XV

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

By PROFESSOR TI1HE over fact that in the E. HULTZSCH, Ph.D.

fourteenth

country Pandya by Musalman princes, Batuta.1 of Ibn The Madras Journal of Literature an 1888 - 9 contained Science for and article by " on Mrs. L. Fletcher Ibn Batfitah in Southern India", Mr. L. White King and Captain R. II. C. Tufnell " a on Note the of Coins the Muhainmadan appended in was Southern India" 55 This Note Viceroys ft'.). (p. in the to Captain Hints Tufnell's reprinted Appendix (Madras, 1889), a fifteen accompanied by plate figuring the Sultans of Madura, all of which had been hitherto and unidentified. A number of coins unpublished of the same class, collected in the Madura district by the Rev. J. E. Tracy and forwarded him to the late by p. 66 ff. coins of It was C. J. Rodgers, enabled this experienced to rectify and supplement Tufnell's Captain a and conclusions.2 few of the coins readings Finally, same description were noticed Messrs. T. M. briefly by and T. Chari Desika in Chari the Indian llanga vol. 31 (1902), p. 232. Antiquary, numismatist The historical of Hijra
1

with

century of our era the its capital Madura was ruled is known from the Travels

to which

to Goin-Golleetors

in

Southern

India,

lamented

Mr.

coins

of the Sultans

of Madura

are of considerable series respects

interest, as they supply a well-connected dates from 735 to 779, and as in several

et Sanguinetti, vol. 4, p. 187 fl Voyages d'lbn Dofremery fiatoutah, also Dr. Caldwell's Compare History p. 42, and Mr. SewelFs of Tinnevelly, Lists of Antiquities, vol. 2, p. 222 f. 2 Coins of the Musalmdn : Journ. As. two plates Kings of Ma1 bar : with Soc. Bengal, vol. 64 (1895), pt. 1, p. 49 ff.

668

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA and add to the do information not consider furnished

they confirm Ibn Batuta.

I therefore

to reproduce the specimens collected in all the coins published list my inserting by my prede cessors. The following will be used :? abbreviations Thomas = Chronicles of the of Pathan the Sultans 1884. Kings 1871. London, British Museum = Coins British

by it superfluous in Madura, by myself

of Dchli, in the

of Dehli

Museum, London, T. = Tufnell. R. = Rodgers. D. = Ranga Chari and Desika H. = Hultzsch. The concerned instead of the capital was Madura.1

Chari.

whom with princes I call them "Sultans

we

are

here

as Mr. Rodgers of "kings of Ma'bar" seem to have employed writers the term the Musalinan Ma'bar not only for the Pandya country, but for the whole Coromandel the Malabar The of Delhi between an coast, coast and Kulbarga, and for including Nellore to Cape Comorin.2 from Quilon had been added to the empire kingdom A war the reign of 'Ala'u-d-din Khilji. throne of Madura offered Sundara Dewar" In a.d. 1310 " Kales father been defeated In 1311

of Madura", did, because

Pandya

during two pretenders to the for interference. opportunity having killed and his

Pandya,

(i.e. Kulasekharadeva), brother Vira-Pandya, general, Malik Na'ib he found deserted and temple, and an
1 2

having fled to Delhi/3 Kafur, by

by his 'Alau-d-din's

proceeded

carried

enormous

Vira-Pandya. and away many elephants of gold and jewels.4 amount

4, pp. 192, of India, 190, 200. vol. 1, p. 09; vol.

to Madura, which the He destroyed horses

vol. Voyages d'Ibn fiatoulak, and Dowson's Elliot History vol. pp. Briggs, 3, p. 52 ff. 91 f. and Feriskta,

3,

pp.

32

and 339. 3 Ibid., 4 Ibid., p. 540;

204 vol.

; Dr. Caldwell's 1, p. 374.

