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Sing Levar Opt
Sing Levar Opt
NEED IDENTIFICATION CHOOSE DESIGN VARIABLES FORMULATE CONSTRAINTS FORMULATE OBJECTIVE FUNCTION SET UP VARIABLE BOUNDS CHOOSE OPTIMISATION ALGORITHM OBTAIN SOLUTION(S)
f ( x)
FUNCTION FOR THE DIFFERENT VALUES OF ( x ) CAN HAVE - RELATIVE OR LOCAL MINIMUM - RELATIVE OR LOCAL MAXIMUM - ABSOLUTE OR GLOBAL MINUMUM - ABSOLUTE OR GLOBAL MAXIMUM
at x = x * if f ( x*) f ( x * + h)
- RELATIVE OR LOCAL MAXIMUM
at
x = x * if f ( x*) f ( x * + h)
at at
x * if
f ( x*) f ( x ) f ( x*) f ( x )
f ( x)
x * if
Step 1 set x1 = a, x = (b-a)/n (n is the number of intermediate points), x2 = x1 + x, and x3 = x2 + x . Step 2 If f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) f ( x3 ), the minimum point lies in ( x1 , x3 ), Terminate; Else x1 = x2 , x2 = x3 , x3 = x2 + x, and go to Step 3. Step 3 Is x3 b ? If yes, go to Step 2; Else no minimum exists in (a,b) or a boundary point (a or b) is the minimum point.
a x1 x2 x3
.....
Step 2 Set x1 = a + L / 4, x2 = b L / 4. Compute f ( x1 ) and f ( x2 ). Step 3 If f ( x1 ) < f ( xm ) set b = xm ; xm = x1 go to Step 5; Else go to Step 4. Step 4 If f(x2) < f(xm) {a = xm; xm = x2; go to step 5} Else {a = x1; b = x2; go to step 5}. Step 5 Calculate L = b-a If |L| < Else go to Step 2. Terminate;
a x1 xm L x2 b
EXAMPLE
Minimize
f ( x) = x 2 + 54 x
Step 3: IS f ( x1 ) < f ( xm ) ? NO. Step 4: IS f ( x2 ) < f ( xm ) ? NO. hence [1.25 - 3.75] i.e a=1.25; b=3.75. Step 5: L=2.5; a=1.25;b=3.75; xm = 2.5; x1 = 1.25 + 2.5 = 1.875; x2 = 3.75 2.5 = 3.125; 4 4 f ( x1 ) = 32.3; f ( x2 ) = 27.05
Step 3 IS f ( x1 ) < f ( xm ) ?
NO.
Step 4 IS f ( x2 ) < f ( xm ) ? YES. a=2.5; b=3.75; xm = 3.125 Step 5 L= 1.25 (3.75 - 2.5)
Iteration continues
If a function f(x) is defined in the interval a x b and has a relative minimum at x = x*, where a < x* < b, and if the derivative df(x)/dx = f(x) exists as a finite number at x = x*, then f(x*)=0
f ( x * + h) f ( x*) ....................1 h
Exists as a definite number, which we want to prove to be zero. Since x* is a relative minimum, we have f f(x*+h) for all values of h sufficiently close to zero. Hence
f ( x * + h) f ( x*) 0 h f ( x * + h) f ( x*) 0 h
if if
h>0 h<0
Thus equation 1 gives the limit as h tends to zero through positive values as f'(x*) 0 while 1 gives the limit as h tends to zero through negative values as f'(x*) 0 The only way to satisfy both the equations above is to have f'(x*) = 0 This proves the theorem
0 < <1
Since
As f(n)(x*) 0, there exist an interval around x* for every point of x of which the nth derivative f(n)(x*) has the same sign, namely, that of f(n)(x*). Thus for every point x*+h of this interval f(n)(x*+h) has the sign of f(n)(x*)
When n is even, hn/n! is positive irrespective of wether h is positive or negative, and hence f(n)(x*+h)-f(x*) will have the same sign as that of f(n)(x*) Thus x* will be Relative minimum if f(n)(x*) is positive Relative maximum if f(n)(x*) is negative When n is odd hn/n! changes sign with the change in the sign of h and hence the point x* is neither maximum nor a minimum. In this case point x* is called a point of inflection
EXAMPLES
Determine the maximum and minimum values of the 5 4 3 f ( x ) = 12 x 45 x + 40 x +5 function Taking the first derivative of the function yields to ...
f ( x) = 60 x 4 180 x 3 + 120 x 2
The value of the function at x = 0 x = 1 x = 2 is zero In the next step take the second derivative of the function
Since f ( x) 0 at x=0, x=0 is neither a maximum nor a minimum, and it is an inflection point
In a two stage compressor, the working gas leaving the first stage of compression is cooled ( by passing it trough a heat exchanger ) before it enters the second stage of compression to increase the efficiency. The total work input to a compressor (W) for isentropic compression, is given by
The necessary condition for minimizing the work done on the compressor is,
(k 1) / k k 1 k 1 1/ k dW (k 1) / k k +1 (k 1) / k ( p2 ) + p3 ( p2 ) = 0 = cpT1 k k 1 p1 k dp2
Which yields
p2 = ( p1 p2 )
2
1/ 2
d 2W 2 dp 2 p 2=( p1 p 2)1 / 2
d 2W >0 2 dp2
at
p2 = ( p1 p3 )
1/ 2
Wmin
( k 1) / 2 k k p3 = c pT1 1 k 1 p 1
k k k k ( ) ( ) f x + x f x x f ( x k ) = 2x k
x k = .01 x k
Example : x1 = 1; = 10 3 ; k = 1; Step 1:
f ( x1 ) = 52.005; f ( x1 ) = 110.011; 1 f ( x ) x 2 = x1 = 1.473; 1 f ( x ) f ( x 2 ) = 21.994; k = 2
Step 2: Step 3:
Step 2 Step 3
f ( x 2 ) = 35.796 x 3 = 2.086