of hydro-electric capacity is either by actual annual energy production or by installed capacity power rating. Hydro accounted for 16 percent of global electricity consumption, and 3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009. Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generated 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Paraguay, Austria, Switzerland, and Venezuela have a majority of the internal electric energy production from hydroelectric power. Paraguay produces 100% of its electricity from hydroelectric dams, and exports 90% of its production to Brazil and to Argentina. Norway produces 9899% of its electricity from hydroelectric sources. There are now three hydroelectric plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam in Brazil, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. A hydro-electric plant rarely operates at its full power rating over a full year; the ratio between annual average power and installed capacity rating is the capacity factor. The installed capacity is the sum of all generator nameplate power ratings. Dept. of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE
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Major projects under construction Name Maximum Capacity 12,600 MW Country Construction Scheduled started December 26, 2005 completion Comments Construction once Xiluodu Dam China 2015 stopped due to lack of environmental impact study. Preliminary Brazil March, 2011 2015 construction underway. Multi-phase construction over a Siang Upper HE 11,000 Project MW India April, 2009 2024 period of 15 years. Construction was delayed due to dispute with China. Controversial 228 meter tall dam with TaSang Dam 7,110 MW Burma March, 2007 2022 capacity to produce 35,446 Ghw annually. Xiangjiaba Dam 6,400 MW China Nuozhadu Dam 5,850 MW China November 26, 2006 2006 2015 2017 To build this dam, 23 families and 129 Jinping 2 Hydropower Station 4,800 MW China January 30, 2007 local residents need 2014 to be moved. It works with Jinping 1 Hydropower Station as a group. Diamer-Bhasha Dam Jinping 3,600 MW China Dept.1of Mechanical Engg. ,MVJCE 4,500 MW Pakistan October 18, 2023 2011 November 11, 2014
Belo MonteZDam
11,181 MW
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completion
Comments
Liangheko Dam 3,000 MW China Boguchan Dam 3,000 MW Russia Dagangshan 2,600 MW China Dam Sn La Dam Guandi Dam Liyuan Dam 2,400 MW Vietnam 2,400 MW China 2,400 MW China
Dam Ahai Dam 2,000 MW China Lower Subansiri 2,000 MW India Dam
2,000 MW China
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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