Prepared By

Gautam Saurav

Contact (for any assistance)-
gauti12031@hotmail.co.in
www.twitter.com/gauti12031



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Acknowledgement


I have taken efforts in this term paper. However, it would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would
like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Mr. Sumit Nijjar for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project &
also for their support in completing the term paper.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my family members and colleague in
developing the term paper and people who have willingly helped me out with their
abilities





Gautam Saurav











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Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Categories of Linear Measurement Instrument ........................................................................................... 3
Linear Measurement .................................................................................................................................... 4
Caliper ........................................................................................................................................................... 4
Micrometer ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Height Gauge ................................................................................................................................................ 6
Depth Gauge ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Bore Gauge.................................................................................................................................................... 8
Use of Instruments for Non-precision Linear Measurement ...................................................................... 9
Non-Precision Linear Measurement Instrument ........................................................................................ 9
Radius Gauges ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Feeler gauges .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Steel Rule .................................................................................................................................................... 11
Firm Joint Type ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Divider......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Engineer's Taper, Wire and Thickness Gauge ............................................................................................. 13
References .................................................................................................................................................. 14











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Introduction
Linear measurement just means measurement in a straight line.
Or we can say measurement of length, as distinguished from volume, weight, etc.
A system of measuring length, in which 12 inches = 1 foot or one in which 100 centimeters = 1
meter
Linear measurement includes the measurement of lengths, diameters, heights and thickness. The
basic principle of linear measurement (mechanical type) is that of comparison with standard
dimensions on a suitably engraved instrument or device. Linear measuring instruments are
categorized depending upon their accuracy. The two categories are non-precision instruments
and precision instruments. Non-precision instruments include steel rule, caliper divider, and
telescopic gauge that are used to measure to the line graduations of a rule. Precision instruments
include micrometers, vernier calipers, height gauges and slip gauges. A wide variety of electrical
measuring devices is also available. Electric measuring devices are mainly transducers, i.e. they
transform the displacement into suitable measurable parameter like voltage and current. Some of
the displacement transducers are strain gauges, linear variable differential transformers (LVDT)
and potentiometer.





Categories of Linear Measurement Instrument
1. Precision Instrument
Since modern production processes is concerned with interchangeable products, precise
dimensional control is required in industry. Precision measurement instruments use different
techniques and phenomena to measure distance with accuracy
2. Non-precision Instrument
Non-precision instruments include steel rule, caliper divider, and telescopic gauge that are
used to measure to the line graduations of a rule.




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Linear Measurement
Caliper
A caliper is a device used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object. A
caliper can be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-facing points. The tips of the
caliper are adjusted to fit across the points to be measured, the caliper is then removed and the
distance read by measuring between the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler.

Construction Feature:

Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or width of an object
Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an object
Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a hole
Main scale: scale marked every mm
Main scale: scale marked in inches and fractions
Vernier scale gives interpolated measurements to 0.1 mm or better
Vernier scale gives interpolated measurements in fractions of an inch
Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy transferring of a measurement






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Micrometer
A micrometer sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device incorporating a
calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small distances in mechanical
engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades, along with
other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital calipers. Micrometers are often,
but not always, in the form of calipers.

Construction Features:

Frame: The C-shaped body that holds the anvil and barrel in constant relation to each other. It is
thick because it needs to minimize flexion, expansion, and contraction, which would distort the
measurement.
The frame is heavy and consequently has a high thermal mass, to prevent substantial heating up
by the holding hand/fingers. It is often covered by insulating plastic plates which further reduce
heat transference.
Explanation: if you hold the frame long enough so that it heats up by 10C, then the increase in
length of any 10 cm linear piece of steel is of magnitude 1/100 mm. For micrometers this is their
typical accuracy range.

Anvil: The shiny part that the spindle moves toward, and that the sample rests against.
Sleeve / barrel / stock: The stationary round part with the linear scale on it. Sometimes vernier
markings.
Lock nut / lock-ring / thimble lock: The knurled part (or lever) that one can tighten to hold the
spindle stationary, such as when momentarily holding a measurement.
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Screw: The heart of the micrometer, as explained under operating principles . It is inside the
barrel.
Spindle: The shiny cylindrical part that the thimble causes to move toward the anvil.
Thimble: The part that one's thumb turns. Graduated markings.
Ratchet stop: Device on end of handle that limits applied pressure by slipping at a calibrated
torque.

Height Gauge
A height gauge is a measuring device used either for determining the height of something, or for
repetitious marking of items to be worked on. The former type of height gauge is often used in
doctor's surgeries to find the height of people.
These measuring tools are used in metalworking or metrology to either set or measure vertical
distances; the pointer is sharpened to allow it to act as a scriber and assist in marking out work
pieces.
Construction Features:

They may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as
the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to
adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by
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turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the
base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be
used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.


Depth Gauge
A depth gauge is a pressure gauge that displays the equivalent depth in water. It is a piece
of diving equipment often used by SCUBA divers.
Most modern diving depth gauges have an electronic mechanism and digital display. Older types
used a mechanical mechanism and analogue display.
A diver uses a depth gauge with decompression tables and a watch to avoid decompression
sickness. A common alternative to the depth gauge, watch and decompression tables is a dive
computer. A depth gauge and an oxygen analyser/oxygen sensor can be used to measure
the partial pressure of oxygen of the breathing gas, which is necessary to avoid oxygen toxicity.
Construction Features:


Digital depth gauges commonly also include a timer showing the interval of time that the diver
has been submerged. Some show the diver's rate of ascent and descent, which can be is useful for
avoiding barotrauma.