Comparative

Grammar,

THE COINAGE OV THE SULTANS OF MADURA

669

of dates made late calculations laborious by my have now settled the period of Professor Kielhorn The Sundara-Pandya reign of a number of Pandya kings. course in to 1310 Delhi is of different who fled from, The friend and is mentioned who later than, that Sundara-Pandya in in This died who Polo and 1293.1 Marco 1292, by has to be identified with Jata earlier Sundara-Pandya varman throne murdered II, who ascended Sundara-Pandyadeva The Kulasekharadeva in A.D. 1275-6.2 who his alias the was

son Sundara-Pandya in 1310, must be by who alias Kulasekharadeva identical with Maravarman I, He has two slightly reigned from 1268 to at least 1308.3 The first is the Kerala later namesakes. king llavivarman Kulasekharadeva, two in 1313, whose inscription after Malik is the at Tiruvadi4 Nfi'ib Kaffir's is

alias dated

years The of Madura. second sacking Maravarman alias Kulasekharadeva 1314 verse to 47.? at least in the 1325/' 90th He

may

king Pandya from II, who reigned be the Kulasekhara

mentioned

of the Malmvaihsa, the third Finally, Vira-Pandya, contemporary Naib in of Malik also had a living namesake Kaffir, 7 or seems who of Venadu Travancore, Vira-Pandyadeva of Kerala.8 to have been defeated by Ravivarman chapter Although parts of Southern of Kulasekharadeva to have itself seems the earlier may portion be gathered India were certainly in the II and other Hindu kings, a dependency of remained from the bin Tughlag's of Ibn narrative

possession Madura Delhi reign.

1 Elliots 2

until This

of Mulmmmad

vol. 1, p. 69 f. ; vol. 3, pp. 32 and 34. History oj India, occasion On a previous Ind., vol. 6, p. 314, and vol. 0, p. 228. him with Jatavarman identified (Ind. Ant., vol. 21, p. 122) I had tentatively I. alias Sundara-Pandyadeva 3 vol.* 6, p. 314, and vol. 1), p. 227. Ep. Ind., 4 Ibid., vol. 8, p. 8. 5 Ibid., vol. 6, p. 315, and vol. 9, p. 228. * See Dr. Caldwell's Grammar, p. 537. Comparative 7 Professor Kielhorn's Lists of Southern No. 957. Inscriptions, 8 vol. 4, p. 146, n. 4. Iiui., Ep. Ep.

670

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

is confirmed of certain and Batuta,1 by the existence as stated by Mr. Rodgers,2 are of southern coins which, India. fabric and are not found in the bazars of Northern To the two types figured by Mr. Rodgers I am able to

add a third, hitherto unpublished (No. 3).

I. Southern issues of Muhammad
No. la.

rin

Tughlaq.

Thomas,

210

(copper).

He who puts his trust in

the help of God. a.h.730.

Muliammad
Shah.

bin Tughlaq

H.,

No. lb. 34 grammes R., 32 (copper). (impure silver); Same as No. la, but date 733. Fig.
No. le.

1.

Same

H., 3*4 grammes (silver). as Nos. la and 16, but date

No. 2.

734.

Fig. 2.

H.,

3*6 and 3*2 grammes (copper); R,, I, 2, 3 (mixed metal The Imam.

T., pi. iii, 36 and copper). bin

(copper)

just

Muhammad Shah.
No. 3.

Tughlaq Fig. 3.

H.,

*9 grammes The

(copper). Fig. 4. bin Tughlaq,

This
1Vol.

coin I venture

just Sultan. to assign to Mul.iammad

See also Elliot's 3, p. 328, and vol. 4, p. 189. Histoiy of India, vol. 3, p. 243. 2 Loc. cit., p. 51. 3 . thus instead of Read ^omj 4 In the of this coin is lying on its left the reverse accompanying plate of the page. he read from the top to the bottom side, and its legend must

