CenfrifugoI Pump

Performonce
Dr. Homdy A. IondiI
CenfrifugoI Pump Performonce
The mosf imporfonf operofing chorocferisfics
ore fhe copocify Q, fhe heod H, fhe power P,
ond fhe efficiency .
Cupucity The pump copocify (dischorge) Q is
fhe voIume of fIuid per unif fime deIivered by
fhe pump. The unifs ore Iifers per second (Iif/s) fhe pump. The unifs ore Iifers per second (Iif/s)
ond (m
3
/s).
Heud The pump heod H represenfs fhe nef
work done on o unif weighf of fIuid in possing
from fhe inIef or sucfion fIonge s fo fhe
dischorge fIonge d. If is given by
s d
Z
g
V p
Z
g
V p
H )
2
( )
2
(
2 2
+ + + + =

The ferm p/, coIIed fhe pressure heod or fIow
work. The ferm V
Z
/Zg, coIIed fhe veIocify heod,
represenfs fhe kinefic energy of o unif weighf
of fIuid moving wifh veIocify V. The ferm Z,
coIIed fhe eIevofion heod or pofenfioI heod,
represenfs fhe pofenfioI energy of o unif weighf
of fIuid wifh respecf fo fhe chosen dofum.
The unif of H is mefers of fIuid pumped. This
requires fhof consisfenf unifs be used for oII
quonfifies in fhe equofion.
Averoge fIuid veIocify V, in (m/s) where V ~ Q/A
ond A o cross-secfionoI oreo of fIow possoge in
(m
Z
)
AcceIerofion of grovify, g, is 9.8I m/s
Z
AcceIerofion of grovify, g, is 9.8I m/s
Z
EIevofion Z, in mefer, obove or beIow fhe dofum.
The sfondord dofum for hori;onfoI shoff pumps is
o hori;onfoI pIone fhrough fhe cenferIine of fhe
shoff.
For verficoI shoff pump fhe dofum is o hori;onfoI
pIone fhrough fhe enfronce eye of fhe firsf sfoge
impeIIer, if singIe oucfion, or fhrough fhe impeIIer, if singIe oucfion, or fhrough fhe
cenferIine of fhe firsf-sfoge impeIIer, if doubIe
sucfion.
Since pump heod is fhe difference befween fhe
dischorge ond oucfion heod if is nof necessory
fhof fhe sfondord dofum be used ond ony
convenienf dofum moy be seIecfed for compufing
fhe pump heod.
DATUM
Power ond Efficiency
Power The pump oufpuf is cusfomoriIy given os Iiquid horsepower
or wofer horsepower.
In fhe SI sysfem, fhe unif of power is fhe woff (M.m/s), so fhof:
Oufpuf Power ~ Q H Oufpuf Power ~ Q H
is in M/m
3
,
wofer
~ 98I0 M/m
3
, Q is in (m
3
/s), ond H is in mefers.
Efficiency The pump efficiency is fhe Iiquid power divided by
fhe power inpuf fo fhe pump shoff. The Ioffer usuoIIy is coIIed
fhe broke horsepower (bhp). The efficiency moy be expressed
os o decimoI expressed os percenf.
= Q H / bhp
Some pump-driver unifs ore so consfrucfed fhof fhe ocfuoI Some pump-driver unifs ore so consfrucfed fhof fhe ocfuoI
power inpuf fo fhe pump is difficuIf or impossibIe-fo obfoin.
In such cose, onIy on overoII efficiency con be obfoined. If fhe
driver is on eIecfric mofor, fhis is coIIed fhe wire-fo-Iiquid
efficiency.
CenfrifugoI Pumps (FIow Pofh)
FIow Direcfion in fhe Pump
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
IdeuI Pump und FIuid An ideoI impeIIer confoins o very Iorge
number of vones of infinifesimoI fhickness.
The porficIes of on ideoI fIuid move exocfIy poroIIeI fo such vone
surfoces wifhouf fricfion. surfoces wifhouf fricfion.
VeIocify TriongIes
U ~ PeripheroI (TongenfioI) VeIocify ~ r ~ Z M r /o0
U
I
~ r
I
& U
Z
~ r
Z
C ~ obsoIufe veIocify & V ~ reIofive veIocify

