EE42 100 Lecure+14 072613-Clean

Slide 1 EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Prof.
Chang-Hasnain
EE 42/43/100
Introduction to Digital
Electronics

Lecture 14
7/26/13

Instructors:
Prof. Connie Chang-Hasnain
Dr. Wenbin Hsu

Slide 2 EE42/43/100 Summer 2013 Prof. Chang-Hasnain
Mid-Term Survey
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(B) have not had the time, but plan to do it
within the next 48 hours.
(C ) maybe
(D) not plan to submit
(E ) None of the above
Speed of Lecture
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(C ) Mostly OK
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(E ) Too slow
Pop Quiz
1. Difficulty
(A) too hard
(B) OK
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2. Number
(A) too many
(B) OK
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3. Time
(A) Too long
(B) OK
(C) Too short

4. Usefulness for
understanding concepts
(A) yes
(B) OK
(C) no

Recap
Topics
Circuit analysis using complex impedance
Derivative/Integration as multiplication/division
Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements
Equivalent circuit
Phasor diagram
Reading
Chap 7
Skip 7.9.2, 7.9.3 until next week
Read 7.10 on your own

Phasor Diagram

Quiz 1
Find V for e=10
4
rad/s
1kO
0.1F
5mA Z 0
+
-
V
(A)
1
(B)

1+

(C)
5
1
(D)
55

Quiz 2: What happens when e changes?
20kO
+
-
1F 10V Z 0
V
C

+
-
e = 10
6
rad/s; Find

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
) (t vc
) 89 t ( cos V 5 . 0 ) ( = w m t v
) 8 t ( cos V 5 . 0 ) ( = w t v
) t ( cos V 1 ) ( w t v =
) t ( cos V 1 ) ( w t v =
Quiz 3_current divider
Express current flowing through inductor in
terms

(A)
(B)
1
+
1

(C)
(D)
+
1

Multiple Sources
Activate one at a time leaving all others off.
C
I
0
sin(et)
I
1
cos(et)
R L
+ -
V
C
Multiple Sources Different Frequencies
C
I
0
sin(e
1
t)
I
1
cos(e
2
t)
R L
+ -
V
C
Quiz 4
1C 2 sin(e
1
t)
5 cos(e
2
t)
1 kO
1H
+ -
V
C
e
1
=100 k rad/s
e
2
=1 M rad/s
(A)
= 20cos
1
+ 5(
2
)
(B)
= 2cos
1
+ 5(
2
)
(C)
= 20cos
1
5(
2
)
(D)
= 2cos
1
5(
2
)
(E) None of the above
Outline
Topics
Frequency Response for Characterization
Asymptotic Frequency Behavior
Log magnitude vs log frequency plot
Phase vs log frequency plot
dB scale
Transfer function example
Reading
Chap 9

Bel and Deci-Bel (dB)
A bel (symbol B) is a unit of measure of ratios of power
levels, i.e. relative power levels.
The name was coined in the early 20th century in honor of
Alexander Graham Bell, a telecommunications pioneer.
The bel is a logarithmic measure. The number of bels for a given
ratio of power levels is calculated by taking the logarithm, to the
base 10, of the ratio.
one bel corresponds to a ratio of 10:1.
B = log
10
(P
1
/P
2
) where P
1
and P
2
are power levels.
The bel is too large for everyday use, so the decibel
(dB), equal to 0.1B, is more commonly used.
1dB = 10 log
10
(P
1
/P
2
)
dB are used to measure
Electric power, Gain or loss of amplifiers, Insertion loss of filters.

Logarithmic Measure for Power
To express a power in terms of decibels, one starts by
choosing a reference power, P
reference
, and writing
Power P in decibels = 10 log
10
(P/P
reference
)
Exercise:
Express a power of 50 mW in decibels relative to 1 watt.
P (dB) =10 log
10
(50 x 10
-3
) = - 13 dB
Exercise:
Express a power of 50 mW in decibels relative to 1 mW.
P (dB) =10 log
10
(50) = 17 dB.
dBm to express absolute values of power relative to a
milliwatt.
dBm = 10 log
10
(power in milliwatts / 1 milliwatt)
100 mW = 20 dBm
10 mW = 10 dBm

From the expression for power ratios in decibels, we can
readily derive the corresponding expressions for voltage
or current ratios.