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA on two of whose 280, the

671

early coins (Thomas, 189 ; British Museum, same title occurs; 281) compare also the similar on No. the coin 2. epithet The name of

of Ma'bar who threw off his the governor to the throne of Delhi, and thus led to the allegiance establishment of a series of Musalman rulers at Madura, was Jalalu-d-din Ahsan Shah.1 He was the father-in-law of the his traveller daughter pious, waked was and in praying the whole incessantly night, occupied but I do to God. She had a daughter not know by me; The mother of either of them. what has become could 3 read, but she had not learnt to write." very Ahsan own Shah made Madura five years.5 As A.H. 740 coins and the only date he must his have declared claimed to be a descendant his capital4 and reigned for is both the latest date on his on those of his two successors, in A.H. 735. He independence of the Prophet. Accordingly to his name0 and to "Sharif" Ibn Batuta, llur-Nasab:?" who She had married was at Delhi2

the title Jbn Batuta prefixes that of his son Ibrahim,7 and once he uses the synonymous term "Saiyid".8 Both Ziya'u-d-din Barni and Firishta " ".? call Ahsan Shah erroneously Hasan Saiyid When Muhammad bin

received news of Ahsan Tughlaq to quell in person Shah's it.10 But on revolt, he started he was forced by an epidemic of cholera, reaching Orangal which broke out in his army, to return to Daulatabad.11
d'Ibn Batontah,\o\. 3, p. 328. Ibid.! vol. 4, p. 190. 3 vol. 3, p. 337f. Ibid., 4 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 200. 5 Ibid., p. 189. * vol. 3, pp. 328, 337 ; vol. 4, pp. 189, 190, 200. Ibid., 7 Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 337, 340. 8 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 189. 9 Elliot's vol. 3, p. 243 ; Briggs, Ferixhta, of India, History p. 423. 10 vol. 3, p. 329. Voyages dyIbn Batontah, 11 vol. 3, p. 243. Ibid., p. 334 ; Elliot's of India, History 2 Voyages 1

vol.

1,

672 " On

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

the way, he was afflicted With a violent tooth-ache, to be buried he ordered and lost one of his teeth, whicti at Beer, and caused a magnificent with much ceremony tomb to be reared over it, whicti still remains a monument the and folly." l The cruel tyrant ordered of his vanity son of At.isan Ibrahim, Shah named abortive Shah date II. to be of Ibn Batuta, the Firishta in two.2 places But as Ahsan in A.H. 742. to Ma'bar and brother-in-law cut 735 and was killed in 740, this

expedition in about revolted

seems

to be too late by several of Jalalu-d-din No. 4. Ahsan

years. Shah, a.h. 735-40.

Coins

Gold dinar.

UjJI Jh.
He in who puts his trust the help of the Merciful, the Sultan Ahsan Shah.

The offspring of Ta-Ha and the of father Ya-Sin, the poor and indigent,
Jalalu-d-dunya wa-d-din.

recovered. curious coin has not yet been very was is testified But that it struck by Al.isan Shah actually As to by his son-in-law Ibn Batuta 3, p. 328). (vol. the letters two French the remarked translators, Ta-Ha by and Ya-Sin form the titles of the 22nd and 36th chapters This to the and belong to the epithets the Quran applied Shah boasted that I have stated Al.isan Prophet. already and that for this of Muhammad, of being a descendant reason to him the titles the Musalman historians apply of Sharif was and Saiyid. evidently of his former
1 2 Briggs, Voyages

on the reverse expression (j5\Ji\ the coin No. 1 Ahsan Shah from copied by Muhammad bin sovereign Tughlaq. The
vol. 1, p. 423 f. Ferishta, vol. 3, p. 337 ff. d yIbn fiatoxdak,

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA NO. 5. R, 6 (mixed metal). (in circle dU,

673

^hJ\
The Sultan

^IkL,

Inmargin
cUujt-wj.

^j**^
ajt-j

v.

m^^*

of Sultans.

f Ahsan Shah. . . . and -(The year thirty seven and hundred. I

The unit of the Hijra date is indistinct. D. 13 (billon)

is said to bear the date 734; type and of the is given. to transcript legend According Ahsan Shah declared Ibn Batuta, his independence only in A.H. 735, and the latest southern date of his sovereign bin Tughlaq Muhammad is 734; see No. \c. In a letter is of the but no dated and kindly at my 1, 1898, placed Dr. late the Mr. states by disposal Rodgers Codrington, that he had seen a coin of Jalalu-d-din dated A.H. 735. The date 734 on D. 13 is therefore not to be proved by a reproduction
No. 6.

same

November

requires

but impossible, of the coin itself.

R., 4 (silver).