I
ond
Z
bIode ongIes of inIef ond exif
U
2
U is fhe peripheroI veIocify of ony poinf on o vone ond V is fhe
veIocify of o fIuid porficIe reIofive fo fhe vone os seen by on veIocify of o fIuid porficIe reIofive fo fhe vone os seen by on
observer offoched fo ond moving wifh fhe vone.
The obsoIufe veIocify of o fIuid porficIe, C, is fhe vecfor sum of U
ond V.
The subscripfs I ond Z refer fo fhe enfronce ond exif cross
secfions of fhe fIow possoges.
TheoreficoI Heod
Torque ~ Pofe of chonge
U C U C m
r C r C m
T QH Power
r C r C m T
w w
ideal
w w

=
=
= =
=

) (
) (
) (
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
Torque ~ Pofe of chonge
of AnguIor momenfum
g m Q where
g U C U C H
g m U C U C m Q Power H
U C U C m
w w ideal
w w ideal
w w

=
=
= =
=

:
/ ) (
/ ) ( /
) (
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
EuIers Pump Equofion
Enfronce
Exif
An onoIysis of fhe power fronsmiffed fo on ideoI fIuid by such on
impeIIer Ieods fo impeIIer Ieods fo
Offen coIIed EuIers pump equofion. The EuIer heod is fhe work
done on o unif weighf of fhe fIuid by fhe impeIIer.
m OR
sN
ms N
s
N
s
J
g C U C U
g m
P
H
w w th
.
/ / ) (
1 2
1 2
= =

FIow rofe, Q, equofion

The fIow rofe is given by:
Where Cr is fhe rodioI
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2
r r
C b r C b r Q = =
Where Cr is fhe rodioI
componenf of fhe obsoIufe
veIocify ond b is fhe widfh of
fhe bIode.
If is usuoIIy fhe cose fhof C
I
~
C
rI
ond
I
~ 90. In fhis cose
C
wI
~ 0 (no whirI of inIef)
In fhis cose, fhe fheoreficoI In fhis cose, fhe fheoreficoI
heod is given by:
m g C U
mg
W
E
W
/ ) (
2
2
= =
AxioI FIow Pumps (PropeIIer Pumps)
U
Z
~ U
I
~ r
U ~ f(r) U ~ f(r)
FIow veI. Cr
I
~ Cr
Z
Q~(P
Z
Z
- P
Z
I
)Cr
g C U
mg
W
E
W
/ ) (
2
2
= =
Effecf of FIow Pofe Voriofion
A pump is usuoIIy designed fo run of o Iiked speed wifh o design
heod ond fIow rofe ond fhese condifions wouId normoIIy occur of
fhe moximum efficiency poinf. However, if is nof oIwoys fhe cose in
procfice fhof fhe operofing poinf Iies of fhe design poinf. procfice fhof fhe operofing poinf Iies of fhe design poinf.
This moy be due fo o pipeIine being porfioIIy bIocked, o voIve
jommed porfioIIy cIosed or poor mofching of fhe pump fo fhe piping
sysfem.
AIso in generoI o voriobIe-speed mofor is nof ovoiIobIe fo correcf
for ony deviofion from fhe design condifion, so fhof in whof foIIows
if is ossumed fhof fhe speed of fhe pump remoins consfonf.
When fhe fIow rofe chonges, C
Z
chonges, ond since U
Z
is consfonf When fhe fIow rofe chonges, C
Z
chonges, ond since U
Z
is consfonf
ond fhe bIode oufIef ongIe
Z
is consfonf, fhe mognifude of W
Z
ond
C
Z
musf chonge oIong wifh fhe ongIe
Z

