Amo[aJm_r = ^m{_VrH$ aMZm

boIH$

S>m. am~Q> bJ
^mfmVa

O. dm. nmJo

O. dm. nmJo
12, B{S>`m hmD$g, Q>mJmoa amoS>,
gmVmHw$P n[_, _w~B-400054
XyadZr 26615414.
Email : pagejagannath@hotmail.com
http//www.flicker.com/photos/jvpage

_wU Wi :
na\o$Q> {Q>g,
Zyar~m~m XJm amoS>, R>mUo.
XyadZr : 2534 1291
2541 3546
Email : perfectprints@gmail.com

&& BX Z __ &&
m. {_qbX Am|H$ mZr `mdoir Amo[aJm_rMr ~arM nwVHo$ AmUyZ
{Xbr V|hm Iyn H$m_ Ambo hUyZ _r Iwe hmoD$Z W_V: Vr MmiyZ _J
Hw$Ry>Z gwadmV H$am`Mr Vo R>a{dbo. `mM doir S>m. bJ `mMo Origami and
Geometric Constructions. ho _amR>rV ^mfmVa H$mam`Mo Z$s Ho$bo Ver
Zm|X nU _aU dhrV Ho$br. H$mhr H$mimZVa hUOoM gw_mao XmoZ VrZ
_{h`mZr _aU dhr MmiVmZm hm {ZM` AmT>ibm Am{U VmH$mi
H$m_mbm bmJbmo. `mMr n[aUrVr AmO hmoVmZm g_mYmZ hmoV Amho.
ho nwVH$ H$moU dmMUma? hm Z hmoVmM Am{U `mbm ~mOma _y`
ey`. _J H$embm hm IQ>mQ>mon Ago dmQo>b. nU nwVH$ dmMUo Am{U
^mfmVarV H$aUo m _`o Amn`mbm Vo OmV H$iob. Ho$di dmMZmZo
{VVH$m H$me nS>Uma Zmhr ho n> hmoVo. `m_wio hm m{dS>r mUm`m_.
_wimV J{UVmMm A`mg H$_r Am{U AmdS> A{YH$,Amo[aJm_r `WmVWmM
Am{U Sm. bJ gma`m {dd {d`mVmMo nwVH$ nU Ho$bo YmS>g !
^maVmV Amo[aJm_r gw hmoD$Z Odi Odi 40 df} Pmbr nU dV:
Mr aMZm H$aUmao \$maM H$_r . `m_wio dVMr aMZm H$a`mgmR>r _mJXeZ
hmoBb hr ^mdZm. Oo AmnUmgr R>mdo, Vo gdmZm gmJmdo hr H$nZm.
m nwVH$mV _mPo `moJXmZ ZJ`. nwVH$ {Xbo Am|H$ `mZr , _amR>r
Q>H$ boIZ Ho$bo {eH$dbo Am|H$ `mZr , _mJXeZ bm^bo Vo gwX lr.nmR>mao,
lr. adr AmnQo>, {demIm AmnQo>, lr.H$_boe JmYr, lr. aZmH$a _hmOZ,
lr. lrnmX ZmS>H$Uu `mMo. _yV dn Xo`mMo H$m_ AmnybH$sZo Ho$bo Vo S>m.
H$me gmJwS>}H$a, {dbmg gmJwS>}H$a Am{U `mMo ghH$mar `mZr. gOmdQ>
dJao gd H$mhr `mMoM. `mMm G$Ur Amho.
dmMH$mZm gmJmdogo dmQ>Vo H$s AmnU J{UV {eH$Vmo Bpbe_YyZ
`m_wio J{UVmgmaIm {df` Am{U _amR>r ^mfm `m_wio pbQ>Vm dmT>Vo.
Var nU Ho$di dmMZ Z H$aVm `mMm dmna `jmV Ho$bm Va Y` hmoBZ.
3

g_Wm`m CVr_mUo "AmYr Ho$bo Am{U _J gm{JVbo' `m_mUo _mPr

""H$mhr'' Tesselations _bnR>mda nmhVm `oVrb.
Vohm `m MwH$m AgVrb `m H$a`mMo H$m_ _r Ho$bo Amho. ""dmV
gwIm`'' Ho$bobo ho `Z H$moUm`m Var Cn`moJr Ambo Var ^$Z nmdbmo
Ago _r hUoZ
An_Vr Ag`mZo A{YH$ {b{hUo g`w{$H$ hmoUma Zmhr, `m_wio
BWoM aOm `mdr ho Cm_ .
- O. dm. nmJo

AZwH$_{UH$m
1. am~Q> bJ

2. Amo[aJm_r = ^y{_VrVrb aMZm

3. {_mZ AH$ nVrZo H$mJXmMo ^mJ H$aUo

12

4. n[a_o` AnyUmH$ (Rational fractions)

21

5. \w$Or_moQ>mo aMZm (Fujimoto Construction)

26

6. hJmMr aMZm Umbr

32

7. An[a_o` JwUmoma (Irrational Proportions)

nwZamdVuV hmoUmao d AZVmn`V OmUmao AnyUmH$

35

8.