^jJIj
Jalalu-d-dunyfi

LjjJl JJL>wa-d-din. Ahsan

vrv

*ifc^?^\
A.H. 737.

Shah.

Tufnell coin of p. 66) notes a silver (Hints, Captain But as he failed with the date 740. *l? ^au^-I l*)?.^ J^T of No. it remains to decipher the obverse doubtful 7, as is of the same the reverse No. whether 6 or type
as No. 7. No. 7.

H., 3*1 grammes The descendant this

(impure of Husain.

silver);

T., 2 (silver); Shah.

D.,

14 (silver). A.H. 738. Fig. 5.

Al.isan Shah calls

On

coin Ahsan

himself

descendant

674 of one his to bear

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA of the on sons the 739.

No. 8.

of

ancestor

for whom he claims Prophet, coin No. 4. D. 15 (silver) is stated

the

the date

H.,

4*3, 4, 4, 3*9 grammes (copper); The Sultan.

T., (copper); R., 5 (copper). The one Sultan

1 and

pi.

iii, 35

very coin

great

Al.isan

Shah. Fig. 6.

This and

is identical

with

assigned by him to Hasan of the Bahmani of Kulbarga Ghron.t (Num. dynasty vol. 18, pi. xvii, No. 3). In his letter to Dr. Codrington, on it as follows:?"By the way, Mr. Rodgers remarks I claim if you
will say

figured by Dr. Codrington the founder Shah Gangu,

your
the

No.

3, pi. xvii, your

I read

compare
same.

I think for my Aljisan Shah. with you my drawing photograph

it ^**-*.t, not ^uJl. My coin

was \ does is no

in better not \ to

condition to the

are in my cabinet confirm coins of as they come from Mr. Rodgers' reading of the legend, and to Al.isan Shah of Madura, they may be safely attributed of and not to Hasan Madura, Gangu Kulbarga.
No. 9.

join the right, the same type which

in yours the but yours, There to form the r J. {1^mA The four but a part of a circle." than ?

R.,

33

(copper). wa-d-din. by 123; British is different; 150, and letter of struck

The A

very great with

Sultan. the

Jalalu-d-dunya same legend was

coin

Jalalu-d-din Museum, compare

exactly Firoz Shah

of Delhi

But the type of 150). c the of *Ja.cS\ of British

(Thomas, the letters

Museum,

the Thomas, pi. ii, No. 52, with R. 33, and see the remarks on No.

corresponding 14 below.

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

675

to Ibn Batuta Shah (vol. 4, p. 189), Ahsan According was killed and replaced by one of his nobles, 'Ala'u-d-din for one year. On the coins of this Udaiji,' who reigned name the second the of not ^j, contains, syllable prince or the word may be read Udauji Hence but y Uduji. or to read Mr. Rodgers either Arohar but proposes Aduji; deviate still further from that these two forms would given III. by Ibn Batuta. of 'Ala'u-d-dIn No. UdaujI 10. a.h. 740.

Coins

Shah,

R., 8 (mixed metal). In circle *l-l .vr^

^jJtj

UjJ\

1c

In margin
IUdauji Shah. The year forty hundred. No. 11. (copper and 7 (copper). The " Sultan brass) ; T., 3

and

seven

H.,

4*5, 42,

41,

4 grammes (copper); R,

Obverse

same as No.

10.

Udauji

Shah. 7, 8.

Figs. After took a successful helmet battle with off his

to drink,

an arrow spot by dispatched the year 740 saw a third the son-in-law of Udauji Shah, after because

the Shah infidels",Udauji when he was killed on the hand. Thus by an unknown ruler of Madura, Qutbu-d-din, who was, killed however, did not meet with

his conduct forty days the approval of the public.1 In spite of his short reign, he has left behind him a coin bearing his name and date.
1 Voyages d1 Ibn Batoutah, vol. 4, p. 189 f.

676 IV. 42

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA Coin and of 41 FIroz 12. T., 4 (copper); R., 9 a.h. 740.

Qutbu-d-dIn No. grammes

Shah,

H.,

(copper); (copper).

Qutbu-d-dunya As

wa-d-din.

Firoz

Shah.

a.h.