Suppose that the voltage V (or current I) appears across
(or flows in) a resistor whose resistance is R. The
corresponding power dissipated, P, is V
2
/R (or I
2
R). We
can similarly relate the reference voltage or current to the
reference power, as

P
reference
= (V
reference
)
2
/R or P
reference
= (I
reference
)
2
R.

Hence,
Voltage, V in decibels = 20log
10
(V/V
reference
)
Current, I, in decibels = 20log
10
(I/I
reference
)
Logarithmic Measures for Voltage or Current
Logarithm Rules
Rule name Rule
Logarithm product rule log
b
(x y) = log
b
(x) + log
b
(y)
Logarithm quotient rule log
b
(x / y) = log
b
(x) - log
b
(y)
Logarithm power rule log
b
(x
y
) = y log
b
(x)
Logarithm base switch rule log
b
(c) = 1 / log
c
(b)
Logarithm base change rule log
b
(x) = log
c
(x) / log
c
(b)
Derivative of logarithm
f (x) = log
b
(x) f ' (x) = 1 / ( x ln(b) )
Integral of logarithm log
b
(x) dx = x ( log
b
(x) - 1 / ln(b) ) + C
Logarithm of 0
log
b
(0) is undefined
Logarithm of 1 log
b
(1) = 0
Logarithm of the base log
b
(b) = 1
Logarithm of infinity lim log
b
() = , when x
Logarithm Rules
Inverse properties:
log
a
a
x
= x and a
(log
a

x)
= x
Product:
log
a
(xy) = log
a
x + log
a
y
Power
log
a
(x
p
) = p log
a
x
log
a
(x + y) log
a
x + log
a
y
log
a
(x y) log
a
x log
a
y

Natural Logarithm
e
y
= x
ln(x) = log
e
(x) = y
The e constant (Euler's number) e 2.71828183
The natural logarithm function ln(x) is the
inverse function of the exponential function e
x
.
For x>0, f (f
-1
(x)) = e
ln(x)
= x
Or f
-1
(f (x)) = ln(e
x
) = x

Note that the voltage and current expressions are just
like the power expression except that they have 20 as
the multiplier instead of 10 because power is
proportional to the square of the voltage or current.

Exercise: How many decibels larger is the voltage of a
9-volt transistor battery than that of a 1.5-volt AA
battery?

Let V
reference
= 1.5. The ratio in decibels is

20 log
10
(9/1.5) = 20 log
10
(6) = 16 dB.

How many dB larger is the voltage of a 9-volt transistor
battery than that of a 1.5-volt AA battery?

(A) 6 dB (B) 4 dB (C) 16 dB (D) 8 dB (E) None of Above

Quiz 1

The gain produced by an amplifier or the loss of a filter
is often specified in decibels.

The input voltage (current, or power) is taken as the
reference value of voltage (current, or power) in the
decibel defining expression:

Voltage gain in dB = 20 log
10
(V
output
/V
input
)
Current gain in dB = 20log
10
(I
output
/I
input
Power gain in dB = 10log
10
(P
output
/P
input
)

Example: The voltage gain of an amplifier whose input
is 0.2 mV and whose output is 0.5 V is
20log
10
(0.5/0.2x10
-3
) = 68 dB.
Transfer Function
Transfer function is a function of frequency
Complex quantity
Both magnitude and phase are function of
frequency
Two Port
filter network
V
in
V
out
( )
( )
( )
out
out in
in
V
f
V
H f
u u
u
= = Z
= Z
out
in
V
H
V
H(f)
Bode Plot
Plot of magnitude of transfer function vs.
frequency
Both x and y scale are in log scale
Y scale in dB
Log Frequency Scale
Decade Ratio of higher to lower frequency
= 10
Octave Ratio of higher to lower frequency
= 2

