1

0
2
1
21
) , 0 ( t
x
u
t =

For steady shear, with t

ref
=0:
(short time interval)
For a long time interval, we add up the strains over short time
intervals.
t t t
p p
=
+ 0 1 21
) , (
( )
0
1
0
0 1 21 21
) , ( ) , 0 ( t t N t t t
N
p
p p
= = =

=
+
Same, because flow is steady.
Intro to strain (continued)
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
For unsteady shear:
(short time interval)
For a long time interval, we add up the strains over short time
intervals.
t t t t
p p p
=
+ +
) ( ) , (
1 21 1 21

=
+ +
= =
1
0
1
0
1 21 1 21 2 1 21
) ( ) , ( ) , (
N
p
N
p
p p p
t t t t t t
t t
x
u
t t
p p p
=

=
+ +
) ( ) , (
1 21
2
1
1 21

Taking the limit as t goes to zero,
t d t t t t t
t
t
N
p
p
t
=
(

=
}

=
+

2
1
) ( ) ( lim ) , (
21
1
0
1 21
0
2 1 21

Strain at t
2
with
respect to fluid
configuration at t
1
in unsteady shear
flow.
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
2

<
=
0
0 0
) (
0
21
t
t
t

123
2 21
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

x t
v

Creep Shear Flow Material Functions

Kinematics:
Material Functions:
0
21
0
) , 0 (
) , (

t
t J
Shear creep
compliance
0
0
) (
) , (

t
t J
r
r
Recoverable
creep
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Material functions predicted for creep of a
Newtonian fluid
) (t J
t

1
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
remove
stress
3
Shear creep material functions
) , (
o
t J

creep t,
) , ' (
o
t R

t', recovery 0
0
constant slope =
1
) (

( )
o s
J

( )
o
R

2
t
2
t
Ultimate
recoil
function
Steady-state
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Shear Creep
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Figure 6.53, p. 210
Plazek; PS melt

<
=
0
0 0
) (
0
21
t
t
t

123
2 21
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

x t
v

0
21
0
) , 0 (
) , (

t
t J
ref ref
p
T
T T J
J

) (
=
Data have been
corrected for
vertical shift.
4
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Figures 6.54, 6.55, p. 211
Plazek; PS melt
Shear Creep - Recoverable Compliance
0
) ( ) (

t
t R t J + =

+ = t t t
r
) ( ) (
total
strain
recoverable
strain
non-
recoverable
strain
) (
1
1
0
0
21

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

dt
d
dt
dJ
state
steady
At long times the creep compliance J(t,
0
) becomes a straight line.
the slope at steady state is the
inverse of the steady viscosity
C t t J
dt
dJ
state
steady
state
steady
+ = =

) (
1
) (
) (
1

) (
0

s
J Steady-state compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
5
Creep Recovery - after creep, stop pulling forward and allow the
flow to reverse
) , 0 ( ) , 0 ( ) (
21 2 21
t t t
r
=
Recoverable strain
Recoil strain
Strain at the end
of the forward
motion
Strain at the
end of the
recovery
0
0
) (
) , (

t
t J
r
r
Recoverable
creep
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Linear Viscoelastic
Creep

+ = t t t
r
) ( ) (
total
strain
recoverable
strain
non-
recoverable
strain
0
) ( ) (

t
t R t J + =
This is a way to get
R(t) without
measuring it
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
6
creep t,
) (t J
) ' (t R
o
s
o
J R
=

0
0
constant slope =
o

1
o
s
J
o
t

2
Shear creep material functions
Linear-viscoelastic limit
2
t
2
t
Ultimate
recoil
function
Steady-state
compliance
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
Step Shear Strain Material Functions
0
0
constant
0
0
0
0
lim ) (

= =

<
<
=

t
t
t
t
Kinematics:
123
2
0
0
) (
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

x t
v

Material Functions:
0
0 21
0
) , (
) , (

t
t G

( )
2
0
22 11
1

G
( )
2
0
33 22
2

G
Relaxation
modulus
First normal-stress
relaxation modulus
Second normal-
stress relaxation
modulus
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
7
What is the strain in this flow?
0
0
0
0
0
21 21
lim
0
0
0
0
lim
) ( ) , (
0

=
=

<
<
=
=
}
}
}

t d
t d
t
t
t
t d t t
t
t

The strain imposed is a constant

Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
0
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
1 10 100 1000 10000
time, s
G(t), Pa
<1.87
3.34
5.22
6.68
10
13.4
18.7
25.4
Step shear strain - strain dependence
Figure 6.57, p. 212
Einaga et al.; PS soln
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
8
Linear viscoelastic limit
) ( ) , ( lim
0
0 0
t G t G =

At small strains the

relaxation modulus is
independent of strain.
Damping function, h
) (
) , (
) (
0
0
t G
t G
h


The damping function
summarizes the non-linear
effects as a function of
strain amplitude.
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.