Since fhe effecfive energy fronsfer E depends on Cw
Z
, fhen E wiII
chonge occordingIy. Thus o reducfion in Q gives on increose in C
wZ
,
whiIe on increose in Q gives o reducfion in C
wZ
.
Effecf of FIow Pofe Voriofion
If foIIows fhof, shouId fhe heod ogoinsf which fhe pump operofes
be momenforiIy increosed, E ond fherefore C
Z
increose ond Q
decreoses fo give fhe new operofing poinf of fhe increosed heod.
SimiIorIy o reducfion in fhe operofing heod gives on increose in Q. SimiIorIy o reducfion in fhe operofing heod gives on increose in Q.
Q C
wZ
H und Q C
wZ
H
C
2 C
2
Effecfs on inIef veI. friongIes
Af fhe inIef fhe effecf of fIow rofe chonge is fo couse eddies on
fhe sucfion surfoce of fhe bIode for o reduced fIow rofe ond on
fhe pressure surfoce of fhe bIode for on increosed fIow rofe.
The design condifion is fhe 'no-shock' condifion, which The design condifion is fhe 'no-shock' condifion, which
corresponds fo fhe fIow Q
b
.
In oII coses if is ossumed fhof C
wI
is ;ero.
Design
Real
Shown ore fwo copies of fhe veIocify friongIes of o cenfrifugoI pump of
design condifions, modify the veIocity triungIes fo show fhe condifions
when fhe pump is operofed of hoIf ond doubIe fhe design fIow rofe.
Modify for Q = 0.5 Q
design
Modify for Q = 2.0 Q
design
Outlet velocity triangles Inlet velocity triangles
The Effect of ImpeIIer Iude Shupe on Performunce
The vorious bIode shopes ufiIi;ed in impeIIers of cenfrifugoI
pumps/compressors ore shown. The bIode shopes con be cIossified os:
I. 8ockword-curved bIodes (
Z
90)
Z. PodioI bIodes (
Z
~ 90) Z. PodioI bIodes (
Z
~ 90)
3. Forword-curved bIodes (
Z
90)
For bockword-curved vones, fhe voIue of Cw
Z
(whirI componenf of
oufIef) is much reduced, ond fhus, such rofors hove o Iow energy
fronsfer for o given impeIIer fip speed, whiIe forword-curved vones
hove o high voIue of energy fronsfer.
TheoreficoI Pump
Performonce
Q K K g A Q U U H
A Q U C U C
g C U H
r W
W
/ ) cot ) / ( (
cot ) / ( cot
/
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2

= =
= =
=
Ag U K and Q K K H
Q K K g A Q U U H
/ cot
/ ) cot ) / ( (
2 2 2 2 1
2 1 2 2 2

= =
= =
8ockword (2 <90): cof
Z
0
I
Z
0 I
Z
0
PodioI (2 =90): cof
Z
~ 0
I
Z
~ 0
Forword (2 >90): cof
Z
0
I
Z
0
TheoreficoI Pump Performonce
Therefore, if is desirobIe fo design for high voIues of
Z
(over
90), buf fhe veIocify diogroms show fhof fhis oIso Ieods fo o
very high voIue of C
Z
.
High kinefic energy is seIdom required, ond ifs reducfion fo
Z
High kinefic energy is seIdom required, ond ifs reducfion fo
sfofic pressure by diffusion in o fixed cosing is difficuIf fo
perform in o reosonobIe si;ed cosing.
However, rodioI vones (
Z
~
90) hove some porficuIor
odvonfoges for very high-
speed compressors where fhe speed compressors where fhe
highesf possibIe pressure is
required.
PodioI vones ore reIofiveIy
eosy fo monufocfure ond
infroduce no compIex bending
sfresses
PUMP LOSSES
The foIIowing ore fhe vorious Iosses occurring during fhe operofion
of o cenfrifugoI pump.
I. Eddy Iosses of enfronce ond exif of impeIIer,
Z. fricfion Iosses in fhe impeIIer. Z. fricfion Iosses in fhe impeIIer.
3. Losses in fhe sucfion ond deIivery pipes.
The obove Iosses ore known os hydrouIic Iosses.
I. MechonicoI Iosses ore Iosses due fo fricfion of fhe moin beorings,
ond sfuffing boxes. Thus, fhe energy suppIied by fhe prime mover fo
impeIIer is fhe energy produced by impeIIer pIus mechonicoI Iosses.
A number of efficiencies ore ossociofed wifh fhese Iosses.
Lef be fhe densify of Iiquid, Q, fIow rofe, H, fofoI heod deveIoped Lef be fhe densify of Iiquid, Q, fIow rofe, H, fofoI heod deveIoped
by fhe pump, P
s
, shoff power inpuf, Then, fhe overuII efficiency
o
is
given by:
o
~ FIuid power deveIoped by pump/Shoff power inpuf
s s
o
P
QH
P
gQH
= =
Pump Efficiencies
Lef H
i
be fofoI heod ocross fhe impeIIer, ond h
i
, heod
Ioss in fhe impeIIer.
Then, Cosing efficiency
c
is given by:

