2,4,5-T TONNES AND 2,3,7,8-TCDD GRAMS

800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

2,3,7,8-TCDD GRAMS 2,4,5-T TONNES

1948-1985 NEW ZEALAND 2,4,5-T AND TCDD 1948-1970 [COSTER ET AL., 1986] AND MEASURED 1971-1985 TCDD [SMITH & PEARCE 1986]

A 1969 NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY TO AGRI-CHEMICAL PRODUCERS INCREASED 2,4,5-T USE. ALTHOUGH USE WAS HIGHEST 1969-1985 INVERSELY DUE TO THE 20-FOLD REDUCTION IN TCDD LEVELS IN 2,4,5-T BETWEEN 1971 AND 1973 DISTRIBUTION OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD IN IWD 2,4,5-T WAS HIGHEST 1951-1972. IN 1970 N.Z. MATERNITY HOSPITALS REPORTED 500 ADDITONAL MALFORMATIONS COMPARED TO 1960 THE 9 SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN NEW PLYMOUTH [WMH] BIRTH DEFECTS *WHERE 2,4,5-T WAS MADE WERE NOT REPORTED FOR 40 YEARS AND THEN ANY LINK WAS DISMISSED WITHOUT INVESTIGATION. TEN TO 26 YEARS AFTER THE HIGHEST DISPERSALS OF TCDD IN 2,4,5-T IN NEW ZEALAND NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMA [WHICH THE USA IOM LINKS TO VETERANS HERBICIDE EXPOSURES] AND LEUKAEMIA [THE IOM ALSO LINK CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKAEMIA TO HERBICIDES] DEMONSTRATE SHARP INCREASES. NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMA INCIDENCE RATES 1954-1998 THEN PROJECTED [REPORTED N.Z MOH 2002]
MALE FEMALE

* HIGH TCDD 2,4,5-T EXPOSED N.Z. 1951-1972 POPULATION 1.9 TO 2.9 MILLION.

LEUKAEMIA INCIDENCE RATES 1954-1998 AND THEN PROJECTED [REPORTED N.Z MOH 2002]
MALE FEMALE

IN NEW PLYMOUTH WHERE 2004 BLOOD SERUM TESTS CONFIRMED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN BLOOD SERUM 2,3,7,8-TCDD OF SUBURBAN PARITUTU 1962-1987 RESIDENTS AND WHERE CHEMICAL WORKERS, FARMERS AND SPRAYERS MANUFACTURED PACKED AND USED HIGH TCDD 2,4,5-T FROM 1948 TO 1972 A 2005 CANCER REPORT FOUND 1970-1984 INCREASES AND SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN THREE OF FOUR CANCERS THAT THE US IOM ASSOCIATE WITH AMERICAN VIETNAM VETERANS HERBICIDE EXPOSURES.

HEALTH CONTRACTORS MISLEAD MEDIA CLAIMING THE ONLY PERIOD WITH INCREASED CANCER RISK WAS 1970-1974 AND ALLOWING TEN YEARS LATENCY THIS WAS TO SOON TO BE DUE TO THE PARITUTU 2,4,5-T EXPOSURES STARTING IN 1962. IN REALITY PRODUCTION, PACKAGING AND USE OF 2,4,5-T FIRST STARTED IN NEW PLYMOUTH IN 1948 AND IVON WATKINS MOVED TO PARTUTU RD IN NOVEMBER 1960.

DOWS 1980 REPORT STATES ANIMAL STUDIES SUGGEST ADVERSE REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES MIGHT BE LINKED TO MATERNAL TCDD EXPOSURES THEN CITES THE LACK OF INCREASES IN A HUNGARIAN BIRTH DEFECTS REPORT. HOWEVER DISPERSAL OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD IN 2,4,5-T IN NEW ZEALAND 1951-1972 EXCEEDED HUNGARY, AUSTRALIA AND POSSIBLY THE USA. NEW ZEALAND 1960-1970 MATERNITY HOSPITAL BIRTH DEFECT RETURNS [PLUS TWO LATER STUDIES] DEMONSTRATE SUBSTANTIAL RISES IN MALFORMATIONS.