Quadratic surds

41

9. H$moZmMr {d^mJUr

47

10. _yi VdmqH$V Amo[aJm_r

55

11. mW{_H$ Amd`H$Vm

59

12. JhrVH$ ghm Am{U KZ-g_rH$aUmMo JmobmH$ma

68

13. gJUH$mZo AMyH$ e`Vm

74

14. gX^

81

am~Q> bJ
S>m. bJ ho Jobr gw_mao Mmirg df} Amo[aJm_r H$aV AgyZ, OJmVrb EH$
{d`mV Amo[aJm_r aMZmH$ma AmhoV.
Amo[aJm_r Am{U J{UV `mMr gmJS> Kmb`m`m {H$`oVrb EH$ _wI d
AmJhr `$s_d AgyZ 2006 gmbt Origami Science , Mathematics and
Education m AmVaam>r` n[afXoMo {Z_H$ hmoVo d H$m`_Mo _wI gX` AmhoV.
`mZr AVamimVrb Xw~uU, H$ma AnKmVmV Ord dmMdUmar Air - bags Mr
aMZmH$Vr, Amf{YH$ narjUmgmR>rMr CnH$aUo, `mgmR>r Amo[aJm_rMm dmna H$gm
H$amdm hUyZ OmJ{VH$ Vamda gmJma hUyZ Cm_ H$m_ Ho$bo Amho.
`mZr dV: d g`w$nUo Amo[aJm_r aMZmH$VtMr AZoH$ nwVHo$ d nwH$i
boI {b{hbo AgyZ, Amo[aJm_r, J{UV, {dkmZ, d VkmZ m {df`mda OJ^a
AZoH$ `m`mZo {Xbr AmhoV.
`mZr {bhbo`m AmoarJm{_`m nwVH$mVyZ AZoH$ AdKS> d Zg{JH$ gmY`
VVmoVV nmiUm`m aMZmMr {Z{_Vr {dfX Ho$br Amho. {deofV: ""H$sQ>H$,{H$So>,
Am{U mUr.'' `mZr `mgmR>r gJUH$mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm AgyZ A`m aMmZmdbr
~Z{d`mgmR>r gJUH$mMr Amkmdbr - Tree maker ,Referance point. ~Z{dbr
Amho. Vr gdmZm CnbY nU Ho$br Amho.
Amo[aJm_r _`o gJUH$mMm Cn`moJ AmUyZ `mZr VkmZmVrb J{Ver
_oi gmYbm Amho. `mZr ~amM H$mi NASA Mo gmJma hUyZ nU nwH$i
H$m_ Ho$bo Amho.
A{YH$ _m{hVrgmR>r nhm;- http://www.langorigami.com . m do~ da
{_iob.

Amo[aJm_r = ^y{_VrVrb aMZm

{df` AmoiI :
embo` OrdZmV H$nmg Am{U gai aofo`m ^y{_VrVrb aMZm `m`mer K{Z>
g~Y `oVmo. Va AmO`m OrdZebrV embo` dmVmdaUmVrb EH$ Hw$Vyhb AerM
^mdZm ^m{_{VH$ aMZo~m~V ~hVmMr Amho. naVw JrH$ d BOrpe`ZZm _m hr EH$
amoO`m OrdZmVrb AZoH$ H$m`nVr nH$s EH$, ^m{_{VH$ Am{U ZH$mem
H$mT>`mgmR>rMo gmYZ dmQ>Vo.
n>r d H$nmg `mMr _XV KoCZ gai aofm H$mT>Uo d H$nmgm`m ghm`mZo
dH$mH$ma H$g H$mTy>Z aofoda g_mZ AVa Xe{dUo dm ZwgVrM gai aofm n>r`m
ghm`mZo H$mT>Uo ghO H$aVm `oVo. `m Xmohr Jmo>tMm EH$mMdoir Cn`moJ hmoBb Ago
Zmhr. (Ogo {H$ EH$m _moR>m aofoda H$nmgm`m _XVrZo R>am{dH$ AVa Xe{dUo)
m{edm` EH$ doJir _ZmoaOH$ {H$`m hUOo H$mJXmbm KS>m KmbyZ aMZm
H$aUo. H$nmg d n>rnojm {h, {H$`m _OoXma d `jmV A{YH$ Cn`moJr Amho
{deofV: Amo[aJm_r H$aVmZm. Amo[aJm_r hUOoM H$mJXmMm EH$ VwH$S>m KodyZ, Z
H$mnVm d {MH$Q>drVm AZoH$ gwaoI {VH$Vr ~Z{d`mMr H$bm. EH$m H$mJXmVyZ
AZoH$ Ae` dmQ>Um`m {VH$Vr. Zg{JH$ gmY` d gwaoIVm gmYyZ ~Z{dUo e`
Amho. ho AmYw{ZH$ Amo[aJm_rZo XmI{dbo Amho. Amo[aJm_r H$bmH$VrVrb gmX`mZo
gm_m` _mUyg VgoM AZoH$ Vk d J{UVkmZm AmH${fV Ho$bo Amho. EH$m_mJmo_mJ
EH$ gm`m Am{U ghOVoZo `oUm`m KS>m KmbyZ gm` Ho$bobr {VH$Vr; `mVrb
{d{dYVm; {dMmamMr Imobr, ho m AmH$fUmMo H$maU Amho. ~hVmer gd Amo[aJm_r
aMZm H$_dma KS>m KmbyZ V`ma hmoVmV d `mgmR>r `oH$ gX^ q~Xy AWdm aofoMr
AmIUr Ho$bobr AgVo. {H$`oH$ doim gmonr qH$dm pb>. Ogo {H$ bm~r dm XrMo
g_^mJ H$aUo, g_Om 3,8,12 dJao. A`m aMZm _mnZ H$$Z e` AmhoV nU
KS>m KmbyZ ho q~Xy {_i{dUo AmZXXm`r Amho. {deofV J{UV d ^y{_VrMm dmna
H$$Z H$_dma nVrZo ho gX^ q~Xy emoYyZ H$mT>`mMm AmZX g_mYmZXm`H$ Amho.
hUyZM EH$ {d{e> _mU~ ^mJ ~Z{dVmZm EImm ~mOyMm qH$dm aofodarb
q~XwnmgyZ H$moZmMm ^mJ H$mT>`mMr AmoarJm_rVrb nV V`ma H$aUo B> hmoD$Z `m
8

