History

February 9, 1895, Holyoke, Massachusetts (USA): William G. Morgan, a YMCA physical education director, created a new game called Mintonette as a pastime designed to be an indoor sport, less rough than basketball, for older members of the YMCA, while still requiring a bit of athletic effort. - Characteristics from: tennis, handball, basketball (4 years earlier-1891; Springfield, Massachusetts), baseball - First ball: interior of basketball The first rules, written down by William G Morgan: - net 6 ft. 6 in (1.98 m) high; 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head. - 2550 ft. (7.615.2 m) court - Any number of players. - Match was composed of nine innings with three serves for each team in each inning, - No limit to the number of ball contacts for each team before sending the ball to the opponents court. - In case of a serving error, a second try was allowed. - Hitting the ball into the net was considered a foul (with loss of the point or a side-out)except in the case of the first-try serve.

July 7, 1896, International YMCA Training School (Springfield College): first exhibition match at the; first time volleyball was played - Alfred Halstead, noticed the volleying nature of the game; suggested the name volleyball - The game quickly became known as volleyball (it was originally spelled as two words: "volley ball"). - Volleyball rules were slightly modified by the International YMCA Training School and the game spread around the country to various YMCAs.

1896/1900 : First official ball by Spalding (disputed) 1900: a special ball was designed for the sport. 1900: Canada adopted volleyball (The first country outside the United States) 1916, Philippines: - set and spike had been introduced Elwood S. Brown, YMCA Philippines head

1917: the game was changed from 21 to 15 points. 1919: about 16,000 volleyballs were distributed by the American Expeditionary Forces to their troops and allies, which sparked the growth of volleyball in new countries. 1920s: there are unconfirmed whispers of mens teams playing on the beach in Hawaii, but most accounts place the sport's origin in Santa Monica, California where the first Volleyball courts are put up on the beach at the Playground. Families play 6 vs. 6. 1920, Philippines: "three hits" rule and a rule against hitting from the back row were established

1922, Brooklyn, NY: the first YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) national championships; 27 teams from 11 states were represented. 1924, Summer Olympics in Paris: volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event 1928: - Tournaments and rules were needed - The United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. - The first U.S. Open was staged, open to non-YMCA squads.

1930s, Santa Monica, California: the first two-man beach volleyball game 1934: the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees. 1937: at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official National Governing Body (NGB) in the U.S. 1947: the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded. 1948: the first two-man beach tournament 1949, Prague, Czechoslovakia: the initial World Championships. 1949: first World Championships for men 1952: first World Championships for women. 1957: a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC (International Olympic Committee) session in Sofia, Bulgaria. 1964, Tokyo, Japan: Volleyball was officially introduced to the Olympic Games 1965: the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed. 1974: the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan. 1975: the U.S. National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985). 1976: the introduction of a new offensive skill, the backrow attack, allowed Poland to win the men's competition over the Soviets in a very tight five-set match. 1977: the U.S. National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981). 1983: the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed. 1984, Los Angeles: the U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver. 1986: the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed. 1987: Beach volleyball became a FIVB-endorsed variation

1988, Korea: the U.S. Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics 1989: the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created. 1990: the World League was created. 1995: the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old! This Web site - Volleyball.Com goes live! 1996, Summer Olympics: 2-person beach volleyball as an Olympic sport. 1997: Dain Blanton (with Canyon Ceman) becomes the first African-American professional beach volleyball player to win a tournament on the Miller Lite/AVP Tour. 1998: Libero player was introduced internationally 1998: For the first time in the FIVB World Tour, men and women players are rewarded at the same level with $170,000 in total prize money per Open event. 1999: For the first time beach volleyball was included in the Pan American Games, Canada. 1999: FIVB from side-out scoring to rally point system 2000: Rally point system become obligatory 2000: Olympic Beach Volleyball Men's Gold medalists: Eric Fomoimoana & Dain Blanton (USA). The women's Beach Volleyball America (BVA) announces their inaugural season of play. 2001: Christopher "Sinjin" Smith plays the final match of his impressive career, a 21-19 and 24-22 loss with George Roumain to Dax Holdren and Todd Rogers in the 4th round of the contender's bracket at the AVP Manhattan Beach Open. Sinjin retires as the leader in tournaments played with 416, 2nd in all-time victories with 139, and 4th in all-time winnings with over US$1.6 million earned. 2002: Beach volleyball court dimensions reduced to 8m x 8m per side. 2003: Karch Kiraly becomes the first player to earn US$3M in prize money and oldest player to win an AVP tournament at age 42 years, 9 months and 14 days. (You're never too old for volleyball!) 2004: Kerri Walsh and Misty May win the Women's Olympic Beach Volleyball Title 2005: Olympic gold medalists Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor win their second Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) Open women's title and the 2005 overall women's championship. 2006: Elaine Youngs' second place finish (with Rachel Wacholder) in Seaside Heights pushes her career earnings past $1 million. She becomes the third American woman to achieve that mark. 2006: In Seaside Heights, both Casey Jennings (with Matt Fuerbringer) and Kerri Walsh (with Misty MayTreanor) won titles, becoming just the second husband-wife duo to win pro beach events on the same weekend. They join Mike and Patty Dodd, who accomplished the feat four times in 1989, but each time in different locations. 2006: Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor win in Chicago as Walsh joins the millionaire club. She is the 18th person worldwide to win over $1 million in her career, and did so in fewer events (90th tournament) as well as being one of just four to reach the mark before turning 28 years old.