740. Fig. 9.

stated by Mr. Rodgers (p. 52), the figure f of the is reversed on the coin. Captain Tufnell (Hints, p. 66) another mentions coin with ttie date 746; but this must date be due to an error, because of his Firoz Shah was of killed his in the and a coin accession, very year date 741. the bears (No. 13) was Ghiyiithu-d-din The next Sultan successor

ad-Damaghani Shah on his coin No. 13), (styled Muhammad Damaghan in the Delhi who had originally been a trooper service. of Jalalu-d-din the daughter He married Al.isan Shah, and The Ibn Batuta.1 the brother-in-law thus became of traveller some of visited Before him at his camp, where he witnessed in human perpetrated by this fiend " " a the number of idolaters camp shape. pitching in the had been caught and children with their women to carry on his shoulders forest. Each prisoner was made a stake at both ends. Next the stakes pointed morning the misdeeds were fixed on in the them. impaled to the stakes on the breast that God and ground The women the male were the " prisoners and strangled for this were tied

reason 2 Ibn the death of Gihiyathu-d-din." hastened a of the Sultan's war with Batuta lengthy account gives who was 80 years of age. the (Hoysala) king Ballaladeva,3 His skin latter was captured, and flayed. The strangled, It was was stuffed with
1 2 3 Ibid., Ibid.,

by their hair, and of their mothers.

infants were

massacred

straw
d'Ibn p. p.

and

suspended
vol.

from
4, p. 188 ff.

the wall

of

Voyages

fiatoutah,

194. 195ff.

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA Madura. his On son his from the return

677

only later* from

to Madura, lost Ghiyathu-d-din a and died himself cholera, fortnight of an aphrodisiac effects prepared by

a Yogin.2 V. Coins of Ghiyathu-d-dIn

Shah, a.ii.

Muhammad
741.

Damaghan

No. H., 3*6 and R,

13. (billon) ;

3*3 grammes T., 6 silver); (impure 10 (mixed metal); D.,. 17 (silver). In circle all uU^b In margin

*x*s-*

c,lkLJ\ L)*xl\ **tA?? ?j>jJU The very great Sultan (Ihiyathu-d-dunyawa-d-din.

Ja*1\

ci***^ ^^ *5U**-?j u^j*) Muhammad Damaghan Shah. The year one and forty and seven hundred. Fig. 10.

On my uncertain.

two R.

and (copper) date 742.

is date the unit of the Hijra specimens in 741. D. 18 10 and 1). 17 are dated are to bear the stated 19 (silver) D.
No. 14.

H.,

4*4, 43,

4*1, 31

grammes (copper); R, Sultan. the

(copper and 11 (copper).

brass)

; T.,

The

^11

UILLJ\

^\,

IJjJI c^U
wa-d-din. Fig. 11.

very great coin with

Ohiyathu-d-dunya same

(jhiyathu-d-din case of No. 9, the will Museum, himself R

1

exactly Balban

of Delhi.

from appear As Mr. Rodgers 119, and Thomas, pi. ii, No. 44. the coin in his letter to Dr. Codrington, admits to a but Madura not 34 is perhaps coin, may belong
Voyages d'lbn Batontah, vol. 4, p. 202. 2 Ibid., pp. 41 and 199 f.

type of the a comparison

was struck by legend as in the Here again, as c of V* c,*j\ is different, ^ British 14 with of No.

678

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA bin Muhammad of Kulbarga. a coin which assigns To has the the

Ghiyathu-d-din same king Dr. same legend

Codrington as No. 14.1

was succeeded on the throne of Madura Ghiyathu-d-din his Ntisiru-d-din (called on his coin Main mid by nephew new The Ghazi had been Shall). Damaghan king a domestic rose to at Delhi servant before his uncle He power. officers whom the a husband married inaugurated lie thought of of his off those reign by killing to be in his way, among them whom he predecessor's daughter, his

was then from suffering cure but to himself fever, deadly type managed by tamarind water. Still, he had had quite enough drinking of the capital of his amiable relative, and, in spite of the hitter's left the inhospitable shores of Ma'bar entreaties, forthwith. Ibn Batuta
for ever.2

VI.

Coin

of

Naj?iru-d-din
Shah, No.