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1960

DISPERSAL OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD IN 2,4,5-T HERBICIDE PER PERSON PER YEAR

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

MICROGRAMS TCDD PER PERSON NEW ZEALAND MICROGRAMS PER PERSON AUSTRALIA 1969-1971 AND 1975

MICROGRAMS TCDD PER PERSON HUNGARY

STELLMAN ET AL., 2003 DATA ON TCDD IN DEFOLIANTS & POPULATION EXPOSED IN VIETNAM SUGGESTS APPROXIMATE TCDD DISPERSALS AT LEAST TEN TO 20-FOLD THE HEAVIEST NEW ZEALAND DISPERSALS.

THE SUBSTANTIAL NEW ZEALAND 1960- 1970 BIRTH DEFECT INCREASES DURING THE HIGHEST DISPERSAL OF 2,3,7,8-TCDD IN 2,4,5-T ARE SUPPORTED BY THE *HANIFY ET AL., 1980 REPORT ON NORTHLAND BIRTHS 1960 TO 1966 [15,000] BEFORE AERIAL 2,4,5-T SPRAYING COMPARED TO 1972 TO 1977 [9,614] BIRTHS AFTER THE HIGHEST TCDD DISPERSAL IN 2,4,5-T YET DURING HIGH AERIAL USE OF 2,4,5-T WITH LOWERED TCDD.

250

MALFORMATIONS IN NEW ZEALAND AND NORTHLAND N.Z. PER 10,000 BIRTHS

200 150 100 50

0
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
NEW ZEALAND BIRTH DEFECTS 1960 [62,850 BIRTHS] AND THEN AFTER THE HIGHEST DISPERSAL OF TCDD IN 2,4,5-T IN 1970 [62,050 BIRTHS] NORTHLAND BEFORE AERIAL 2,4,5-T SPRAYING STARTED 1960-1966 [15,000 BIRTHS 3.9 % OF NZ] NORTHLAND AFTER HIGHEST TCDD DISPERSAL & DURING HEAVY AERIAL 2,4,5-T SPRAYING [9,614 BIRTHS 2.8 % OF NZ]

COMPARED TO 1960-1966 BEFORE AERIAL 2,4,5-T SPRAYING STARTED SIGNIFICANT 1972-1977 NORTHLAND INCREASES WERE FOUND FOR ALL DEFECTS, HEART DEFECTS, TALIPES AND HYPOSPADIAS [US IOM 1996]. THE HIGHEST 1964-1970 BIRTH DEFECT INCREASE WAS IN NEW PLYMOUTH WHERE THE 2,4,5-T WAS MADE. EXCESS NEW ZEALAND [1970], NORTHLAND [1972-1977] AND NEW PLYMOUTH [1965-1970] BIRTH DEFECTS CASES OCCURRED IN A MINORITY NEW ZEALAND POPULATION OR LESS THAN ONE PERCENT OF BIRTHS. FORTY YEARS AFTER NEW ZEALANDS USE OF HIGH TCDD 2,4,5 -T STARTED AND 16 YEARS AFTER TCDD LEVELS PEAKED THEN REDUCED 20-FOLD 1971-1973 THE FIRST NEW ZEALAND POPULATION TESTING FOR DIOXIN WAS CONDUCTED. THE 4 HIGHEST RESULTS FROM BREAST MILK FAT OF 37 MOTHERS EXCEEDED THE THREE LOWEST OF NINE 2,4,5-T SPRAYERS RESULTS. THESE TESTS DEMONSTRATED THAT HISTORIC TCDD EXPOSURES HAD LEFT RESIDUES IN FEMALES BORN 1958 TO 1960 EXCEEDING THE TCDD RESIDUES IN THREE 2,4,5-T SPRAYERS WHO WERE OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED FOR BETWEEN 85 AND 179 MONTHS.

ON LEFT NINE 2,4,5-T SPRAYERS 1988 SERUM - ON RIGHT 37 MOTHERS 1988 BREAST MILK FAT 2,3,7,8-TCDD [NOTE THERE ARE THREE BREAST RESULTS ON THE TWO SECOND HIGHEST 11 PPT TCDD PLOTS ON RIGHT] THE BACKGROUND FEMALE POPULATION AND EXPOSED SPRAYERS 2,3,7,8-TCDD EXPOSURES OVERLAP. NEW ZEALAND MALE 1988 MEAN BACKGROUND SERUM TCDD AND 26 TO 30 YEAR OLD FEMALES BREAST MILK FAT TCDD EXCEEDED THE 1987 MEAN TCDD OF AMERICAN GROUND TROOPS EXPOSED IN VIETNAM.