KS>m`m H$_dma nVrZo, J{UVr, d ^m{_{VH$ nVrZo ~m gmYZo dmn$Z

H$mT>md`m`m nVrda _mV Ho$br. m boIm_`o Amo[aJm_rMm dmna H$$Z, AZoH$
^m{_{VH$ g_^mJ H$go H$amdm`Mo Vo {dfX Ho$bo Amho. m gd Wm AZoH$ d {d{dY
AgyZ `m J{UVmVrb AZoH$ emImer AmYma^yV AmhoV. ho H$m`jo {demb Am{U
{d{dY Amho BVHo$M Zho Va `mMo J{UVm_Y`m emImer Agbobo ZmVo AM{~V
H$aUmao Amho.
W_V: AmoarJm{_Vrb H$mhr H$VtMr ~mYUr {_mZ g`m nVrer (Binary
System) H$er {ZJS>rV Amho ho XedyZ _J nwTo> H$mhr {R>H$mUr `mMm {dH$mg
Arbitrary rational fraction dmn$Z H$gm Ho$bm Amho ho gm{JVbo OmBb. H$mhr
{R>H$mUr Va An[a_o` AH$ (irrational) gwm AmoarJm{__`o dmnabo AmhoV. `mMr
CXmhaUo nU AmnU nmh. `m{edm` AmnU AXmOmZo KmVbo`m KS>mMm nU
{dMma H$$`m. `mMm J{UVr _mUmer g~Y Zgob. nU `jmV `mMr ghOVm
d Cn`mo{JVm A{YH$ _hdmMr Agob. `mM~amo~a _mU^yV Vdmer g~{YV A`m
WmMm Chmnmoh hmoBb. Ogo H$s Ho$hm AmnU KS>mZr e` Agbobr _mU~Vm
H$$ eH$Vmo d `mgmR>r H$moU`m _yb^yV Vdm`m ghm`mZo Am{U gJUH$mMr
_XV KoD$Z KS>mMm H$_dma AmamIS>m V`ma H$aVm `oBb `mMr A{YH$ _m{hVr
Amo[aJm_r aMZm {df`r`m nwVH$mVyZ {_iob.
mW{_H$, mV{dH$ ^mJ d `m`m
^m{_{VH$ aMZm _mUoM AmoarJm{__`o AZoH$ {d{dYVm Amho. gdW_
_w`V: EH$ MmagmH$ma H$mJXmMm VwH$S>m KodyZ gwadmV hmoVo. (${MV gJr
Am`VmH$ma, nMH$moZmH$V qH$dm BVa H$mhr bm~r, XrMo _mU Agbobo H$mJX
dmnabo OmVmV) _w` hoVy Mmagm`m H$S>mda qH$dm _`o Hw$Ro>hr R>am{dH$ gw{ZpMV
_mUmZwgma, gX^ q~XyMr {Z{_Vr H$a`mgmR>r KS>m KmbUo hm AgVmo. m gX^
q~XyMm Cn`moJ H$$Z KS>mMr H$_dmar {ZpMV Ho$br OmVo {O`m `moJo gwXa {Z{_Vr
_yV $n KoVo. hr H$_dma aMZm H$aVmZmgwm H$mhr gX^ q~Xy bmJVmV Oo H$mhr aofmMo
No>X q~Xy AgVmV qH$dm H$So>Mm No>X gwm Agy eH$Vmo. AmXe AmoarJm{_`m H$_dma
nVrV EH$m KS>r _mJmo_mJ EH$ Ago {ZX}e {Xbobo AgVmV Am{U `oH$ KS>rgmR>r
gX^ q~Xy n> Ho$bobo AgVmV Ogo qH$, No>X q~Xy, H$mJXmMr H$S>m, EImXr KS>r
qH$dm XmoZ KS>mMm No>X q~Xy.
9

darb Xmohr H$Vr nyU Ho$`mda KS>m CKS>`mZo AmnU EH$ Zdr aofmH$Vr
V`ma Ho$br. VgoM AmnU XmoZ gX^ q~Xy nU V`ma Ho$bo. Oo ~mOy`m aofmMo _`q~Xy
AmhoV. `oH$ gX^ q~Xy n>nUo {ZX}{eV Ho$bm AgyZ Vmo H$S>m d KS>r m XmoZ
aofmMm No>Xq~Xy Amho.
`m Xmohr {H$`mnVr, AmoarJm_rZo Ho$bo`m ^m{_{VH$ aMZmMr {Z`_mdbr
Xe{dVmV.
1) gd aofm m Mmagm`m H$S>m qH$dm H$mJXmdarb KS>rZo Xe{d`m OmVmV.
2) gd gX^ q~Xy ho XmoZ aofmMo No>X q~Xy AgVmV.
3) gd KS>mMr {Z{_Vr q~Xy Am{U aofmMr EH${Vm gmYyZ qH$dm H$mhr aofmMr
EH${Vm H$$Z {ZpMV Ho$br OmVo.
4) ${MV gJr EH$m KS>rbm g_^mJmV gnmQ> H$$Z (SQUASH){ZpMV Ho$`m
OmVmV.

11

{_mZ KS>mMo JhrVH$ (Binary Folding Algorithm)

W_ hm {df` ~Q>ZZr {dfX Ho$bm d bJ `mZr `mMm {dVma Ho$bm. m
nVrZo {_mZ AH$ nVrMm Cn`moJ H$$Z Hw$R>`mhr {_mZ AnyUmH$m`m _mUmMr
{Z_mU Umbr V`ma H$aVm `oVo. {_mZ _mnZ nVrV Ho$di XmoZM AH$ AmhoV 1 d
0. BVa gd AH$ ho m XmoZ AH$mMm YmJm dmn$Z V`ma hmoVmV. Imbrb H$mo>H$mV
Vo 1 AH$ 10 {_mZ nVrV XmI{dbo AmhoV .
Xe_mZ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

{_mZ
1
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
1001
1010

VVm H$. 1 1 Vo 10 AH$mMo {_mZ nVrV nmVa

_
2Z

Agm Hw$R>bmhr {_mZ AnyUmH$ AmnU Z KS>m KmbyZ XmIdy eH$Vmo.