2007: Misty May-Treanor passes Brazilians Adriana Behar and Shelda Bede as the winningest player since the women's competition on the international beach volleyball circuit began in 1992. 2007: Misty May-Treanor becomes the women's all-time wins leader by capturing her 73rd victory, surpassing Holly McPeak's record by winning with Kerri Walsh in Hermosa Beach. She reached this total in just 123 tournaments -- winning 57.5% of her events. 2007: In a championship match that lasted 1:41, Nicole Branagh and Elaine Youngs defeat Jennifer Boss and April Ross 21-19, 18-21, 16-14 in Seaside Heights. The marathon set the record for the longest match in rally scoring, men or women, in domestic or international play. 2007: Karch Kiraly retires to close an impressive career on the beach, leaving as the all-time wins leader and money earner. His longevity was marked by the fact he won a tournament in 24 different years, and he advanced to the semifinals in over 75% of all the events he ever played and was named as the AVP's MVP a record-most six times. 2008: Hot Winter Nights, a series of 19 events in January and February, kicks off in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma marking the first ever indoor beach volleyball tour. Mark Williams and Nancy Mason are the first winners in the "King of the Beach format" events. 2013 - 118 years old

Name history 1895 Mintonette (William G. Morgan) 1896 Volley ball (Alfred Halstead)

Brazil, in Europe (Italy, the Netherlands, Eastern Europe 1980s), in Russia, China and the rest of Asia, United States. Paralympics: World Organization Volleyball for Disabled.

Equipments Court
- 18x9m - All lines - 2 inches wide. - Center line, a solid or shadow-bordered 2-inch wide line (at least -inch wide and shall be within the 2-inch) - Court should be clear of obstructions and the - Overhead playable area should be at least 23 feet (7 meters) high. Parts Center line Attack line divides the court into back row and front row Back row/court 6m; divided into three columns Front row/court 3m; divided into three columns Service line/Back line/End-line

Service zone Side line Substitution zone/area Free zone 3m

Net
- Men 2.43m - Women 2.24m Antenna

Ball
- Spherical - made of leather or synthetic leather - circumference: 6567 cm, - weight of 260280 g - inside pressure of 0.300.325 kg/cm2

Officials
Umpire Linesmen Referee Scorer Committee

Rules
- Each team consists of six players. - chose to serve by coin toss - serve) - no more than three contacts with the volleyball to return the ball to the opponent's side of the net. - bump or pass - set (usually an over-hand pass using wrists to push finger-tips at the ball) by the setter; - spike by attacker - offense - team with possession of the ball that is trying to attack the ball - defense - prevent the attacker from directing the ball into their court - block - dig After a successful dig, the team transitions to offense. - allowing serves in which the ball touches the net, as long as it goes over the net into the opponents' court. - service area was expanded within the theoretical extension of the sidelines - allowing multiple contacts by a single player ("double-hits") on a team's first contact provided that they are a part of a single play on the ball. - game - set

Errors
- fail to return the ball over the net within the allowed three touches - cause the ball to land outside the court. - touching the ball twice in succession - "catching" the ball - touching the net while attempting to play the ball - penetrating under the net into the opponent's court. - back-row or libero players spiking the ball or blocking (back-row players may spike the ball if they jump from behind the attack line), - not being in the correct position when the ball is served - attacking the serve in the front court and above the height of the net - using another player as a source of support to reach the ball - stepping over the back boundary line when serving - more than 8 seconds to serve - playing the ball when it is above the opponent's court. - "in" if any part of it touches a sideline or end-line - Players may travel well outside the court to play a ball that has gone over a sideline or end-line in the air. - Clockwise direction rotation

Scoring
- rally point system - When the ball contacts the floor within the court boundaries - error is made - first team to score 25 points by a two-point margin is awarded the set. - Matches are best-of-five sets and the fifth set, if necessary, is usually played to 15 points.

