Chapter 1

Material Behavior (contd)

BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE CONFINED BY LATERAL REINFORCEMENT

Richart, Brandtzaeg and Brown (1928):

BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE CONFINED BY LATERAL REINFORCEMENT

Zia and Cowan: Using Richarts test results Based on revised version of Mohr-Coulomb Failure Theory,

f cl = f c + 4.0 2

CONFINEMENT of RC COLUMNS

The confinement provided by the rectangular hoop is not as effective as the circular hoops or the spiral, due to the difference in geometry.

CONFINEMENT of RC COLUMNS
The passive lateral pressure applied to the concrete core is a function of the deformation of the confining reinforcement (spiral or tie). The confining pressure decreases as the deformation of the lateral steel increases.

CONFINEMENT of SPIRAL COLUMNS

The circular spiral is subjected to axial tension, thus axial elongation occurs.

In spiral columns, the deformation increases as the core diameter and spiral spacing increase and spiral diameter decreases.

CONFINEMENT of TIED COLUMNS

In the rectangular hoop, the deformation is mainly due to flexure and therefore depends on the flexural stiffness of the bar.

Since flexural stiffness is much smaller than the axial stiffness and since maximum flexural deformation takes place at the midspan, the passive pressure provided by the lateral reinforcement disappears rapidly moving from the corner to the midspan of the hoop.

CONFINEMENT of TIED COLUMNS

The distance between two longitudinal bars which are held in place by ties, shown as a in figure, is also an important parameter. As a increases, the deformations increase, decreasing the confining pressure. The distance a is either called as the unsupported length of the tie or as the tie span. Therefore, in case of tied columns, the deformation increases as the diameter of the tie decreases and tie spacing increases.

CONFINEMENT of TIED COLUMNS

The effectiveness of confinement decreases significantly in between the two adjacent hoops as shown in figure. In practice, it is assumed that rectangular hoops are only 50 percent as effective as the circular spirals.

CONFINEMENT MODELS
Most commonly used confined concrete models:
Modified Kent and Park model
J. B. Mander, M. J. N. Priestley, and R. Park, Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Confined Concrete, Journal of Structural Engineering-ASCE, Vol. 114, No. 8, August 1988, p.p. 1804-1825

Sheikh and Uzumeri model

Sheikh, S.A., and zmeri, S.M., Analytical Model for Concrete Confinement in Tied Columns, Journal of Structural Engineering-ASCE., v.108, ST12, Dec. 1982, p.p. 2703-2722

Saatolu and Razvi model

Saatcioglu, M., Razvi, S.R., Strength and Ductility of Confined Concrete, Journal of Structural EngineeringASCE, v.118, ST6, June 1992, p.p. 1590-1607

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

The strength of confined concrete is expressed as a function of lateral confining pressure 2.

f cc = k3 f ck + k1 2
For normal strength concrete, k3 can be taken as 0.85. k1 is expressed as a function of the confining pressure 2.

k1 =

( 2 )0.17

6.7

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

For spiral columns the confining pressure is,

2A0 f ywk 2 = D(s )

In the above equation Ao, s and fywk are the crosssectional area, spacing and the yield strength of the spiral used. D is the core diameter of the column (area inside the spiral).

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

RECALL: In the spiral column, the confining pressure is uniform. This is not the case in rectangular tied columns. The displacement of a rectangular tie varies from zero to a maximum at the midspan of the tie. Since the confining pressure varies inversely with the deformation, it is maximum level at the tie supports and decreases towards the midspan. In practice, it is assumed that rectangular hoops are only 50 percent as effective as the circular spirals.

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

The probable variation of the confining pressure for two different steel configurations is shown in the figure.

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

Saatolu and Razvi proposed to replace this nonuniform pressure with an equivalent uniform pressure 2e . Thus the equation developed by Zia and Cowan can be rewritten as:

f cc = k 3 f ck + k 1 2e

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

f cc = k 3 f ck + k 1 2e
where;

k1 =

( 2e )0.17
= 2
A0 f ywk (sin ) s bk

6.7

For a square section 2e is expressed as, 2e where;

2 =

bk bk 1.0 = 0.26 a s 2

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

where; Aofywk sin : summation of tie forces on a section taken in horizontal or vertical direction. The inclination of the tie to the section taken as shown in the figure.

