The Harvard Referencing Handbook

Contents:
Introduction Your questions answered: Why do I have to reference? Are there any other basics I should know? How does referencing look in text? How do I know which one to use? How often do I have to reference? The Conventions of the Harvard system: How do I reference a book? How do I reference an edited book? How do I reference an article from a periodical? How do I reference a report or study? (including an online study) Finding out more 7 8 9 10 12 3 3 3 5 6 2

Introduction
This is a step-by-step guide for student use. The referencing system used in criminology, education and sociology is the Harvard system. Referencing is a basic required skill in any undergraduate programme. You are expected to reference your work accurately and this will be taken into consideration when your work is being assessed. Referencing in an academic style not only elevates the standard and level of our writing but it also aids our understanding of the subject we are studying. Comprehensive referencing ensures that we avoid sweeping generalisations and enables us to create mature and academic foundations with which to base and build our arguments from. It can allow us to structure our writing in a logical way and it can explain and support our conclusions in order to persuade the reader of its validity. In order to reference appropriately, you must first understand some of the basic conventions that make up the Harvard system. The practice of referencing is standardised so that a writers research is traceable. Consistency and accuracy are therefore extremely important and care must be taken in your written work to ensure that you have got it right.

Note: This guidebook concentrates on the Harvard system, which is the preferred system of referencing in this School. Some other Principal subjects at Keele use alternative systems of referencing. Use of these other systems of referencing, if used correctly and consistently, is acceptable in Criminology coursework.

Your Questions Answered

Why do I have to reference?

Referencing gives the necessary credit to the original scholar It can show that you have read and understood relevant texts It allows you to differentiate between your own work and that of others It also allows you to structure your work logically and shows that you can distinguish between different theories and ideas It protects you from plagiarism It aids revision and future work

Are there any other basics I should know?

This system of referencing is based on the Harvard system. Be aware that other disciplines may use other systems. See pg. 2. Whatever is referenced in your work must also be represented in the bibliography and vice versa. The names used in the text should align with the name featured at the start of the bibliographic detail. It is possible to reference anything seek advice if you are having trouble with a particular source

How does referencing look in text?

There are different ways to reference in your written work. You can refer to a scholar either directly, indirectly or quote them verbatim. Each way is presented differently but all must include the authors name and year of publication. If you are quoting, you must also include the page number. You may feel that this is also necessary when referring to a very specific piece of information in a text or when quoting from a discipline based dictionary or reference book.

Here are some examples: Direct Referencing

Direct referencing is when the scholars name is embedded in the sentence. In these instances, the year of publication should come after the surname of the writer in brackets. 3

Durkheim (1970) suggests that . Parsons (1959) discusses the .. One standpoint, as outlined by Maguire et al (1994) .

Note: One of the references above uses the Latin term et al after the name Maguire. This simply means and others and is often used to cite texts with more than two authors. It is generally convention to include all of the names in the first reference and then switch to the first persons name followed by et al on subsequent referrals to the same source. Latin terms are usually printed in italic.

Indirect Referencing
Indirect referencing is when you put the referencing details outside of the grammatical syntax of the sentence. As such, both the authors name and year of publication appear in a set of brackets together. These brackets may appear at the end or in the middle of your sentence or paragraph. Consumer culture exercises the individuals feeling of desire and need on the one hand and feeling of guilt and self-control on the other (Lury 1996). Early criminological thought lay not with the social but with the biological (Lombroso 1876), linking criminal activity to physical characteristics. Current academic writers are in agreement that quality assurance within HEIs has been a prioritised agenda for sometime (Becket & Brookes 2006; Mizikaci 2006; Harvey 2005) Note: The third example shows how it is also possible to refer to more then one scholar using this method.

