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Static Pressure: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Static Pressure: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Static Pressure: From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
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Static pressure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In the design and operation of aircraft, static pressure is the air pressure in the aircrafts static pressure system. In fluid dynamics, static pressure is the pressure at a nominated point in a fluid. Many authors use the term static pressure in place of pressure to avoid ambiguity. The term static pressure is also used by some authors in fluid statics.
Contents
1 Static pressure in design and operation of aircraft 2 Static pressure in fluid dynamics 3 Static pressure in fluid statics 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_pressure
7/25/2013
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The concept of pressure is central to the study of fluids. A pressure can be identified for every point in a body of fluid, regardless of whether the fluid is in motion or not. Pressure can be measured using an aneroid, Bourdon tube, mercury column, or various other methods. The concepts of total pressure and dynamic pressure arise from Bernoulli's equation and are significant in the study of all fluid flows. (These two pressures are not pressures in the usual sense - they cannot be measured using an aneroid, Bourdon tube or mercury column.) To avoid potential ambiguity when referring to pressure in fluid dynamics, many authors use the term static pressure to distinguish it from total pressure and dynamic pressure. Static pressure is identical to pressure and can be identified for every point in a fluid flow field. In Aerodynamics, L.J. Clancy[7] writes: "To distinguish it from the total and dynamic pressures, the actual pressure of the fluid, which is associated not with its motion but with its state, is often referred to as the static pressure, but where the term pressure alone is used it refers to this static pressure." Bernoulli's equation is fundamental to the dynamics of incompressible fluids. In many fluid flow situations of interest, changes in elevation are insignificant and can be ignored. With this simplification, Bernoullis equation for incompressible flows can be expressed as [8] [9]
[10]
where:
is static pressure, is dynamic pressure, usually denoted by , is the density of the fluid, is the flow velocity, and is total pressure which is constant along any streamline.
Every point in a steadily flowing fluid, regardless of the fluid speed at that point, has its own static pressure , dynamic pressure , and total pressure . Static pressure and dynamic pressure are likely to vary significantly throughout the fluid but total pressure is constant along each streamline. In irrotational flow, total pressure is the same on all streamlines and is therefore constant throughout the flow.[11] The simplified form of Bernoulli's equation can be summarised in the following memorable word equation: [12] [13] [14] static pressure + dynamic pressure = total pressure . This simplified form of Bernoullis equation is fundamental to an understanding of the design and operation of ships, low speed aircraft, and airspeed indicators for low speed aircraft that is aircraft whose maximum speed will be less than about 30% of the speed of sound. As a consequence of the widespread understanding of the term static pressure in relation to Bernoullis
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equation, many authors [15] in the field of fluid dynamics also use static pressure rather than pressure in applications not directly related to Bernoullis equation. The British Standards Institution, in its Standard[16] Glossary of Aeronautical Terms, gives the following definition: 4412 Static pressure The pressure at a point on a body moving with the fluid.
See also
Hydrostatic pressure Pascal's law Stagnation pressure Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
Notes
1. ^ Lombardo, D.A., Aircraft Systems , 2nd edition chapter 2 2. ^ "It is virtually impossible to find a position where the static pressure is always exactly the same as the pressure in the free airstream away from the aircraft". Kermode, A.C., Mechanics of Flight, 10th edition page 65 3. ^ Kermode, A.C., Mechanics of Flight, 10th Edition page 65 4. ^ "Of these errors the error in detection of static pressure is generally the most serious and has the special name, position error." Dommasch, D.O., Sherby, S.S., and Connolly, T.F. (1967) Airplane Aerodynamics, 4th edition page 51, Pitman Publishing Corp., New York 5. ^ Gracey, William, Measurement of aircraft speed and altitude NASA, RP-1046, page 1 6. ^ Gracey, William, Measurement of Aircraft Speed and Altitude, page 1 7. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics , page 21 8. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics , equation 3.13 9. ^ Hurt, H.H. Jr, (1960), Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators, page 9, A National Flightshop Reprint, Florida 10. ^ Anderson, J.D. Jr, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 4th edition page 212, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 978-0-07-295046-5 11. ^ A.M. Kuethe and J.D. Schetzer (1959), Foundations of Aerodynamics, Section 3.5 (2nd edition), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York ISBN 0-471-50952-3 12. ^ Clancy, L.J., Aerodynamics , Section 3.5 13. ^ The total pressure is composed of two parts, the static pressure and the dynamic pressure. Streeter, V.L., Fluid Mechanics 4th edition page 404 14. ^ NASA's guide to Bernoulli's Equation 15. ^ For example: Abbott, I.H. and Von Doenhoff, A.E. (1949) Theory of Wing Sections , Navier-Stokes equations - section 5.4. Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Standard Book Number 486-60586-8 16. ^ British Standard BS 185: Part 1: 1950 Glossary of Aeronautical Terms 17. ^ For example: "The pressure in cases where no motion is occurring is referred to as static pressure." Curtis D. Johnson, Process Control Instrumentation Technology, Prentice Hall (1997)
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References
Aircraft design and operation
Gracey, William (1958), Measurement of static pressure on aircraft, Langley Research Center: NACA, TR-1364, retrieved 2008-04-26. Gracey, William (1980), Measurement of aircraft speed and altitude, Langley Research Center: NASA, RP-1046, retrieved 2008-04-26. Gracey, William (1981), Measurement of Aircraft Speed and Altitude , New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN0-471-08511-1 Kermode, A.C. (1972) Mechanics of Flight, Longman Group Limited, London ISBN 0-58223740-8 Lombardo, D.A., Aircraft Systems, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill (1999), New York ISBN 0-07038605-6
Fluid dynamics
Clancy, L.J. (1975), Aerodynamics, Pitman Publishing Limited, London ISBN 0-273-01120-0 Streeter, V.L. (1966), Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill, New York
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