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As the gauge only measures water pressure, there is an inherent inaccuracy in the depth
displayed by gauges that are used in both fresh water and seawater due to the difference in
the densities of fresh water and seawater.



Bore Gauge

A dial or vernier bore gauge measures a bore directly. The gauge has three symmetrical anvils
that protrude from the gauge body that are connected to the dial or micrometer mechanism. As
the knob is rotated it moves the anvils in or out with respect to the measurements. The knob
usually has a slipping mechanism to take the feel out of the device and increase reliability
between measurements. The measurement given is the mean diameter of the three anvils, and is
usually good to 0.001 mm

Construction Features:



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Use of Instruments for Non-precision Linear Measurement
Non-precision instruments are limited to the measurement of parts to a visible line graduation on
the instrument used. There are several non-precision measuring devices. They are used where
high measurement accuracy is not required.
Instruments are use in this case for the measurement of the length or distance between the points
which is not exact but can be use and the measurement may done by wire, rope, hand etc.


Non-Precision Linear Measurement Instrument
Radius Gauges



Wherever two surfaces meet, a radius is generally given to avoid stress concentration. The
radius also plays an important role in case of heat treatment of parts. Thus the proper radius must
be maintained and for checking it, radius gauges are employed. If the curved surface is external,
i.e. male radius it is simply called a 'radius'. If curved surface is internal, i.e, female radius, it is
called a 'fillet'. Radius gauges consist of sets of blades on each of which is stamped the
corresponding radius. On one side we have external radius and on the other side internal radius,
so that it may be suitable for fillets as well a radius. Radius gauges are used with proper light,
placing the work to be gauged between light source and eye. It is only with the passage of light
between gauge and work that radius can be gauged properly.

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Feeler gauges

These are used to measure the width of the gap between two parallel flat faces e.g., in gauging
of the clearance between the piston and cylinder. A feeler gauge consists of a narrow strip of
sheet steel made to a given thickness. The complete set consists of a number of gauging blades of
different thickness assembled together. Their working depends entirely on the sense of feel. The
feeler blade should neither be forced between the surfaces nor should it slide freely, rather the
correct blade will give a characteristic 'gauge fit' type of feel. If necessary, two blades may be
joined together for noting any dimension.
Feeler gauges generally comprise of a series of gauging blades of different grades and
thicknesses, from 0.03 to 1 mm assembled in protective sheath. The blades are made of heat
treated bright polished tool steel having a tensile strength of about 170 kgf/mm2 for thickness up
to 0.5 mm and about 70 kgf/mm2 for thickness 0.5 mm and above. Generally the blades are
available in overall length of 100 mm. these are 12 mm wide at heel and are tapered for the outer
part of their length so that width at the tip is approximately 6 mm. these are hinged in the sheath
on a screw and nut of such a design that the blades are removable. The nut is in the form of a
bush, passing through both sides of the sheet and forms a hinge upon which the blades may be
rotated. The sheath is so designed as to fully protect the blades when not in use.

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Steel Rule

Linear measurement includes the measurement of lengths, diameters, heights and thickness. The
basic principle of linear measurement (mechanical type) is that of comparison with standard
dimensions on a suitably engraved instrument or device. Linear measuring instruments are
categorized depending upon their accuracy. The two categories are non-precision instruments
and precision instruments. Non-precision instruments include steel rule, caliper divider, and
telescopic gauge that are used to measure to the line graduations of a rule. Precision instruments
include micrometers, vernier calipers, height gauges and slip gauges. A wide variety of electrical
measuring devices is also available. Electric measuring devices are mainly transducers, i.e. they
transform the displacement into suitable measurable parameter like voltage and current. Some of
the displacement transducers are strain gauges, linear variable differential transformers (LVDT)
and potentiometers.





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Firm Joint Type
They work on the friction created at the junction of the legs. The two legs are identical in shape
with the contact points equally distant from the fulcrum and are joined together by a rivet. The
component parts of the calipers should be free from seams, cracks and must have smooth bright
finish. The distance between the rivet centre and the extreme working ends of the legs is known
as nominal size and these calipers are available in the nominal size of 100, 150, 200 and 300
mm.
Firm joint calipers are of following types :
(i) Outside caliper
(ii) Inside caliper
(iii) Transfer caliper
(iv) Hermaphrodite caliper



Divider



A divider is similar in construction to a caliper except that both legs are straight with sharp
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hardened points at the end as shown in Figure 5.8. These are used for scribing arcs and circles
and general layout work. The distance between the fulcrum roller centre and the extreme
working end of one of legs is known as the nominal size Dividers are available in the sizes of
100, 200, 300 mm. In practice, one point is placed in the centre position and the circle or arc may
then be scribed on the job with the other point. A steel scale must be used with this instrument.



Engineer's Taper, Wire and Thickness Gauge

This is a very handy device which contains leaves for taper measurements, wire diameter
measurements and thickness of small gaps






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References
1. Metrology & Measurement by Anand K Bewoor and Vinay A Kulkarni, TMH
publications. Chapter-3, Linear Metrology, Page No.- 46 to 72.
2. http://nashvillecfi.com/instrument/npiap.html
3. http://www.mtiinstruments.com/products/precisioninstruments.aspx
4. http://telc.tanta.edu.eg/hosting/pro5/containt/L1.htm
5. http://www.indiamart.com/shri-mayank-calibration/linear-measuring-
instruments.html
6. http://www.ignou.ac.in/upload/Unit-5-62.pdf
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument
8. http://www.smi4motion.com/smi2/linear-digital-measuring-device.html