GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

GRE Argu
? ?
James Jiang
2012 Fall

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Open Course Course

Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Info Page

http://q.weibo.com/2066950?source=weibohome http://www.weibo.com/u/2862045964

http://iask.sina.com.cn/u/1992032727/ish http://www.sharewithu.com/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=433

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Revised GRE Argu

Lecture 2
James Jiang
Sept XX, 2012

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Outline of Lecture 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

1
Argu Argu

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Alternative explanation: A possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation that undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Assumption: A belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Conclusion: The end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the resulting assertion

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Counterexample: An example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the argument

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Evaluation: An assessment of the quality of evidence and reasons in an argument and of the overall merit of an argument

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

2
Argu Argu

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETS
In reading the argument, you should pay special attention to the following elements: What is offered as evidence, support, or proof What is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded What is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof What is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETS
In addition, you should consider the structure of the argumentthe way in which these elements are linked together to form a line of reasoning; that is, you should recognize the separate, sometimes implicit steps in the thinking process and consider whether the movement from each one to the next is logically sound. In tracing this line of reasoning, look for transition words and phrases that suggest that the author is attempting to make a logical connection (e.g., however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion).
Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETS
No matter which approach you take, you should do the following: Carefully read the argument and the specific instructionsyou might want to read them over more than once. Identify as many of the arguments claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible, and evaluate their quality.

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETS
Think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can. Think of what specific additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims. Ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound.
Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Argu Argu
specific instruction transition wordsArgument component evidenceconclusion
Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Argu Argu
logical fallaciesArgument
reasoning line

insufficient evidence stated or unstated assumption

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Argu Argu
counterexamplesalternative explanations unsolved question
Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETS
An important part of performing well on the Analyze an Argument task is remembering what you are not being asked to do. You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate. You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated. You are not being asked to express your own views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Analyze an Issue task).
Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETS
Instead, you are being asked to evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer according to specific instructions and, in doing so, to demonstrate the critical thinking and analytical writing skills that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.
Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

3
Argu Argu

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Supporting evidence Reason Recommendation Conditions

example, study, survey, report, poll, research, comparison, contrast, other facts since, because, for, due to, in that recommend, should, in order to, advice, suggest once, if, provided, unless, until
Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Analogy Conclusion Prediction

compared with, as, consider, in like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly therefore, hence, thus, so, as a result, consequently, we can conclude that, clearly, obviously, accordingly expect, anticipate, predict, will, would, should

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

4
Argu Argu

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

Some arguments contain numbers, percentages, or statistics that are offered as evidence in support of the arguments conclusion.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

For example, an argument might claim that a certain community event is less popular this year than it was last year because only 100 people attended this year in comparison with 150 last year, a 33 percent decline in attendance.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages, or statistics. Instead, you should evaluate this information as evidence intended to support the conclusion.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

In this example, the conclusion is that a community event has become less popular. You should ask yourself: Does the difference between 100 people and 150 people support that conclusion?

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

Note that, in this case, there are other possible explanations; for example, the weather might have been much worse this year, this years event might have been held at an inconvenient time, the cost of the event might have gone up this year, or there might have been another popular event this year at the same time. Each of these could explain the difference in attendance and thus would weaken the conclusion that the event was less popular.

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

Similarly, percentages might support or weaken a conclusion, depending on what actual numbers the percentages represent. Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its membership has increased by 100 percent.
Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

This 100 percent increase could be significant if there had been 100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there had been 5 members and now there are 10.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

ETS ETSArgument Argument

Remember that any numbers, percentages, or statistics in Analyze an Argument tasks are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

32The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Quiot Manufacturing.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

" During the past year, Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts say that significant contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents are fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Quiot and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Quiot Manufacturing had 30 percent more onon -thethe-job accidents than at the nearby Panoply Industries plant

Contents
Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Assumption: A belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Socrates is mortal. Reason Socrates is a man. Assumption?

Socrates is mortal. Reason Socrates is a man. Man is mortal.

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

James James GRE GRE

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Alternative explanation: A possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation that undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts

Contents
Argu Argu Argu Argu

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

104The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of a manufacturing company. "During the past year, workers at our newly opened factory reported 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than workers at nearby Panoply Industries. Panoply produces products very similar to those produced at our factory, but its work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts say that fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers are significant contributing factors in many on-thejob accidents. Panoply's superior safety record can therefore be attributed to its shorter work shifts, which allow its employees to get adequate amounts of rest." Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

"During the past year, workers at our newly opened factory reported 30 percent more on-the-job accidents than workers at nearby Panoply Industries. Panoply produces products very similar to those produced at our factory, but its work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts say that fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers are significant contributing factors in many on-the-job accidents. Panoply's superior safety record can therefore be attributed to its shorter work shifts, which allow its employees to get adequate amounts of rest."
Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Summary of Lecture 2
ETSArgu Argureasoning line

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

Thank you
Next Lecture: 2012 2012-09 09-XX 21:05 PM
(Beijing Time)
Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012

 GRE Open Course Make Excellent Education Easily Accessible

GRE GRE Open Course

Materials used in this lecture mainly come from Saving My Revised GRE Argu Copy Right 2012 by James Jiang. All Rights Reserved. Authorized and printed at Toronto, Canada, Sept 2012