Am{U Vr nV hUOoM `m AnyUmH$mMo {_mZ AnyUmH$mMo CXmhaU.
Amn`m Xe_mZ nVrVrb AmH$So> {b{h`m`m arVrMm Cn`moJ H$$Z {_mZ
AnyUmH$ H$mT>Vm `oVmo. Xe_mZ nVrV {b{hbobm AH$ 10 m AH$m`m KmVmMr
_mS>Ur H$Z {bhrbm OmVmo. Ogo
1043=10 3+0 x10 2+4 x10 1+3 x10 0
= 1000 +0+40+3 -------------- (1)
13

hrM nV \$$ (2) Mo KmV dmn$Z hUOoM AH$ "1' d "0' dmnZ {_mZ
AH$ {b{hbo OmVmV. Ogo
1011 = 1x23+0x22+1x21+1x20
= 8+0+2+1
= 11 ---------------------------- (2)
m_mUo Hw$R>bmhr AH$ AmnU 1 d 0 ho XmoZ AH$ dmn$Z {_mZ nVrV
{bh eH$Vmo. `mM nVrZo AmnU {_mZ AnyUmH$ {h Xe_mZ nVrMr {H$`m dmn$Z
{bh eH$Vmo.
\$aH$ EdT>mM qH$ AnyUmH$ hm Xe_mZ nVrV qQ>~ XoD$Z {b{hbm OmVmo.
`mbm AmnU Xeme {Mh hUVmo BWo AmnU `m q~Xwbm {_mZ Ae hUy eHy$.
CXmhaUmW 0.753 hUOo
0.753 = 7x10-1 + 5x10-2+3x10-3 = 753/1000 ---- (3)
VgoM AmnU {_mZ AnyUmH$Mo Cma
0.111 = 1x2-1 + 1x2-2 +1x2-3 = 7/8 ------------ (4)
BVa H$mhr CXmhaUo nmh
Xe_mZ
1/2
1/4
3/4

{_mZ
0.1
0.01
0.11

hUOoM Hw$R>bmhr AnyUmH$ `mMm No>X hm 2 m AH$mMm KmV Agob Va

{_mZ AnyUmH$ nVrV q~Xy ZVa gw{ZpMV AH$mV {b{hVm `oBb.
Hw$R>`mhr AnyUmH$mMr {_mZ AnyUmH$ H$mT>`mMr nV :(1) W_ {_mZ q~Xy {bhm.
(2) Amn`m AnyUmH$mg 2 Zo JwUm.
(3) m JwUmH$mamVyZ Ambobm nyUmH$mMm ^mJ (1 qH$dm 0) q~Xy nwTo> {bhm.
14

(4) nwTo> nwhm H$_mH$ (2) d H$_mH$ (3) m {H$`m, `oH$ doir `oUmao AmH$S>o
CO`m ~mOyg dmT>dV eof ey` `oB n`V H$am.
_

mMmM AW `mdoir 2Z hm AnyUmH$, {_mZ nVrV ~XbVmo V|hm {_mZ

q~Xy ZVa `mo` Vo ey` n[a_mU KoD$Z "_' hm AH$ {_mZ nVrV ~XbVmo.
naVw Oa AnyUmH$mMm No>X AH$ hm 2 AH$mMm KmV Zgob Va H$m` Agm Z
1

C^m amhVmo. CXmhaUmW Oa AmnU hm AnyUmH$ {_mZ nVrV ~Xbbm Va

3
`m_`o ey` ~mH$s H$YrM `oV Zmhr. Va AmnUmg EH$ AmH$S>mMr A_`mX
1

gmIir {Xgob. = 0.010101................Oa AH$ n[a_o` (rational)

3
Agob Va Vmo XmoZ nyUmH$mMo JwUmoma AgVmo Am{U hUyZM AH$mMr A_`m{XV
gmIir {XgyZ `oVo.
AnyUmH$mMm ~Xb {_mZ nVrV Ho$`mda {_iUmam AH${h Vo JwUmoma
{_id`mgmR>r Kmbmd`m`m KS>mMr nV AgVo. W_ AmnU H$`m KS>m
Kmbmd`m`m Vr gkm nmhy.
(1) {_mZ AnyUmH$m EdT>o AVa KS>m KmbyZ {ZpMV H$a`mgmR>r `mMm {_mZ
AnyUmH$ {bhm.
(2) _J AnyUmH$m`m CO`m ~mOyg gwadmV H$$Z (gdmV H$_r _hdmMm AmH$S>m)
n{h`m AmH$S>mgmR>r (Omo Zoh_rM 1 Agob H$maU `m`m nwT>bo ey`
AmnU AJmoXaM H$mTy>Z H$mT>bobo AgVrb) MmagmMr daMr ~mOy nm`mbm
{_idyZ H$S>obm (Pinch) KS>r KmbyZ CKS>m.
(3) `mZVa Cabo`m AnyUmH$mVrb nwT>`m `oH$ AH$mgmR>r Oo 1 qH$dm 0
AgVrb H$Vr (A )AH$ 1 Agob Va H$mJXmMr daMr ~mOy AJmoXa Ho$bo`m IyUog {_idyZ Z{dZ
IyU H$Z CKS>m Am{U
(~) Oa AH$ ey` Agob Va H$mJXmMm Vi AJmoXa Ho$bo`m IwUoer OwidyZ ZdrZ
IyU H$Z CKS>m. ho JhrVH$ {_mZ AnyUmH$m`m {dVmam~amo~a VmSy>Z nm{hbo
Va Vo H$go H$m_ H$aVo ho ghO g_Oob.
15

