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Final Exam 2
Final Exam 2
Integrity Statement: I have neither given nor received aid on this exam.
PROBLEM 1 (15 pts) ____________ PROBLEM 2 (20 pts)_____________ PROBLEM 3 (20 pts)_____________ PROBLEM 4 (15 pts)_____________ PROBLEM 5 (30 pts)_____________ Bonus Points (20 pts) _____________
TOTAL ________________________
1. (15%) In addition to doing absorption between immiscible liquids, we often have to design systems to do absorption between miscible liquids. The main difference is that we have to separate the liquids with a thin membrane of thickness, t, that is permeable to the solute we are interested in absorbing. If the solute concentration in bulk fluid 1 far from the membrane is c1, and the concentration far from the membrane in bulk fluid 2 is c2, what would be the effective overall mass transfer coefficient, K, so that the solute flux/area, N, through the membrane could be written as: N = K (c1 c2 ) given that the liquid 1 mass transfer coefficient, k1L , is defined from: N = kL1 (c1 c1i ) and that the liquid 2 mass transfer coefficient, k2L , is defined from: N = kL 2 (c2 i c2 ) The partition coefficient between the two liquids and the membrane is H, so that C1m = HC1i on side one of the membrane and C2 m = HC2 i on side two. The diffusion constant in the membrane is D, and the thickness of the membrane is t. We therefore have three mass transfer resistances to worry about: transport of solute from liquid 1 to the membrane, diffusion through the membrane (you will have to remember or derive the steady state flux through a membrane), and transfer of solute from the membrane to liquid 2.
C1
C 1m
C 1i
C 2m C 2i
C2
4 2. Now that we can describe the overall mass transfer rate between two liquids separated by a membrane, that is, N = K (c1 c2 ) , we can design a countercurrent, double-tube membrane-based separation system as shown below. The membrane from the inner grey tube that separates two streams that flow countercurrent to each other. We are trying to remove a solute from stream 1 into stream 2. The flow rate of stream 1 is B and the flow rate of stream 2 is D. The concentrations are drawn on the diagram below. a) (5%) Do a mass balance on the column from z=0 to an arbitrary z value (dotted line) to derive a relationship between C1 and C2 in the absorption unit. If C20 = 0, you should get:
C2 = (C1 C10 )
what is ? b) (5%) Derive the following differential equation that describes the steady state concentration distribution in the inner tube, which is of radius R. Assume that the membrane thickness is negligible in comparison to R (R>>t). Account for flow and exchange of solute with the surrounding liquid in the outer tube: dC1 = (C1 C2 ) dz what is ? c) (10%) Use the results of parts a and b to determine how the separation (value of C10) depends on the length, L, of the system. (If you had trouble with parts a and b, just use the results given and dont worry about and .) d) (10% bonus if you have time) Discuss the two limits (a) D>>B and (b) D=B
C10 C20
z=0
2RL
z z+z
z=L
C2L
C1L
6 3. Cultured mammalian endothelial cells require cytokines in order to grow. The best way to supply cytokine is to grow the mammalian cells on top of a layer of feeder cells that synthesize excess cytokine. Consider a layer of thickness L of endothelial cells growing on top of a layer of feeder cells as shown in the figure below. The feeder cells generate cytokine at a rate that results in a flux of fsyn moles/cm2-s at the bottom (z=L) of the endothelial cell layer. The cytokine diffuses with a diffusion constant D across the endothelial cell layer and is consumed by the growing endothelial cells in a first order reaction: R=kCC. On top of the endothelial cell layer is a large reservoir of liquid, which insures that the cytokine concentration at z=0 is always zero (CC(z=0) = 0). The cytokine is always very dilute. a) (20%) Calculate the concentration distribution of cytokine in the endothelial cell layer at steady state. b) (10% bonus if you have time) If the minimum average cytokine concentration for good growth is CC*, what is the maximum thickness of an endothelial cell culture that can grow if kL2/D << 1?
d (sinh x ) = cosh x dx d (cosh x ) = sinh x dx sinh x (cosh x )dx = c) Hints: cosh x (sinh x )dx = cosh 1 + 2 2 1 1 1+
for <<1.
8 4. (15%) On one tray of a benzene-toluene distillation column, we measure the liquid composition on the tray to be x = 0.540 and the vapor composition to be y = .729. The actual composition of the vapor entering the tray in question from the tray below has a vapor composition of y = .688. The x-y equilibrium curve for benzene-toluene is drawn below. The vapor flow rate is 0.10 k-mol/s, and the froth volume is 0.05 m3. Assume that the liquid is well mixed, but that the vapor is not. Calculate the Murphree efficiency and the mass transfer coefficient, Kya.
0.76 0.74 0.72 0.7 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6 0.62
10 5. A staged distillation column has a 50 mol% A, 50 mol% B saturated liquid feed of 5000 kmol/day. A is the more volatile species and the x-y equilibrium data for A is given below. We need to have a distillate of 90 mol% A and a bottoms of 6 mol%A. The reflux ration is two times the minimum reflux. a) (5%) How much distillate and bottoms product do we expect from this column? b) (10%) Calculate the minimum reflux ratio given the equilibrium data below c) (10%) How many stages do we need for this separation if we operate at twice the minimum reflux ratio? d) (5%) On which stage should we introduce the feed and why?
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1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1