Section A-A

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

s bk a

: spacing of ties core dimension measured from center to center of ties

: unsupported length of ties. Length is measured between two longitudinal bars held in place. Bars are held in place either by the corner of ties or by cross ties

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

For a rectangular section 2e is expressed as,

2e

( =

2ex bkx

(b

+ 2ey bky + bky

kx

where;

2ex = x2x

and

2y = y2y
2x Aox f ywk sin =

bkx bkx 1.0 1.0 x = 0.26 a x s 2x

(s bkx )

bky bky 1.0 1.0 y = 0.26 a y s 2y

2y =

Aoy f ywk sin

(s b )
ky

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

where: A0x sin Aoy sin ax , ay bk bkx , bky fywk S : summation of the cross-sectional areas of ties in x-direction : summation of the cross-sectional areas of ties in y-direction : unsupported length of ties n x and y directions (mm) : core dimension (center to center of ties (mm)) : core dimensions of a rectangular column (mm) : yield strength of tie (MPa) : tie spacing (mm : inclination of the tie

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

The stress-strain relationship of confined concrete is expressed as a parabola with a linear descending portion (negative slope).

Ascending portion:

2 c c c = f cc coc coc

1 2 1+ 2

f cc

The strain corresponding to the peak stress fcc , is expressed as;

coc = co [1 + 5 ]

where

k1 2e = k 3 f ck

where, co is defined for unconfined concrete and it can be taken as 0.002.

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

Descending portion:

c85 = 260 coc + u85

Aoxy sin =
where;

s(bkx + bky )

Aoxy
u85

summation of cross-sectional areas of the ties on sections taken in x and y directions = 0.0038 (for unconfined concrete)

SAATCIOGLU AND RAZVI MODEL

Example 1.3
Given: Consider the square column cross-section shown in the figure. Cross-sectional dimensions of the column are, 500500 mm, with core dimensions of 400400 mm. The unsupported length of the ties is a = 183 mm. Longitudinal steel is 8-24 and ties are 2-10/72 mm. Yield strength of longitudinal bars and ties are, 420 MPa and 310 MPa respectively. Unconfined concrete strength is 23 MPa. Required: Determine the stress-strain characteristics of confined concrete using Saatolu-Razvi model

EXAMPLE
The ties on sections cut in vertical and horizontal directions will be identical. On such sections, four ties are cut, two being perpendicular (=900) to the section taken and the other two making and angle of = 0 45 with the plane. First the confined concrete strength shall be calculated. For this purpose the effective confining stress has to be determined. In each direction,

Ao f ywk sin = 2 78.5 310 (sin 900 ) + 2 78.5 310 (sin 450 ) = 83,085 N
Ao f ywk sin = = s bk 83,085 = 2.88 MPa 72 400

bk bk 1.0 400 400 1.0 = 0.26 = 0.26 183 72 2.88 = 0.534 a s 2

EXAMPLE
Thus;

2e = 2 = 0.534 2.88 = 1.54 MPa

k1 =

( 2e )0.17

6.7

6.7 = 6.2 0.17 (1.54 )

For the given concrete grade f ck = 23 MPa we have k3=0.85 k3fc=0.8523=19.5 MPa Therefore, fcc=k3fck + k1 2e=19.5 + 6.2 1.54=29 MPa

EXAMPLE
To have the complete stress-strain curve coc and c85 should also be calculated. This requires the calculation of first.

k1 2e 6.2 1.54 = = 0.49 k3 f ck 19.5

Having found , coc and can be found as

coc = co [1 + 5 ] = 0.002 [1 + 5 0.49 ] = 0.0069

In order to find c85 , should be calculated first.

0 0 2 A sin = 2 2 78.5sin90 + 2 78.5sin45 = 536 mm oxy

EXAMPLE
Therefore;

A =

oxy sin

s(bkx + bky )

536 = 0.0093 72(400 + 400)

Having found , c85 can be calculated as

u85=0.0038. c85=260 coc + u85=2600.00930.0069+0.0038=0.0205

EXAMPLE
Now the equations of the ascending and descending portions of the confined stress-strain curve can be written ASCENDING PART:

2 c c c = 29 0.0069 0.0069

0.5

MPa

29 0.85 29 (c 0.0069) = 29 320(c 0.0069) MPa c = 29 + 0.0069 0.0205

EXAMPLE
fcc = 29 MPa fc = 23 MPa

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0
o = 0.002

Stress

0.01
coc = 0.0069

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Strain

EXAMPLE
30 25
Stress

20 15 10 5 0 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005

Strain

Saatcioglu Razvi predicts softer stiffness in the ascending branch.