Figure 4. (Top) Folding the bottom edge up to a crease r gives a new crease (r/2) from the
bottom. (Bottom) Folding the top edge down to a crease r gives a new crease ((1+r)/2) from the
bottom.

m CXmhaUmd$Z AmnU Ago hUy eH$Vmo. qH$ H$g nVrZo H$_dmamZo

AnyUmH$ {ZpMV H$$Z XmoZ H$mao AmnUmbm H$moU`mhr {_mZ AnyUmH$mMr KS>r
KmbVm `oBb.
m d$Z Ago {g hmoVo qH$ n{h`m nVrnojm {nX AnyUmH$m`m ghm`mZo
KS>m Kmb`mMr nV A{YH$ Cn`moJr Amho.

_
2Z

m AnyUmH$mgmR>r n{h`m

nVrV 2Z-1 BV`m KS>m Kmbm`m bmJVrV Va Xwg`m nVrV \$$ Z.

{_mZ g`m nVrZo AMyH$VoH$So> OmUo. (Binary Approximations)
`m AnyUmH$mMm No>X hm 2 AH$mMm KmV AgVmo VohmM {Z[V AmH$S>m_`o
{_mZ AnyUmH$ gn hmoVmo. BVa ~`mM AnyUmH$mMm {_mZ nVrVrb ~Xb hm
AZV Agy eH$Vmo Am{U _J Vmo AnyUmH$ H$mhr _`mXo ZVa gw{Z[V Ho$bm OmVmo.
Omo OdiVrb Odi Agy eH$Vmo. (Close Adoroximation) Am{U ho Hw$R>`mhr
AH$ Umbr_Yo hmoUmaM Ogo {_mZ, {_mZ, MVwl_mZ dm Xe_mZ nV CXmhaUmW
Xe_mZ nVrV 1 =0.333(AZVmn`V) hUyZ Oa Xeme {MhmZVa EH$M AH$
3

KoD$Z Wm~bmo Va

1 3
=
3 10

1 33
=
3 100

Omo

nojm A{YH$ Odi Agob Am{U 3 AH$ KoVbo Va (0.333),

1 333
=
3 1000

Oo `mhZ A{YH$ Odi Agob. hrM dVwpWVr {_mZ nVrV nU

3
10

hm OdiMm AH$ R>aob, Oa XmoZ AH$mZVa Wm~bmo Va

nhmd`mg {_iVo. g_Om AmnU 13 hm AnyUmH$, {_mZ nVrV q~Xy ZVa 2 AH$m
ZVa Wm~bmo Va

1
4

1
= 0.01 ho 3 AH$mMo AJXrM {d{M d Z nQ>Umao H$` hmoBb.

nU AmnU 0.0101 bm Wm~bmo Va

5
16

hUOo

21

1
3

`m ~aoM Odi nmohMy. Am{U

0.010101= 64 KoVbo Va hm AnyUmH$ 1% nojm H$_tOdi Agob. hUOoM

AmnU Hw$R>bmhr AnyUmH$, {_mZ AnyUmH$ nVrV A`m arVrZo I{S>V H$$ eH$Vmo.
AmnUmg {H$Vr AMyH$Vm gmYbr Amho ho _m{hV Agob. `m_wio AmnUmbm KS>m
KmbyZ gw{ZpMV _mUm`m ~aoM Odi OmVm `oBb Am{U `mgmR>r AnyUmH$mMo
17

dmadma KS>r KmbyZ h>rM AMyH$Vm {_id`mMr nV AmnU BVa AnyUmH$mgmR>r

hr dmn$ eH$Vmo. g_Om Amnbm AnyUmH$ 15 Amho. `mMo {_mZ nmVa 0.0011
`m gmR>r KS>mMr H$m` Umbr gwm VerM hUOo daMr ~mOy XmoZXm KS>r Kmbm.
_J nm`mH$Sy>Z XmoZXm KS>r Kmbm Ago AmnUmg B> doim H$aV amhm. gd {_mZ ZgUmao
n[a_o` AnyUmH$ (non binary rational fractions) ho AZVmn`V VoM AmH$So> dmadma
`oUmao AgVmV Am{U `mgmR>r hr nV Cn`moJmV AmUVm `oBb
.
mMrM CbQ> {V{H$`m Oa AmnU {dMmamV KoVbr, hUOoM W_ KS>m
Kmbm`Mo R>a{dbo. g_Om qH$ da`m ~mOyZo XmoZ KS>m d nm`mH$Sy>Z 3 KS>m Ago
dmadma Ho$bo Va AmnU H$moUVm AnyUmH$ AMyH$ emoYy? A`m {H$`oMm {_mZ
AnyUmH$ 0.11000 Agob. Va _J `mMo nmVa H$a`mMr gd_m` H$m` Umbr
Amho. dmadma VmoM AH$ `oUmam n[a_o` AnyUmH$ ~XbVmZm, naV naV `oUmam AH$
hm AnyUmH$m `m No>X aofo`m da {bhm`Mm Am{U aofoImbr No>X {b{hVmZm {VVHo$M
AmH$So> No>Xm_`o {bhm`Mo. \$$ Or AH$ nV hdr Agob `m AH$mVyZ 1 dOm
H$am`Mm. AmnUmg {_mZ nVrV ~Xb hdm hUyZ 2-1=1 hm AH$ {OVHo$
AmH$So> Aem_`o AmhoV {VV`m doim No>X _`o {bhm`Mm. hUyZ :
0.11000=
AmnU Or