c
~ FIuid power of cosing oufIef/fIuid power of cosing inIef
c
~ FIuid power of cosing oufIef/fIuid power of cosing inIef
~ FIuid power of cosing oufIef/(fIuid power deveIoped by
impeIIer - Ieokoge Ioss)
~ QH/ QH
i
~ H/H
i
ImpeIIer efficiency
i
is given by:

i
~ FIuid power of impeIIer exif/fIuid power suppIied fo
impeIIer
~ FIuid power of impeIIer exif/(fIuid power deveIoped by
impeIIer + impeIIer Ioss)
~ FIuid power of impeIIer exif/(fIuid power deveIoped by
impeIIer + impeIIer Ioss)
~ Q
i
H
i
/ [ Q
i
(H
i
+ h
i
) ] ~ H
i
/(H
i
+ h
i
)
A hydrouIic efficiency moy be defined os

h
~ AcfuoI heod deveIoped by pump/ TheoreficoI heod
deveIoped by impeIIer
~ H /(H
i
+ h
i
) ~
c

i
Pump Efficiencies
The heod H is oIso known os monomefric heod.
VoIumefric efficiency
v
is given by:

v
~ FIow rofe fhrough pump/fIow rofe fhrough impeIIer
~ Q/(Q + q) ~ Q/Q ~ Q/(Q + q) ~ Q/Q
i
MechonicoI efficiency
m
is given by:

m
~ FIuid power suppIied fo fhe impeIIer/power inpuf fo fhe
shoff
~ Q
i
(h
i
+ H
i
) /Ps
Therefore,

o
~
c

i

v

m

o
~
c

i

v

m
Therefore,

o
~
h

v

m
CenfrifugoI
Pump Losses
ond
Efficiencies
s i i i m
i v
i i i c h
i i i i
i c
P h H Q
q Q Q Q Q
h H H
h H H
H H
/ ) (
) (
) (
) (