Frequency Response
The shape of the frequency response of the complex
ratio of phasors V
OUT
/V
IN
is a convenient means of
classifying a circuit behavior and identifying key
parameters.
Frequency
Low Pass
IN
OUT
V
V
Gain
Break point
IN
OUT
V
V
Frequency
High Pass
Gain
Break point
FYI: These are log ratio vs log frequency plots
Q2: What is the Transfer Function?
IN
OUT
nction TransferFu
V
V
=

+
AV
T
R
2
R
1
+

V
T
+

V
OUT
C

V
IN
+

A = 100
R
1
= 100 kOhms
R
2
= 1 kOhms
C = 10 uF
(A) R
1
/(1+jwR
2
C)
(B) A/(1+jwR
2
C)
(C) (1+jwR
2
C)/ R
1
(D) R
1
(1+jwR
2
C)
Break Point Values
When dealing with resonant circuits it is convenient
to refer to the frequency difference between points at
which the power from the circuit is half that at the
peak of resonance.
Such frequencies are known as half-power
frequencies, and the power output there referred to
the peak power (at the resonant frequency) is
10log
10
(P
half-power
/P
resonance
) = 10log
10
(1/2) = -3 dB.

Example: Circuit in Slide #3 Magnitude
) 1 (
2
C R j
A
IN
OUT
e +
=
V
V
1
10
100
1000
0.1
10 100 1000
1
Radian
Frequency
A = 100
R
2
= 1000 Ohms
C = 10 uF
w
p
= 1/(R
2
C) = 100
A
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

Actual value =
2
100
| 1 |
100
=
+ j
Example: Circuit in Slide #3 Phase
) 1 (
2
C R j
A
IN
OUT
e +
=
V
V
-90
0
90
180
-180
10 100 1000
1
Radian
Frequency
-45
o
A = 100
R
2
= 1000 Ohms
C = 10 uF
P
h
a
s
e

Actual value is
45 45 0 }
45 2
0 100
{ }
| 1 |
0 100
{ = =
Z
Z
=
+
Z
Phase
j
Phase
Bode Plot: Label as dB
0
20
40
60
-20
10 100 1000
1
Radian
Frequency
) 1 (
2
C R j
A
IN
OUT
e +
=
V
V
A = 100
R
2
= 1000 Ohms
C = 100 uF
w
p
= 1/(R
2
C) = 100
A
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

i
n

d
B

Note: Magnitude in dB = 20 log
10
(V
OUT
/V
IN
)
Filters
Circuit designed to retain a certain
frequency range and discard others
Low-pass: pass low frequencies and reject high
frequencies
High-pass: pass high frequencies and reject low
frequencies
Band-pass: pass some particular range of
frequencies, reject other frequencies outside
that band
Notch: reject a range of frequencies and pass
all other frequencies
Common Filter Transfer Function vs. Freq
( ) H f
Frequency
High Pass
( ) H f
Frequency
Low Pass
( ) H f
Frequency
Band Pass
Frequency
Band Reject
( ) H f
First-Order Lowpass Filter
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1 ( ) 1 1
tan
1 ( ) 1
1
1 1
2
( )
1
( ) , tan
1
B B
B
B
j C
RC
j C R j RC
RC
Let and f
RC RC
H f
f
H f
f
f
f
e
e
e e
e
e
t
u
u
= = = Z
+ +
+
= =
= Z
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
C
V
H(f) =
V
H(f)
R
+
-
C
V
V
C

+
-
1/ 2
10 10
1
( ) 2
2
( ) 1
20log 20( ) log 2 3
(0) 2
B
B
H f
H f
dB
H
= =
= =
First-Order Highpass Filter
( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
tan
1 ( ) 1 2
1
( ) , tan
2
1
R
B
B
B
RC
R j RC
RC
j C R j RC
RC
f
f
f
H f
f
f
f
e
e t
e
e e
e
t
u
(
= = = Z
(
+ +