24
11000
{_mZ =
= Xe_mZ ------------(7)
31
11111

iterative
2
1
(AmH$Vr 5) `m_`o 3 d 3

(dmadma )nV

1
3

m AnyUmH$ H$[aVm dmnabr.

m XmohrMr EH$$nVm Pmbr. `mMo H$maU Amn`m

AMyH$Vm emoY`m`m nVrV AmnU 01 {h Umbr dmnabr Vr XmoZ AnyUmH$mgmR>r
EH$M Amho Vo Ago : 0.01 Am{U 0.10 `mMo dmadma KS>r Kmb`mMm H$ma
EH$gmaImM Amho. (CYCLIC) m d$Z Ago {XgyZ `oVo {H$ dmadma KS>`m`m
nVrV dH$s` pW`Va (cyclic permutation) Agob `mMm g~Y Va AmnUmg
EH$ n[a{_V gMmer `oBb (rational set.) CXmhaUmW (011)(d$Z Imbr, d$Z
Imbr, d$Z Imbr) {h nV dmnabr Va
001 1
=
221 7

010 2
100 4
= Am{U
= --------------(8)
121 7
111 7
19

AmnU Hw$R>bmhr AH$ _J Vmo n[a_o` (rational) qH$dm An[a_o` (irrational)

Agob {_mZ AH$ UmbrV ~Xby eH$Vmo. `m_wio `m AH$mer OdimV Odi
OmUmar KS>mMr H$m` Umbr V`ma hmoVo .
{_mZ AnyUmH$m`m AMyH$Vo`m g{hVoMm (power of binary approximation
algorithm) ^mdrnUm dm gm_` ho nwH$i H$_r KS>m KmbyZ, C XOmMr AMyH$Vm
gmYVm `oVo. Amn`mbm nm{hOo Agbo`m AMyH$VogmR>r {H$Vr KS>m bmJVrb Vo
AmnUmg J{UVmZo gmJVm `oBb. Oa AmnUmbm a hm AnyUmH$ (B) AMyH$VoZo
H$mT>m`Mm Agob Va {_mZ AnyUmH$ nVrZo H$mT>`mg bmJUmar KS>mMr g`m
m_`o
[ (Log2

) - 1 ] ------------------------------------------------------(9)

m_`o {h g`m Odi`m nyUmH$m`m CV_ _`mXoer {ZJS>rV Agob.

(function) `mhZhr H$_r AMyH$Vm AOyZ H$_r KS>m KmbyZ gmYVm `oBb . Oa
AmnU {_mZ AnyUmH$ _`m{XV n[adVZmZVa {ZX}{eV Ho$bm g_Om m/p Va `mMr
H$_dmar {h {_mZ KS>r UmbrZo. AmnU bin(m/p) Yabr Va Vr
Rank (bin (m/p)) =log2 p [2 is base of log]------------------------(10)

Ho$di VmpdH$ J{UVr >rH$moZmVyZ {dMma Ho$bm Va J{UVr dmnamZo AMyH$

Ho$bobr aMZm AmZXXm`r Agob nU `mdhm[aH$ >rH$moZmVyZ `jmer Odi
AgUmar aMZm H$_r XOmMr Agbr Var gmonr Ag`m_wio A{YH$ Cn`moJr Agob.
1
Oa 1000
AMyH$Vm (Or ~`mM Amo[aJm_r H$m` UmbrV _mU _mZVmV) `mgmR>r
g_rH$aU 9 _`o XmI{d`m_mUo 9 KS>m bmJVrb. nU `jmV ho Cma `m
nojm H$_r KS>mZr gmYbo OmVo {VWo AMyH$Voer WmoS>r VS>OmoS> Ho$br OmVo.

VgoM m nVrMm Xwgam \$m`mMm _wm Agm {H$ `oH$ doir gnU
y KS>r
Kmb`mMr Oar Zmhr Va H$mJXm`m H$So>da N>mQo >mgm {M_Q>m KoD$Z gX^ q~Xy {_i{dVm
`oVmo. `m_wio dmadma KS>m KmbyZ H$mJX MwaJiyZ Q>mH$`mMr Oar Zmhr.
{OWo AmnUmbm nm{hOo Agbobo AVa AMyH$ nm{hOo {VWo {_mZ UmbrMm
Cm_ Cn`moJ hmoVmo. {_mZ Umbr {h AnyUmH$mMm No>X hm AH$mMm KmV AgVmo
{VWo eV{VeV AMyH$ AgVo. BVa AnyUmH$mgmR>r A{YH$ AMyH$Vm {_i{d`mgmR>r
BVa nVr nU dmnaVm `oVmV. `mMm {dMma AmnU nwTo> nmh.
20

AmnU 1 n[a_mU Agbobm Mmag KoD$Z Aer H$UmMr KS>r Kmby`m qH$
nm`m`m S>m`m H$mon`m nmgyZ da`m ~mOy`m CO`m H$mon`m n`V OmBb. `mZVa
AmnU XmoZ ~mOyda `oH$s EH$ w Am{U x AVamdarb XmoZ q~Xy {ZpMV H$$Z
`mZm OmoS>Umar KS>r Kmby`m. m XmoZ KS>m`m No>X q~Xy nmgyZ nm`mda b~ Q>mH$bm
d Xwg`m ~mOyda b~ Q>mH$bm. _J mMo AVa y (`) Ago hUy`m _J Vo ` AVa
H$mT>`mgmR>r `mMm Cd[aV ^mJ Omo Amho `mMo AVa gmh{OH$M z = 1-y Amho.
------------------(11)
EH$_oH$mg No>XUmao XmoZ H$U Ko`mMm _yi hoVy Agm qH$ AmnU w Am{U _ ho
gmono {_mZ AnyUmH$ {ZdS>m`Mo {H$ AmnUmg hdm Agbobm a/b hm AnyUmH$ (Vmo
{_mZ UmbrV Zmhr) Vmo ghO H$mT>Vm `oBb .g_Om AmnU w Am{U x ho {_mZ
UmbrVrb AnyUmH$ Ago {ZdS>bo.
W=

