Supplement to Chapter 9 ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING Acceptance Sampling.

Form of inspection applied to lots or batches of items before of after a process, to judge conformance with predetermined standards. The purpose of acceptance sampling is to decide whether a lot satisfies predetermined standards. Most useful when one or more of the following conditions exist: 1. A large number of items must be processed in a short time. 2. The cost consequences of passing defectives are low. 3. Destructive testing is required. 4. Fatigue or boredom caused by inspecting large numbers of items leads to inspection errors. Acceptance sampling [procedures can be applied to both attribute and variable inspection. Sampling Plans. Plans that specify lot size, sample size, number of samples, and acceptance/rejection criteria. Different kinds of plans. 1. Single-sampling plan. One random sample drawn from each lot, and every item in the sample is examined and classified as either good or defective. 2. Double-sampling plan. Allows for the opportunity to take a second sample if the results of the initial sample are inconclusive. A double-sampling plan specifies the lot size, the size of the initial sample, accept/reject criteria for the initial sample, the size of the second sample, and a single acceptance number. 3. Multiple-sampling plan. Similar to a double-sampling plan except the more than two samples may be required. Choosing a Plan. The cost and time required for inspection often dictate the kind of sampling plan used. The two primary considerations are the number of samples needed and the total number of observations required. Single-sampling plans involve only a single sample, but the sample size is large relative to the total number of observation taken under double- or multiple-sampling plans. Where the cost to obtain a sample is relatively high compared with the cost to analyze the observations, a single-sampling plan is more desirable. Operating Characteristic (OC) Curve. Probability curve that shows the probabilities of accepting lots with various fractions defective. The curve shows the probability the use of the sampling plan is result in lots with fractions defective being accepted. Acceptable quality level. The percentage level of defects at which consumers are willing to accept lots as good. Lot tolerance percent defective. consumer is willing to accept. The upper limit on the percentage of defects that a

Consumers risk. The probability that a lot containing defectives exceeding the LTCPD will be accepted. Producers risk. rejected. The probability that a lot containing the acceptable quality level will be

The Poisson approximation involves treating the mean of the binomial distribution as the mean of the Poisson. = np

Average outgoing quality. Average of inspected lots (100 percent) and uninspected lots(p). AOQ = Pac x p (N n / N) Pac Probability of accepting the lot P Fraction defective N Lot size n sample size AOQ = Pac x p