+
| |
|
| |
\ .
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
V
H(f) =
V
R
+
-
C
V
V
C

+
-
1/ 2
10 10
1
( ) 2
2
( ) 1
20log 20( ) log 2 3
(0) 2
B
B
H f
H f
dB
H
= =
= =
V
R

First-Order Lowpass Filter
1
2
1
2
1 1
tan
1
1
2
( )
1
( ) , tan
1
R
B B
B
B
L
j L
R
L
R
R
R R
Let and f
L L
H f
f
H f
f
f
f
e
e
e
e
t
u
u
| |
= = Z
|
\ .
| | +
+
|
\ .
= =
= Z
| |
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
V
H(f) =
V
H(f)
R
+
-
L
V
V
L

+
-
V
R

First-Order Highpass Filter
1
2
1
2
tan
2
1
1
2
( )
( ) , tan
2
1
L
B B
B
B
B
j L L
L
R R
j L
R
L
R
R
R R
Let and f
L L
H f
f
f
f
H f
f
f
f
e e
t e
e
e
e
t
u
t
u
(
| |
= = Z
|
(
\ .

| | +
+
|
\ .
= =
= Z
| |
|
| |
\ .
= =
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
V
H(f) =
V
H(f)
R
+
-
L
V
V
L

+
-
V
R

First-Order Filter Circuits
L
+

V
S
C
R
Low Pass
High
Pass
H
R
= R / (R + jeL)
H
L
= jeL / (R + jeL)
+

V
S
R
High Pass
Low
Pass
H
R
= R / (R + 1/jeC)
H
C
= (1/jeC) / (R + 1/jeC)
Change of Voltage or Current with
A Change of Frequency
One may wish to specify the change of a quantity
such as the output voltage of a filter when the
frequency changes by a factor of 2 (an octave) or 10
(a decade).

For example, a single-stage RC low-pass filter has at
frequencies above e = 1/RC an output that changes
at the rate -20dB per decade.
High-frequency asymptote of Lowpass filter
1
10
( )
(10 )
20log 20
( )
B
B
B
f
H f
f
H f
dB
H f
| |
=
|
\ .
=
As f
The high frequency asymptote of magnitude
Bode plot assumes -20dB/decade slope
Low-frequency asymptote of Highpass filter
f
10
( )
20log 20
(0.1 )
B
B
H f
dB
H f
=
The low frequency asymptote of magnitude
Bode plot assumes 20dB/decade slope
2
0
( )
1
B
B
B
As f
f
f
f
H f
f
f
f
| |
|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
Second-Order Filter Circuits
C
+

V
S
R
Band Pass
Low
Pass
L
High
Pass
Band
Reject
Z = R + 1/jeC + jeL
H
BP
= R / Z
H
LP
= (1/jeC) / Z
H
HP
= jeL / Z
H
BR
= H
LP
+ H
HP
Series Resonance
C R L
R
IN
OUT
Z Z Z
Z
V
V
+ +
=
C j R L j
R
IN
OUT
e e / 1 + +
=
V
V
) / 1 ( C L j R
R
IN
OUT
e e +
=
V
V
+

V
IN
V
OUT
+

Voltage divider
Substitute branch elements
Arrange in resonance form
Maximum when w
2
= 1/(LC)
Resonance quality factor
R
L
Q
e
=
Ratio of reactance to resistance
Closely related to number
of round trip cycles before
1/e decay.
Bandwidth is f
0
/Q
Parallel Resonance
C R L
S
OUT
Y Y Y
I
V
+ +
=
jwC
R L j
S
OUT
+ +
=
1 1
e
I
V
I
IN
V
OUT
+

)
1
(
1
L
C j
R
S
OUT
e
e +
=
I
V
Admittance
Substitute branch elements
Arrange in resonance form
Maximum = I
S
/R when w
2
= 1/(LC)
Resonance quality factor
R
L
Q
e
=
Ratio of reactance to resistance
Closely related to number
of round trip cycles before
1/e decay.
Bandwidth is f
0
/Q

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