MahmOd
a.h. 15. 745.

Ghazi

Damaghan

H.,

36

and 35

grammes (impure silver); R, 12 (mixed metal). LijJt j*k> *L$jUJj

T.,

7 (copper)

In circle In margin *5U*-~:.

^>w\!^

^jU ^llaLJt Malunud Shah. 12.

Jj+sl** Ghazi

itf**})

Nasiru-d-dunya The five year and The seven

U"+?wa-d-din. and

*^ The Sultan

forty Fig. date

Damaghan is stated to be

hundred.

unit of the Hijra

of Mr. Rodgers' On the reverse the top of .^^'*.

specimens of the coin The word

; see p. 50 of his the j of ^jU, jy^sr* i.e. "the

legible on one article, n. 1. at is

is engraved conqueror",

1 vol. 18, p. 260. Num. Ckron., 2 vol. 4, p. 203 ff. Voyages d yIbn fiatoutah,

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

679

on my two specimens, while quite distinct Captain Tufnell on had read their incomplete and Mr. Rodgers copies. JjU As Ibn Batuta sailed from Madura the reign of during are the Sultans known Nasiru-d-din, remaining only from the legends of their coins. first Hijra The is met date with after an interval of twelve years, when the reigning king was 'Adil Shah. VII. Coins of 'Adil
No. 16.

Shah,

a.h.

757.

R,

14 (mixed

metal). In circle ali, JjU

..*4AA**?V.ft f?^ *****

aJ-sH ^UaLJl The clement Sultan.

In margin
VCV <*jL*X^J

'Adil Shah. The seven and year and seven hundred. the date fifty

A.H. 757.

Mr. Rodgers he considered

the reverse by

found doubtful,
*-**J,

on the
"

obverse

because
i.e. nine

he transcribed
". The simple

757, which the unit on

solution of

seven ", i.e. is to read, instead of it, difficulty j^, which strokes as has exactly the same number of vertical this is therefore m-MjJ, and same Hijra The latter. coin both in figures and 3*4, 1*7, 12 frequently date, 757, in words.
No. 17.

"

confounded is thus

with

the

recorded

on the

H.,

47, R,

T., 9 (copper); grammes (copper); 13, 15, 16, 17 (copper and mixed metal). Sultan. No. T, 18. The Sultan 'Adil Shah. Figs. 8 (copper). 'Adil Shah. 13, 14.

The

very great

680

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA NO. 19. T., 'Adil VIII. Coins of Fakhru-d-dIn
a.h. 761-70.

10 (copper). Shah. Mubarak Shah,

The these reading

correct coins

of most and assignation of decipherment is due to Mr. Rodgers. in I have succeeded one more coin which he could not make out am able to assign No. 20. another (No. 23) to the

(No. 22), and same king. H.,

and 1*7 grammes 1*6 (six specimens) (copper); R., 23, 26, 27, 28, 31 (copper). elect of God, Fakhr, of kings.

T.,

13 ;

The

the king

Mubarak Shah, the king a.h. 763. the world,

of

Figs. 15, 16. dates 761 bear the Mr. Rodgers' (26), 763 (31), specimens in 763 Of my seven coins, one is dated and 765 (28). 13 to is the bear T. stated 763. date in 765. and another of this coin is that the language noting earlier the coins of the all of the Persian, legends we title Shah, the Persian if of Sultans Madura, except of the court the language That were drafted in Arabic. be of Ghiyathu-d-din was in the time Persian may related by Ibn Batuta incident from a revolting concluded It is worth while (vol. 4, p. 194). No. 21. H., 1*6, 1*5, 1*5 grammes (copper); The elect of God. R., (copper and brass); 18, 19, 20 (copper). The servant of the of T., 12

Mustafa Prophet). 17, 18.

(i.e. a.h. 768.

Figs.

WW

WW
2

19

16

COINS

OF

THE

SULTANS

OF

MADURA.

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA has the dates 765, 767, and Rodgers and one of my three coins has 768. combination entitle us with the to assign No. J). 23 (copper) is stated <dll Jy^j ^jlr>. instead

681

all epithet ***j/tr? 21 to Mubarak Shah to bear ^ko,* No. 22. the date *jU*.