Quotations

Quoting is when you want to cite the writer word for word. If you do this, you should include single speech marks (i.e. and not ) to denote exactly where your words stop and the scholars words begin and end. The reference should appear in brackets and include the authors surname, year of publication followed by either a comma or colon to denote the page number. The inclusion of a page number when quoting is essential. If you have already referred to the scholar by name, it may be appropriate to only include the year of publication and page number in brackets. These details can either come before or after the quotation. Science as a discipline is not necessarily objectively researched because all scientific study is inevitably influenced by the society in which it is carried out (Abbott & Wallace 1990: 96) In response to over-deterministic viewpoints, it is pointed out that although human behaviour is determined to some extent by outside forces, there still exists an element of free will or individual responsibility (Matza 1964, quoted in Hagan 2002: 164). As Frazer asserts there are confusions about quality measurement in HE. It is sometimes assumed that quality measurement involves people external to the university assigning objective quantitative scores (1992: 13). Note: The second example is actually quoting a quote from another text. In this instance, the scholars surname and year of publication of the original quote is given first (i.e. Matza 1964), followed by the fact that it was taken from a secondary source (i.e. quoted in) and then followed by the writers name, the year of publication and the page number of the actual source used (i.e. Hagan 2002: 164). In your bibliography, you would list Hagan. This tells the reader that the quote is from the Hagan book as listed in your bibliography, making it easy to locate. The last example shows that as the name has already been introduced, it is only the year of publication and page number that are in brackets after the quote.

How do I know which one to use?

As writing isnt a science, there are no hard and fast rules about when you should reference directly, indirectly or when you should quote. You should base your decision on the readability of your work and the flow of your text. For example, if you directly referenced at the opening of every paragraph, your work would sound monotonous and have a very descriptive feel to it. Just as you would avoid repeating the same word in a sentence, combining

different ways of referencing enriches the variety of language and therefore the readability. Your decision to quote or not could also stem from the feel of the written word. To illustrate, if you come across a quote from a text that absolutely sums up your point, then your writing may have more impact by quoting verbatim than it would in your own words: Even so, communication occurs on more levels than just the verbal: nonverbal behaviour is not treated in isolation from the co-occurring or surrounding verbal behaviour of the participants (Heath & Luff 1993: 312).

Or it may serve to illustrate clearly your line of thinking or base of evidence: Maier & Warren (2000) assert that students themselves are coming through the education system with expectations that include the use of technology (2000: 159). The more you write (and the more you read scholarly texts) the easier it will be to make these decisions in your own writing.

How often do I have to reference?

How long is a piece of string? There is no real answer to this as just as it could be 2 references to one side of A4 it could just as easily be 6 references to the same side. However, there are a few things that can keep you on track. Firstly, if you are writing a lot of information without referencing, then you almost are certainly not referencing enough! Secondly, by understanding when to reference you can make sure that you are referencing the right amount. The following are occasions that should include a reference: When you make a statement. If you make a statement without a reference then the chances are, it is unsubstantiated. When you are discussing a theory. Even the most renowned theory must be referenced and not taken for granted or viewed as a given. This is also important to show that you know where that work lies in the landscape of your discipline, you have distinguished between what is your work and the work of others, you have the capacity of providing evidence to enhance the credibility of what you say and you avoid plagiarising the work of others. When you provide a critique. See above. When you are quoting. See above. When you are making a point, claim or suggestion. Your own point doesnt have to be referenced if it has come from you but you must show what has led you to that conclusion and any logical and persuasive line of argument must ultimately stem from careful objective research. So how do you show this type of research has taken place in your essay? By referencing!

When you want to provide evidence. A reference is evidence that what you have said is based on research and not from opinion or hearsay. This is also why it is important to use credible, peer-reviewed sources and why referencing internet sites such as Wikipedia is often viewed upon as invalid and unacademic practice. In short, alongside avoiding plagiarism, referencing allows us to do two things: It shows how we know something It shows why we think something

The Conventions of the Harvard System

Remember that anything you include in your bibliography must feature in your written text and vice versa.

How do I reference a book?

