Waste water Collection

Types of Systems
Sanitary sewer Storm sewer Combined sewer

Sanitary sewers
Most sewers are designed to flow by gravity (water flows down-hill) Includes sewer pipe from home to septic tank or to a municipal collector pipe Gravity sewers must follow the topography of the land Where gravity flow is not possible, pumps are used

Individual unit pump Large municipal lift (pump) station

Pump stations
Pump (lift) sewage from low to higher elevation, generally from end of one gravity sewer section to another, higher section Consist of a wet well and pumps Wet well forms a place for wastewater to collect and be pumped from

Gravity
Suited to; Gently sloping terrain towards one side of the township Areas with good excavation conditions Reasonably dense housing (i.e. not sparsely spaced blocks) Remote areas where system response times are likely to be long Areas with a high probability of

Pressure
Suited to: Areas where excavation conditions are difficult Areas with high ground water Townships that are elongated such as those that follow coastlines or rivers Areas with sparsely located houses Areas with significantly undulating terrain

Vaccum
Suited to: Areas where excavation is difficult Areas of high ground water Townships with over 100 connections Gently undulating sites Townships that are elongated such as those that follow coastlines or rivers

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Combined Sewers
Sanitary sewer also collects storm water runoff Quantity is highly variable and site specific CSO: Combined Sewer Overflow Wastewater flows greatly increase during a storm If capacity of sewer or treatment systems are exceeded, some of the combined waste is discharged with minimal to no treatment

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Types of sewers
Wastewater collection systems are responsible for collection and transmission of liquid wastes to a central treatment facility. Like a distribution system for water supply, the collection system resembles a tree that branches out from the treatment plant to collect the wastewater from individuals.

Wastewater from individual homes enters the collection system from a service line. These services attach to the lateral with a wye connection or a tap and saddle connection. Branch lines or laterals usually run down the street, collecting the flow from individual services. They, like tributaries in a watershed, flow into larger lines called mains. Mains carry the flow into the largest

Collection system appurtenances

Manholes
Manholes are installed in sewer lines whenever there is an intersection, change of direction, or change the in elevation or slope of a line. They are needed to provide access to the system for cleaning, inspection, and clearing stoppages. Although they should be large enough for operators to enter and work in, they can contain hazardous atmospheres that can

Avoidance of Submerged Conditions: Manholes should not be located in areas subject to flooding, from floodplains, surface runoff, or ponding

Junction chambers: Man-hole constructed at the intersection of two large sewers. Drop man-hole: When the difference in elevation of the invert levels of the incoming and outgoing sewers of the man-hole is more than 0.5m, the interception is made by dropping the incoming sewer vertically outside and then it is jointed to the man-hole

Designing a sanitary sewer involves estimation of waste flow rates for the design data and evaluation of any local conditions, which may affect the hydraulic operation of the system; The selection of the hydraulic-design equation, alternative sewer pipe materials and

Basic considerations in the design of sewers

Minimum and maximum sizes, minimum and maximum velocities and

Design flow
Peak hourly flow and peak infiltration allowances for the entire service area are used for the design of new sanitary sewers. The size of the pipe, the type of pipe, and the downhill grade of the line determine the amount of flow that a line can handle. The average per capita flow that is used to size the system is usually about 100

Infiltration and inflow are also concerns when designing a collection system. Infiltration occurs when groundwater enters the system through broken pipe or leaking joints in wet weather. Inflow enters the system directly and may come from runoff that floods streets, entering through submerged manhole covers, or illegal service connections that direct storm flows

Hydraulic design Equation

Manning Equation
V= 1.486 2 / 3 1/ 2 R S n

V = velocity (ft/sec) n = coefficient of roughness (dependent upon pipe material/condition) n- 0.013 for new and existing wellconstructed sewers. n- 0.015 for older sewers.

R = hydraulic radius = area/wetted perimeter (ft) S = hydraulic slope (assumed to be slope of pipe) (ft/ft)

Sewer Pipe Materials

The most common type of wastewater piping is vitrified clay pipe or VCP. It is made of fired clay and is constructed with bell and spigot connections.

VCP has sufficient strength to withstand most trench loads and is almost impervious to corrosion caused by acids that form when sewer gases are generated. VCP is available from 4" to 36" in diameter. It is very heavy in sizes above 18".

Reinforced concrete pipe, or RCP, is used for larger lines from 18" to 60" in diameter. It is lighter than VCP at these sizes. The problem with concrete pipe is corrosion of the pipe crown area (top inside of the pipe) from sewer gases and organic acids.

Cast iron pipe (CIP) and ductile iron pipes (DIP) are not used often in collection systems, but have specific applications. They are used in areas where high trench loading exists like crossing under a railroad track or a dirt road that carries heavy equipment. Iron pipe is also used for inverted syphons where collection lines run

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe is made from plastic. It is lightweight and flexible. It is impervious to corrosion from sewer gases, acids and bases, and inorganic salts found in wastewater. It is softened by petroleum products, which are not normally found in domestic wastewater. It can't withstand heavy trench loading

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping is also lightweight and easy to install. Petroleum products do not affect it, but trench loading is still a problem.

Minimum Velocity
The flow velocity in the sewers should be such that the suspended materials in sewage do not get silted up; i.e. the velocity should be such as to cause automatic self-cleansing effect. The generation of such a minimumself cleansing velocityin the sewer, atleast once a day, is important, because if certain deposition takes place and is not removed, it will obstruct free flow,

Maximum Velocity
The smooth interior surface of a sewer pipe gets scoured due to continuous abrasion caused by the suspended solids present in sewage. It is, therefore, necessary to limit the maximum velocity in the sewer pipe. This limiting or non-scouring velocity will mainly depend upon the material of the sewer

Effects of Flow Variation on Velocity in a Sewer

Due to variation in discharge, the depth of flow varies, and hence the hydraulic mean depth (r) varies. Due to the change in the hydraulic mean depth, the flow velocity (which depends directly on r2/3) gets affected from time to time. It is necessary to check the sewer for maintaining a minimum velocity of about 0.45 m/s at the time of

The designer should also ensure that a velocity of 0.9 m/s is developed at least at the time of maximum flow and preferably during the average flow periods also. Moreover, care should be taken to see that at the time of maximum flow, the velocity generated does not exceed the scouring value

Minimum slopes
Minimum slopes are often used to avoid extensive excavation where the slope of ground surface is flat. As the pipe sizes increases beyond 600 mm, the minimum practicable slope for construction is about 0.0008 m/m.

MAINTENANCE OF SEWERS

Root intrusion is a major concern for collection system operators. Tree roots that find their way into sewer lines through leaking joints or customers' service lines can cause chronic stoppage and backup problems. Roots must be cut to clear the line. The problem is that cutting roots is similar to pruning shrubs Use of little copper sulfate in sewer is

Roots, Grease, And Corrosion

Lines that carry large amounts of grease may experience clogging when it accumulates on the crown of the pipe. The result is that the carrying capacity of the pipe is greatly reduced. This restriction will cause backups during peak flow conditions. Flushing, Use of special tools attached to cables or jointed rods and pushed or pulled through the sewer from manhole or other point of entry to remove grease from pipelines.

Corrosion
Corrosion in sewer lines can be the result of chemicals from industrial discharges. It can also be caused by septic conditions that release hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). Sulfuric acid is created when the hydrogen sulfide gas reacts with the moisture on the inside of the pipe wall. This can cause serious corrosion problems in large concrete

It is less of an issue in vitrified clay pipe. Acids do not affect PVC pipe. Aerated lift stations and the addition of chlorine in the collection system are two ways of minimizing hydrogen sulfide production.