769, 770, Tufnell in These dates, on *ne obverse, of No. 20. 770 and to read

of

H.,

1*8 grammes

T., 11 (copper); (copper); 1)., 21 (copper).

R., 21 (copper);

Mul.iainmad The

Mustafa.

The

servant a.h. 765.

of the Prophet. Fig. 19.

another

is that of T. 11 and R date 21, while Hijra of Captain Tufnell's coins and D. 21 are said on my to be dated in 764; the date portion specimen is cut away. The two words the date had preceding " been read on D. 21 as An-Nabi This ba-saia". reading the reverse
"

and

on the synonymous expression ^ik*a.? ^jldof No. 21 helped me to rind out the actual legend
The two words on the obverse are

Nasifu-n-nabi".

of the Prophet which Mubarak Shah Jik-o.^ is the Arabic adopted. equivalent *joj^j ; see Nos. 20 and 21.
No. 23.

names

seems

to have

of the Persian

H., The

3*2 grammes Sultan.

(copper);

T.,

14 (copper). wa-d-din. Fig. 20. is

very great coin may

Fakhru-d-dunya to Mubarak on No.

This called another a.h.

1

be attributed

the king of kings" "Fakhr, Fakhru-d-din Mubarak Shah 750.1

Slates of India

Shah, 20. There

who was

in Bengal

between

739 and
Coins JRA8.

of theMuhammadan 1909. 45

in the British

Museum,

p.

13.

682 IX.

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA Coins of 'Ala'u-d-din Sikandar No. 24. a.h. 774-9. 20

Shah,

H.,

1*5 grammes

(copper);

R., 22, 29, 30 (copper); (copper).

D.,

The The

elect of the Merciful. on epithet to Mubarak

Sultan a.h. is an

Sikandar 774. imitation

Shah. Fig. 21. of one

the

obverse on Nos.

20 and 21. The Hijra Shah applied date is that of R. 29, 30, and perhaps of my own specimen. D. 20 is reported to bear the date R. 22 is dated in 779. Shah before Mubarak would 757,1 which place Sikandar I therefore think Shilh and in the time of 'Adil Shah. that the figures 4*2 and 41 of it are misread.
No. 25.

H.,

grammes

(copper); (copper).

T.,

15 (copper);

R., 35

'Alau-d-dunya

wa-d-din.

The

Sultan

Sikandar

Shah. Fig. 22.

back at the coins published above, we find Glancing that they range from A.H. 730, the sixth year of Muhammad to 1377-8. to 779, or from a.d. 1329-30 bin Tughlaq, an end to the ephemeral Musalman The power which put kingdom of Madura was the Already Saihgama Vijayanagara. is alleged first Vijayanagara dynasty, state rising Hindu of I, the ancestor to have of the

defeated

lord of Madhura, the valiant Turushka".2 "that proud states that of a.d. 1365 at Tiruppukkuli3 An inscription a son I of took of Bukka II, Vijayanagara, Kampana " i.e. the of of of the ", Rajagambhira kingdom possession at and two Tiruppullani4 country, inscriptions Pandya
2 Tufnell's Hints, p. 69, n. 5. Captain Compare vol. Br. R. As. Soc, Journ. 12, p. 353, text-lino Bombay 8 Ep. Ind., vol. 6, p. 324 f. 4 vol. 1, p. 301 f. Lists of Antiquities, Mr. Sewell's 1 21.

THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

683

in Zamindari show hiiu ruling a portion of the Ramnad A.D. A.D. 1371 and 1374. In another of 1371 inscription " slain the Tulushkas claims to have his general Ooppana whose bows were raised", and to have (i.e. the Musalmans) "slain by his army the proud soldiers of the Tulushkas".1 This and brings whose coins 1377-8. resistance of A.H. 779 us to the are dated time of 'Ala u-d-din and in A.H. 774 Sikandar Shah, 779, or A.D. 1372-3 continued to offer present, his coin of the existence

that he show They to his Hindu antagonists. is the latest known kingdom
1 Ep. Ind.,

At

document of Madura.

of the Muhammadan

vol.

6, p. 330.