X=

-------------------------- (12)

{OWo m Am{U n ho nyUmH$ p AH$mnojm bhmZ AgyZ n hm AH$ 2 AH$mMm

KmV Agob. `m_wi:o --------------(13)

,
a

`m_wio y= b ho g_rH$aUmMo g_rH$aUmMo gy Agob Va `mMr KS>m

Kmb`mMr H$m`Umbr Aer Agob.
(1) P hm Agm {ZpMV H$am qH$ Omo 2 AH$mMm KmV AgyZ Vmo a Am{U b a m Xmohr AH$mhZ _moR>m {H$dm `m`m ~amo~a Agob.
(2) m=a, Am{U n= (p+a-b) Ago Z$s H$am .
(3) `m_wio AmnUmbm w=m/p, Am{U x=n/p ho gX^ q~Xy S>m`m Am{U
CO`m ~mOyda {ZpMV H$aVm `oVrb. `mZm OmoSy>Z KS>r Kmbm.
22

`m nVrV AmnUmg Ago {Xgob {H$ nm`mMr XmoZ AnyUmH$mV R>am{dH$ JwUmomamV
{d^mJUr gmYbr Amho.
----------------------(14)

BWo w Am{U x ho AH$ {_mZ nVrVrb AnyUmH$ {ZdS>bo AmhoV.

---------------------------(15)

`md$Z Ago {g hmoVo qH$

Y =

m
n
, z=
-----------------------------------------------(16)
m+n
m+n

gmh{OH$M

a
b

ho JwUmoma V`ma H$a`mgmR>r KS>mMr H$m`Umbr Aer amhrb.

(1) p hm Agm {ZdS>m qH$ `mMm 2 Mm bKwm_ KmV hm a Am{U b-a m nojm
A{YH$ Agob.
(2) VgoM m=a, n=b-a Aer `mMr J{UVr g`oV qH$_V Agob.
m
n
(3) {_mZ AH$ Umbr dmn$Z w= p , x= p , ho AnyUmH$, Mmagm`m S>m`m d
CO`m ~mOyda {ZpMV H$am.
(4) 'w d 'x ho nm`m`m H$mon`m {d {XeoZo OmoS>m.
a
(5) m XmoZ aofmMm No>X q~Xy , b hm AnyUmH$ Xe{dVmo d {h `m q~XyMr CMr VgoM
S>m`m ~mOynmgyZMo AVa AgVo.
Y=a/b

Z= 1-y

Rank

1/3

2/3

1/2

1/5

4/5

1/4

1/6

5/6

1/8

5/8

1/7

6/7

1/8

3/4

2/7

5/7

1/4

5/8

3/7

4/7

3/4

1/9

8/9

1/8

2/9

7/9

1/4

7/8

4/9

5/9

1/2

5/8

1/10

9/10

1/16

9/16

10

3/10

7/10

3/8

7/8

VVm H$_mH$ 3 _`o VVm 2 MoM AnyUmH$ KoD$Z `mMm XOm Xe{dbm Amho.
25

AmnU P Agm {ZdS>m`Mm qH$ `mMm 2 Mm KmV hm; AnyUmH$mMm b No>X

Am{U m=b-p mhZ bhmZ Agob.
y=

p
-------------------------------------------------------------(19)
b

`m_wio AmnUmg BpN>V No>X b {_iob. 'P' hm {_mZ UmbrVrb Ag`m_wio

Amn`m {dMma g{hVm (algorithm) dmn$Z
z=

a
p

{_iob. Am{U _J JwUmomao

a
a p a
y = x = ----------------------------------------------------------- (20)
p
p b b

{h nyU {dMma g{hVm Imbrb _mUo Amho:(p) hm Agm {ZdS>m`Mm qH$ 2 Mm A{YH$V_ KmV hm b nojm bhmZ Agob.
x=

(b p)
p

{_mZ UmbrMm Cn`moJ H$$Z AmH$Vr H$_mH$ 9 _mUo x hr nm`mg

g_mVa KS>r Kmbm.
p

\w$Or_moQ>mo H$m`Umbr dmnam `m `moJo CO`m ~mOyg AmnUmbm ( b ) hm

a

AnyUmH$ {ZpMV H$aVm `oBb. {_mZ Umbr dmn$Z b hm AnyUmH$ {ZpMV H$am.
AmnUmg {ZpMV H$amd`mMo d {_mZ UmbrV ~Xbbo Zgbo`m AnyUmH$mMm
V$m Imbr {Xbm Amho.
Imbrb V$m H$_mH$ 4 _`o {_mZ Umbr_`o Z ~Xbbo`m AnyUmH$mMr
H$m`Umbr d XOm (rank) Xm{Idbm Amho.

27

y=a/b

1-y

m/p

a/p

Rank

1/3

2/3

1/2

1/2

1/5

4/5

1/4

1/4

1/6

5/6

1/2

1/4

1/7

6/7

3/4

1/4

2/7

5/7

3/4

1/2

3/7

4/7

3/4

3/4

1/9

8/9

1/8

1/8

2/9

7/9

1/8

1/4

4/9

5/9

1/8

1/2

1/10

9/10

1/4

1/8

3/10

7/10

1/4

3/8

VVm 6 :- hJm`m _o`mZwgma, {_mZ Umbr AnyUmH$, `m`m

aMZogmR>r bmJUmao AnyUmH$ d XOm
hr aMZm nVr Zmo_m`m aMZonojm gmYr gai Amho Am{U g_moarb ^wOm
OmoS>Um`m H$UmMr KS>r Xm~ Z XoVm Ho$di gX^ hUyZ dmnabr Va H$mJXmda o
Hw$Ro>hr IyU amhV Zmhr.