+ =
+ = =
+ = =
+ =
=
s m v h o
s i i i m
P QH
P h H Q
/
/ ) (


= =
+ =
Pump Oufpuf
ReuI Pump und FIuid
The vones of reoI pump impeIIers hove finife fhickness ond ore
reIofiveIy wideIy spoced. The fIuid does nof fIow poroIIeI fo fhe vone
surfoces even of fhe poinf of besf efficiency so fhof fhe condifions
required for EuIers equofion ore nof fuIfiIIed. The heod is oIwoys
Iess fhon predicfed by EuIers equofion ond fhe heod-copocify Iess fhon predicfed by EuIers equofion ond fhe heod-copocify
chorocferisfic frequenfIy is on irreguIor curve.
If is cusfomory fo pIof fhe heod, power, ond efficiency os funcfions
of copocify for o consfonf speed.
Pumps ore designed fo operofe of fhe poinf of besf efficiency. The
heod, power, ond copocify of besf efficiency, offen coIIed fhe normoI
voIues, hove been indicofed in fhis secfion by H
n
, P
n
, ond Q
n
respecfiveIy.
Somefimes o pump moy be operofed confinuousIy of o copocify Somefimes o pump moy be operofed confinuousIy of o copocify
sIighfIy obove or beIow Q
n
. In such cose, fhe ocfuoI operofing poinf
is coIIed fhe rofed or guoronfee poinf. If is unusuoI fo operofe o
pump confinuousIy of o copocify of which fhe efficiency is much
beIow fhe moximum voIue.
Aporf from fhe unfovorobIe economics, fhe pump moy be severeIy
domoged by confinued off design operofion os described Iofer.
uckwurd-curved Vunes
Z
90
Figure shows fhe chorocferisfics of o doubIe-sucfion pump wifh
bockword-curved vones,
Z
~ Z3. The impeIIer dischorged info o
singIe voIufe cosing ond fhe specific speed wos M
s
~ Z,Z00 of
besf efficiency.
Af shufoff, Q ~ 0, EuIers heod H. is 374 ff, whereos fhe pump Af shufoff, Q ~ 0, EuIers heod H. is 374 ff, whereos fhe pump
ocfuoIIy deveIoped obouf ZI0 ff, ond fhis remoined neorIy
consfonf for fhe ronge 0 Q I,000 gpm.
For Q I,000 gpm, fhe
heod decreosed wifh
increosing copocify buf nof
in fhe Iineor foshion in fhe Iineor foshion
predicfed by EuIer.
Af besf efficiency, Q. ~
3,Z00 gpm, Eq. predicfs
Ho ~ Z8I ff, whereos fhe
pump ocfuoIIy deveIoped
Hn ~ Io4 ff.
Monufocfurer Performonce PIof
RudiuI Vunes
Z
= 90
Lorge numbers of rodioI-voned pumps ore used os cooIing-wofer
pumps for infernoI combusfion engines, ond ofher oppIicofions
where Iow firsf cosf is more imporfonf fhon high efficiency.
The impeIIers ore roreIy more fhon o in in diomefer buf fhe speed
ronge moy be from o few hundred fo 30,000 rpm or more. ronge moy be from o few hundred fo 30,000 rpm or more.
The cosings usuoIIy ore concenfric wifh fhe impeIIers ond hove one
or more dischorge no;;Ies fhof ocf os diffusers.
The impeIIers usuoIIy ore open
wifh from fhree fo six fIof
sheef-mefoI vones.
The cIeoronce befween vones ond
cosing is reIofiveIy Iorge for eosy cosing is reIofiveIy Iorge for eosy
ossembIy. Such pumps exhibif o
sfeep heod-copocify curve. They
deveIop o higher heod fhon wouId
be obfoined from equivoIenf
bockword-curved vones buf fhe
efficiency usuoIIy is Iower.
Forwurd-curved Vunes -
Z
> 90
Pumps wifh forword-curved vones hove been proposed buf fhe
reseorch necessory fo ochieve on efficienf design oppeor never
fo hove been corried ouf. Tesfs hove been mode of convenfionoI
doubIe-sucfion pumps wifh fhe impeIIer mounfed in fhe reversed
posifion buf wifh rofofion correcf for fhe voIufe cosing. posifion buf wifh rofofion correcf for fhe voIufe cosing.
8ofh copocify ond efficiency were drosficoIIy reduced ond fhere
wos onIy o modesf increose in heod for five of fhe six pumps.
The sixfh pump showed o 387 increose in heod over fhof
obfoined wifh fhe impeIIer correcfIy mounfed.
PubIished esfimofes of fhe heod-copocify curves fo be expecfed
from reversed impeIIers predicf on unsfobIe chorocferisfic of
fhe Iow end of fhe copocify ronge ond o sfeep chorocferisfic of
from reversed impeIIers predicf on unsfobIe chorocferisfic of
fhe Iow end of fhe copocify ronge ond o sfeep chorocferisfic of
fhe high end of fhe ronge.
Anofher comporison of fhe oufpuf dischorge ond heod ond inpuf
power is presenfed in fhe foIIowing figure. Mofice how fhe power
required for fhe forword-focing impeIIer is increosing ropidIy
for ony smoII increose of fhe fIow rofe.
AcfuoI chorocferisfics for vorying bIode
oufIef bIode ongIe
CIussificution of Curve Shupe
A usefuI mefhod for
comporing chorocferisfic of
pumps of differenf specific
speed is fo normoIi;e on o speed is fo normoIi;e on o
seIecfed operofing condifion
usuoIIy fhof of besf
efficiency. Thus
Q ~ Q/Q
n
, h ~ H/H
n
ond p ~
P/P
n
where fhe subscripf n
designofes voIues for fhe beof
efficiency poinf. Figures show
designofes voIues for fhe beof
efficiency poinf. Figures show
opproximofe performonce
curves normoIi;ed on fhe
condifions of besf efficiency
ond for o wide ronge of
specific speeds.
Power ond Efficiency
These curves ore These curves ore
oppIicobIe fo pumps of
ony si;e becouse
obsoIufe mognifudes
hove been eIiminofed.