Libero
- player specialized in defensive skills - must wear a contrasting jersey color from his or her teammates - cannot block or attack the ball when it is entirely above net height. - When the ball is not in play, the libero can replace any back-row player, without prior notice to the officials. (does not count against the substitution limit each team is allowed per set), although the libero may be replaced only by the player whom he or she replaced. - setter only under certain restrictions - makes an overhand set, - standing behind (and not stepping on) the 3-meter line - the ball cannot be attacked above the net in front of the 3-meter line. An underhand pass is allowed from any part of the court. - one libero per set (game) - there may be a different libero in the beginning of any new set (game). - not allowed to serve

Skills

Serve
"ace" - when the ball lands directly onto the court or travels outside the court after being touched by an opponent. Underhand Sky ball serve: a specific type of underhand serve occasionally used in beach volleyball, where the ball is hit so high it comes down almost in a straight line. invented by Brazilian team in the early 1980s; In Brazil, this serve is called Jornada nas Estrelas Topspin: an overhand serve where the player tosses the ball high and hits it with a wrist span, giving it topspin which causes it to drop faster than it would otherwise and helps maintain a straight flight path. Float: an overhand serve where the ball is hit with no spin so that its path becomes unpredictable, Jump serve: an overhand serve where the ball is first tossed high in the air, then the player makes a timed approach and jumps to make contact with the ball Jump float: an overhand serve where the ball is tossed high enough that the player may jump before hitting it similarly to a standing float serve.

Pass/reception
- the pass is the attempt by a team to properly handle the opponent's serve, or any form of attack. two specific techniques: - underarm pass, or bump - where the ball touches the inside part of the joined forearms or platform, at waist line - overhand pass - where it is handled with the fingertips, like a set, above the head.

Set
- usually the second contact that a team makes with the ball. dump - directly onto the opponent's court.

Attack/spike
- usually the third contact a team makes with the ball. - approach - a series of steps - 'bounce' is a slang term for a very hard/loud spike that follows an almost straight trajectory steeply downward into the opponent's court and bounces very high into the air. - "kill" is the slang term for an attack that is not returned by the other team thus resulting in a point.

Backcourt (or backrow)/pipe attack: an attack performed by a back row player. The player must jump from behind the 3-meter line before making contact with the ball, but may land in front of the 3-meter line. Line and Cross-court Shot: Dip/Dink/Tip/Cheat/Dump: touches the ball lightly, Tool/Wipe/Block-abuse: hits the ball so that it touches the opponent's block and then bounces off-court. Off-speed hit: does not hit the ball hard, reducing its speed and thus confusing the opponent's defense. Quick hit/"One": approach and jump begin before the setter contacts the ball. The set (called a "quick set") Slide: The middle hitter steps around the setter and hits from behind him or her. Double quick hit/"Stack"/"Tandem": two hitters, one in front and one behind the setter or both in front of the setter, jump to perform a quick hit at the same time.

Block
"roof" - redirects the power and speed of the attack straight down to the attacker's floor,

defensive, or "soft" block - to control and deflect the hard-driven ball up so that it slows down and becomes more easy to be defended. single (or solo), double, or triple block.

Dig
prevent the ball from touching one's court after a spike or attack, particularly a ball that is nearly touching the ground "dive - throw his or her body in the air with a forward movement in an attempt to save the ball Pancake - slides his or her hand under a ball that is almost touching the court

Terminologies
ACE - A serve that is not passable and results immediately in a point. ANTENNA - The vertical rods (normally white and red) mounted near the edges of the net. The antennas are mounted directly above the sidelines and are not-in-play. Antennas are not usually used on outdoor nets. APPROACH - Fast stride toward the net by a spiker before he jumps in the air. ASSIST - Passing or setting the ball to a teammate who attacks the ball for a kill. This stat is normally only logged for high school, college, and National/Olympic team play. ATTACK - The offensive action of hitting the ball. The attempt by one team to terminate the play by hitting the ball to the floor on the opponent's side. ATTACK BLOCK - Receiving players' aggressive attempt to block a spiked ball before it crosses the net. ATTACK ERROR - An unsuccessful attack which does one of the following: 1) the ball lands out of bounds, 2) the ball goes into the net and terminates play or goes into the net on the third hit, 3)the ball is blocked by the opposition for a point or sideout, 4) the attacker is called for a center line violation, or 5) the attacker is called for illegal contact (lift, double hit...) on the attack. ATTACKER - Also "hitter" or "spiker." A player who attempts to hit a ball offensively with the purpose of terminating play in his or her team's favor. ATTACK LINE - A line 3m from the net that separates the front row players from the back row players. Commonly referred to as the "10-foot line." BACKCOURT - The area from the endline to the attack line. BACK SET - A set delivered behind the setters back, which is subsequently hit by an attacker. BACK ROW ATTACK When a back row player attacks the ball by jumping from behind the 3m line before hitting the ball. If the back row player steps on or past the 3m line during take-off, the attack is illegal. BEACH DIG - An open hand receive of the ball, also called a "Deep Dish" BLOCK - A defensive play by one or more players meant to deflect a spiked ball back to the hitters court. It may be a combination of one, two or three players jumping in front of the opposing spiker and contacting the spiked ball with the hands. BUMP a common term for forearm passing.