In text: Punishment moved away from the idea of hiding criminals and became an exercise of constant observation, as Foucault asserts visibility is a trap (1977: 200)

In the bibliography: Foucault, M (1977) Discipline and Punish: The birth of Prison. London: Penguin

How to: Thompson, P. write the surname of the author followed by their initial (1978) In brackets, write the date it was published The Voice of the Past: Oral History write the title of the book and highlight it using italics Oxford: Oxford University Press Lastly, write where the book was published followed by a
colon (:) then stating the publishers

Note: The source of your reference is highlighted using italics. You may come across sources that have been underlined instead. This was often how it was written before word processing became commonly accessible. You are generally now expected to use italicising in your bibliography.

How do I reference a chapter from an edited book?

In Text: The idealisation of personal relationships based on love over economics has arguably seen an increase in the fragility and breakdown of partnerships (Hochschild 1998).

In the Bibliography: Hochschild, A (1998) The sociology of emotion as a way of seeing in Bendelow, G & Williams, S (eds) Emotions in Social Life London: Routledge

See these variations: An edited book: Bell, C & Harris, D (eds) If they are editors of (1990) In brackets, type in the year the book was published Assessment and Evaluation Then write the name of the book and highlight using italics London: write where it was published followed by a colon. Kogan Page Ltd Finally, include the name of the publishers.
write the names of the author(s) putting the initial(s) at the end the book then include this here

A later edition:

Walklate, S write the surname of the author followed by their initial (2004) In brackets, write the date it was published Gender, Crime and Criminal Justice write the title of the book and highlight it using italics (2nd Ed) In brackets, state the edition of the book Devon: Willan Publishing Lastly, write where the book
was published followed by a colon (:) then stating the publishers

A chapter from an edited book: Mart, F write the name of the author of the chapter (1988) In brackets, write the date it was published 'Boys Own? Masculinity, Style and Popular Culture write the title of the chapter using italics in Chapman, R & Rutherford, J Then write the name(s) of the author(s) of the book followed by the indication that they are the editors (eds) Male Order: Unwrapping Masculinity write the title of the book in italics London: Lawrence & Wishart Ltd Lastly, write where the book was published
followed by a colon (:) then stating the publishers

How do I reference an article from a periodical or journal?

In Text: Tomlinson (2006) looks at the perception of part-time workers within organisations and how this perception is constructed.

In the Bibliography: Tomlinson, J (2006) Part-time occupational mobility in the service industries: regulation, work commitment and occupational closure in The Sociological Review (54) 1

How to: Mizicaki, F Write the name of the author of the article (2006) In brackets, write the date it was published A Systems Approach to Program Evaluation Model for Quality in Higher Education Write the title of the article in Quality Assurance in Education State which periodical or journal it was from Vol. 14, No. 1 include the issue details Note:

If it is a special edition, then include these details along with the volume and number of the periodical at the end of the bibliographic detail

How do I reference a report? How do I reference an online report?

In Text: Recent research using the perspective of the offender offers new insights into property crime. Hearnden and Magill (2004) outline new findings following a series of interviews with convicted burglars in southern England.

In the Bibliography: Hearnden, I & Magill, C (2004) Decision-Making by House Burglars: Offenders Perspectives. HO Report 249. London: Home Office Retrieved on 10th Jan 2006 from: www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs04/r249.pdf

Note: If you have accessed a report from the internet, you can include the web link as shown above.

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If the report doesnt have an authors name, then use the organisation that produced it (i.e. HEFCE, NACRO or Age Concern).

How to: HEFCE Write the body that carried out the report or study (2006) In brackets, write the date it was published Review of Performance Indicators Write the title of the report or study 2006/34 Include the
study number and/or where and by who it was published

Finding Out More

Remember, it is possible to reference anything! Obviously, not all possibilities are listed here so if you need further help, please seek guidance. For further Information see: Redman, P (2006) Good Essay Writing: A Social Sciences Guide (3rd Ed) London: Sage Publications

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