Gastrointestinal System (GI System); Digestive System

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.gastrointestinal tract

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mucosa

submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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mucosa
submucosa , , , .
muscularis . .
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serosa

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oral cavity
," ,mastication ,"
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.bolus

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 papillae
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) taste buds .(2000

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 , ,
.lingual frenulum
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 salivary glands
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Parotids
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5" ,
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Submandibular glands
. frenulum -
Sublingual glands

.lingual

,Submandibular .
" 8-20 . .

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.mucus .

.Amilase . ,dextrine
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crown
neck
root


. ,enamel ,
.2000C ' .

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.dentin , .
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" ,periodontal membrane .cementum
,red pulp
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20 deciduous teeth
32 permanent teeth
:

2 incisors
canine
53 molar; 2 premolar :
.wisdom tooth

 pharinx
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nasopharinx
oropharinx
" = .deglutition
" , , bolus .
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 esophagus
, , 25" . ,
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.peristalsis
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 stomach
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, cardia ,
pylorus .
:
Fundus

Body
Antrum body ).(pylorus

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muscularis : ,
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mucosa , gastric pits
.mucous cells
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Pariental cells
, )= ( .Hydrochloric acid HCl
intrinsic factor B12
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.intrinsic factor

G cells
) antrum (
.gastrin
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Chief cells
- ,pepsinogen pepsin .
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2.5 .

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 small intestine
2.5" 5-6' . .
:

duodenum

2.5 jejunum'
) (
) ( 3.5 ileum'

25"

 duodenum
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25" , , .
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, 1",
.villi
villus , ,
,microvilli 1700 .


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goblet
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 large intestine
6" ) ( , 1.5 1.8'.
:
Cecum

Colon
Rectum

Cecum
5-8" . .
,appendix , , "
8-10" . . " " .
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iliocecal valve ,
.

Colon
:
ascending colon
transverse colon ,
descending colon

 ,sigmoid , , ,
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,rectum - , . 17-20".
,anus , internal sphincter ,
,external sphincter .


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.absorptive cells


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25% , .

 defecation " "

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 constipation
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- hypthyroidism , ,
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 diarrhea
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 peritoneum
serosa
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 mesentery
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 GI glands , .

liver
. 1.5" , , "
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, right lobe ) 5/6(

left lobe.

 hepatic lobules ,
1x2" ) 1" 2 ," (.

 :
.1 hepatic artery .
.2 hepatic vein .
.3 portal vein , , ,
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.4 bile duct , , .

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 hepatocytes
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" glycogenolysis

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bile bile ducts
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:
* , ) (NaHCO3
,HCl pH.
* bile salts ,
, .
/
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, 80-90%
.
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 gall bladder
7-10" 3" . 30-50" .
, . .
cystic duct hepatic duct
, common bile duct .
common bile duct , ,pancreatic duct
.
Cholecystokinin CCK

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 jaundice
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bilirubin . , ) (.
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heme .
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Pre-hepatic .
, hemolysis ,
.
, malaria .

 Hepatic
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-

,hepatitis .

.cirrhosis

.drug induced hepatitis

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,A B C , ,
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cirrhosis
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B C .
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Drug induced hepatitis

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acetaminophen , -

 Post hepatic
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.gallstones
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 Infant Jaundice / Newborn Jaundice

40%.
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- ,photo therapy .
.exchange transfusion
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 pancreas
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:
head of pancreas " .
.body of pancreas
.tail of pancreas

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, insulin glucagon .
. 2% ,.

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pancreatic duct .
,accessory pancreatic duct ,pancreatic duct
.
pancreatic duct
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:- - ,

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trypsinogen .trypsin
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secretin ) ,
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" ,hydrolysis .

Bond is broken resulting

in 2 separated amino acids

Water is forced
Into a peptide bond

- .extracellular
:
, , . pH , pH. pH , , . pH
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- .proenzymes

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- - ) (sucrase; lactase; maltase
villi . , ,
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cellulose

, collagen
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A, D, E, K :fat soluble .
- water soluble
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orexigenic peptides .
anorexigenic peptides .
:

leptin

insulin

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(Cholecystokinin) CCK
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nausea

emesis

diarrhea

constipation

weight loss

 gastroenteritis
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 :
cholera ,
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shigella
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Manchester
1831

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12,000 .
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 Reflux
reflux , ,cardia
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, reflux =
heartburn .

 :reflux
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2-3 .
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reflux .
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 Peptic ulcer
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= . duodenal ulcer .gastric ulcer
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 ,hyperacidity 20%
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 .helicobacter pylori ,
, ,urease ) (urea ,
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 Malabsorption

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, , ,cramps
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95% ,
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.gluten intolerance
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" ) ,BMI (Body Mass Index "
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Over weight BMI - 25 -"/. 2
Obesity BMI 30"/.2
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