BALL HANDLING ERROR - Any time the official calls a double hit, a thrown ball or a lift (except on a serve reception or attack). For our purposes, this category also includes any blocking errors (when an official calls a blocker for a violation such as going into the net, centerline violation, reaching over the net, etc.). BUMP PASS - The use of joined forearms to pass or set a ball in an underhand manner. CAMPFIRE - A ball that falls to the floor in an area that's surrounded by two, three, four or more players. At the instant after the ball hits the floor, it appears as if the players are encircling and staring at a campfire. CENTER LINE - The boundary that runs directly under the net and divides the court into two equal halves. CLOSING THE BLOCK - The responsibility of the assisting blocker(s) to join the primary blocker and create an impenetrable block in which a ball cannot fit between the two individual blockers. CROSS COURT SHOT - An individual attack directed at an angle from one end of the offensive team's side of the net to the opposite sideline of the defensive team's court. CUT SHOT - A spike from the hitter's strong side that travels at a sharp angle across the net. DECOY - An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker who will receive the set. DEEP SET - Set to be hit away from the net to confuse or disrupt the timing of the blockers. DIG - Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of passing an attacked ball close to the floor. DINK - A legal push of the ball around or over blockers. DOUBLE BLOCK - Two players working in unison to deflect an attacked ball at the net back to the hitters side. DOUBLE HIT - Successive hits or contacts by the same player. (Illegal) DOUBLE QUICK - Two hitters approaching the setter for a quick inside hit. DOUBLES - A game with two players on each side, most commonly played on a sand court. DOWN BALL - A ball the blockers elect not to attempt to block because it has been set too far from the net or the hitter is not under control. A "Down Ball" is hit overhand and driven over the net with topspin while the player remains standing. "Down Ball," is usually called aloud by the defense when it becomes apparent the attacker has no chance of hitting a powerful spike. FIVE-ONE A 6-player offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter. FIVE SET A back set to the right front hitter. FLARE Inside-out path of an outside spiker who hid behind a quick hitter. FLOATER - A serve which does not spin or rotate and therefore moves in an erratic path. This is similar to a "knuckle ball" pitch in baseball. FOREARM PASS - Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion. FOUL - A violation of the rules.

FOUR SET - A set 1' from the sideline, and 1 to 2' above the net. FOUR-TWO - A 6-player offensive system using four hitters and two setters. FREE BALL - A ball that will be returned by a pass rather than a spike. This is usually called aloud by the defense instructing players to move into serve receive positions. HELD BALL - A ball that comes to rest during contact resulting in a foul. HIT - To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot. HITTER - Also "spiker" or "attacker" HITTING PERCENTAGE - kills vs. attempts INSIDE SHOOT - A playset or a 33. ISOLATION PLAY - Designed to isolate the attacker on a specific defender, normally to exploit a weakness or give a hitter a chance to hit against a single block. JUNGLE BALL - Any volleyball game with people who don't really know how to play volleyball. A common euphemism for this type of game is "Picnic Volleyball." JUMP SERVE - A serve that is started by the server tossing the ball into the air and jumping into and hitting the ball in its downward motion. JOUST When 2 opposing players are simultaneously attempting to play a ball above the net. KEY - To predict a team's next play by observation of patterns or habits. KILL - An attack that results in an immediate point or side out. LINE - The marks that serve as boundaries of a court. LINE SHOT - A ball spiked down an opponent's sideline, closest to the hitter and outside the block. LET SERVE - A serve that contacts the net. If the ball dribbles over, it's playable just like any other ball that contacts the net on the way over. If the ball fails to clear the net, it will become dead when it either hits the serving team's court, or is contacted by a player on the serving team. MIDDLE-BACK - A defensive system that uses the middle back player to cover deep spikes. MIDDLE-UP - A defensive system that uses the middle back player to cover dinks or short shots. MINTONETTE - The original name of the game of volleyball, created by William Morgan. MULTIPLE OFFENSE - A system of play using different types of sets other than just normal outside sets. OFFSIDE BLOCK - Player at the net, which is on the side away from the opponent's attack. OFF-SPEED HIT - Any ball spiked with less than maximum force but with spin. OUTSIDE HITTER a left-front or right-front attacker normally taking an approach which starts from outside the court

OVERHAND PASS - A pass executed with both hands open, controlled by the fingers and thumbs, played just above the forehead. OVERHAND SERVE - Serving the ball and striking it with the hand above the shoulder. OVERLAP refers to the positions of the players in the rotation prior to the contact of the ball when serving. PANCAKE - A one-handed defensive technique where the hand is extended and the palm is slid along the floor as the player dives or extension rolls, and timed so that the ball bounces off the back of the hand. PASS see "Forearm Pass" PENETRATION The act of reaching across and breaking the plane of the net during blocking. POINT OF SERVICE - A serve that results in a point (an ace by NCAA standards) as the serve is not returnable due to a bad pass by the receiver, this number includes aces. POWER ALLEY - A cross-court hit traveling away from the spiker to the farthest point of the court. POWER TIP A ball that is pushed or directed with force by an attacking team. POWER VOLLEYBALL - A competitive style of volleyball started by the Japanese. QUICK a player approaching the setter for a quick inside hit QUICK SET a set (usually 2 above the net) in which the hitter is approaching the setter, and may even be in the air, before the setter delivers the ball. This type of set requires precise timing between the setter and hitter. READY POSITION - The flexed, yet comfortable, posture a player assumes before moving to contact the ball. RECEPTION ERROR - A serve that a player should have been able to return, but results in an ace (and only in the case of an ace). If it is a "husband/wife" play (where the ball splits the two receivers), the receiving team is given the reception error instead of an individual. RED CARD a severe penalty in which an official displays a red card. The result of a red card may be a player is disqualified, the team loses the serve, or the team loses a point. A red card may be given with or without a prior yellow card as a warning; it is up to the officials discretion. ROLL - a certain way to pass a ball in which the digger, or passer lays out an arm, passes the ball, and rolls over the shoulder (over the shoulder roll) or back (barrel roll) after passing the ball. This is a quick way to return to action after the play. ROOF - A ball that when spiked is blocked by a defensive player such that the ball deflects straight to the floor on the attackers side. ROTATION - The clockwise movement of players around the court and through the serving position following a side out. SERVE - One of the six basic skills; used to put the ball into play. It is the only skill controlled exclusively by one player. SERVER - The player who puts the ball into play. SERVICE ERROR - An unsuccessful serve in which one or more of the following occurs: 1) the ball hits the net or fails to clear the net, 2) the ball lands out of bounds, or 3) the server commits a foot fault.

SERVICE WINNER - A point the serving team scores when this player has served the ball. The point can be an immediate (in the case of an ace) or delayed (a kill or opponent attack error after a long rally). Therefore, the sum of the team's service winners equals their score. SET - The tactical skill in which a ball is directed to a point where a player can spike it into the opponent's court. SETTER the player who has the 2nd of 3 contacts of the ball who "sets" the ball with an "Overhand Pass" for a teammate to hit. The setter normally runs the offense. SIDE OUT - Occurs when the receiving team successfully puts the ball away against the serving team, or when the serving team commits an unforced error, and the receiving team thus gains the right to serve. SIX PACK Occurs when a blocker gets hit in the head or face by a spiked ball. SIX-TWO A 6-player offense using 2 setters opposite one another in the rotation. Setter 1 becomes a hitter upon rotating into the front row as setter 2 rotates into the back row and becomes the setter. SPIKE - Also hit or attack. A ball contacted with force by a player on the offensive team who intends to terminate the ball on the opponent's floor or off the opponent's blocker. STRONG SIDE - When a right-handed hitter is hitting from the left-front position or when a left-handed hitter is hitting from the right-front position. STUFF - A ball that is deflected back to the attacking team's floor by the opponent's blockers. A slang term for "block." TURNING IN the act of an outside blocker turning his/her body into the court so as to ensure the blocked ball is deflected into the court and lands in-bounds. UNDERHAND SERVE a serve in which the ball is given a slight under-hand toss from about waist high and then struck with the opposite closed fist in an "underhand pitching" motion. WEAK SIDE When a right-handed player is hitting from right-front position or when a left-handed player is hitting from the left-front position. WIPE when a hitter pushes the ball off of the opposing block so it lands out of bounds YELLOW CARD a warning from an official indicated by the display of a yellow card. Any player or coach who receives two yellow cards in a match is disqualified. A single yellow card does not result in loss of point or serve.