34

An[a_o` JwUmoma (Irrational Proportions)

nwZamdVuV hmoUmao d AZVmn`V OmUmao AnyUmH$
~`mMmm AnyUmH$mMr aMZm Amo[aJm_rMm dmna H$$Z H$aVm Ambr Var
H$mhr AnyUmH$ Ago AmhoV {H$ `mMo JwUmoma AmoarJm_rZo H$aUo Odi Odi
Ae` Amho qH$dm Oar H$mhr Aer AMyH$VoZo H$mT>Vm Ambo Var `mgmR>r
bmJUm`m KS>mZr H$mJX ^$Z OmVmo d _J nwTo> Amo[aJm_r H$aUo Ag^d ~ZVo
1

(CXm. ) `mdoir Amo[aJm_r H$aUm`m `$sg _r ho JwUmoma H$go H$mTy> hm Z

_hdmMm ZgyZ m AnyUmH$mMo JwUmomam`m Odi {H$Vr AMwH$VoZo d H$_r KS>m
KmbyZ nmohMy eHo$Z hm AgVmo. J{UVr nVr dmn$Z 100% Q>o$ AMyH$VoZo Vo
JwUmoma H$mJXmda Xe{dVm `oBb. nU `mnojm `m AMyH$VoMr {VVH$ser Oar
`jmV AgV Zmhr. dmVdmV Mmagm`m EH$m ~mOy`m AVam`m 0.5 Q>Ho$
MyH$ hr ZJ` AgVo. Amnbm hoVy JwUmomamMr 100 QHo$ AMyH$Vm hm ZgyZ
`m`m e` {VV`m Odi OmUo hm Amho.
AmnU EH$ gmono CXmhaU nmh. g_Om AmnUmbm 60 AemMm H$moZ Mmagm`m
EH$m H$mon`mV H$mT>md`mMm Amho, hUOoM 30-60-90 Ae Agbobm {H$moU
EH$m H$mon`mV EH$m ~mOybm ~Zdm`Mm Amho. m gmR>r EH$ nV hUOo AmnU
W_ B{N>V H$monam (XmoZ ~mOyMm N>oX q~Xy) {Z[V H$amd`mMm. nhm AmH$Vr H$_mH$
17 m {H$moUm`m ~mOyMo EH$_oH$mer JwUmoma 1: 3 :2 m _mUmV AgVo. {OWo
1 hm AH$ Amn`m Mmagm`m ^yOoMo AVa AgVo hUOoM nm`mdarb ~mOyMo
AVa 3 =0.577 m AnyUmH$mMo Cma nm`mda XmI{dUo {H$ {OWo Amn`m
{H$moUmMm H$U Mmagm`m nm`mbm No>X XoVmo. AmVm ho

1
3

AVa H$go H$mT>md`mMo?

ho AVa AnyUmH$mV Agbo Var hm {_mZ AnyUmH$ Zmhr {H$ n[a_o` AnyUmH$ Zmhr.
`m_wio Amn`mOdi mMo Cma V`ma Zmhr. Amn`mbm Agm n[a_o` AnyUmH$
(rational factor) emoYmdm bmJob {H$ Vmo m AnyUmH$m`m g_mYmZH$maH$ _mUmV
(Tolerance limit) Odi Agob!

35

x
x

V`m_mUo amhVrb.
0

3
3

7
22

15
333

1
355

293
104348

106

113

33215

V$m H$_mH$ 8 - `m gbJ AnyUmH$mMo convergent

bj XoD$Z AmnU V`m _Yrb AH$ Am{U AmYr nm{hbobo AnyUmH$ `mMr
VwbZm Ho$br Va Ago {XgyZ `oBb {H$ `oH$ convergent hm _Y`m AmoirVrb
AH$ d `m`m Imbrb AH$ `mMo Amho JwUmoma Amho.
_J AmnU n[a_o` AnyUmH$mMr AMyH$Vm Ko`mMm BVH$m AmQ>m{nQ>m H$m Ho$bm? `m
EodOr Xe_mZ nVrZo AmnU AnyUmH$ nm{hOo `m AMyH$Vobm Wm~Zy H$m KoVbm Zmhr?
gbJ AnyUmH$ dmna`mMo H$maU Ago Amho {H$, convergent `m
{Z`_~Vo_wio, `oH$ convergent Mm No>X ^mJ hm hm Agbo`m AMyH$Vo`m
_mUmgmR>r bhmZmV bhmZ AH$ No>Xm_`o AgVmo hUOoM `oH$ convergent hm
Xwg`m convergent er VwbZm H$a`mAmYr CV_ AMyH$VoMm AgVmo. BWo CV_
hUOo H$_rVH$_r MyH$ (error) Ogo {H$

22
7

n`V N>oXmMm ^mJ hm 106 nojm H$_r Amho.

{h Mr gdm}m_ AMyH$Vm Amho. Omo

336
106

Mr AMyH$Vm {h Cm_ Amho H$maU

335

No>XmVrb AH$ hm 113 hZ bhmZ Amho Am{U 113 {h A{YH$V_ AMyH$ Amho
Omon`V AmnU NoXm>Vrb AH$ 33215 nojm H$_r KoV AmhmoV (Am{U m_wioM hm
22

AnyUmH$ ~`mM Aer gd_m` Amho). BVHo$M H$m` nU 7 hm AH$ `m

AMyH$Vo_`o Ho$di 0.001 Zo H$_r Amho. hUyZM Amo[aJm_r aMZmH$Vr_`o ,AMyH$
KS>mZr gX^ aofm {_iV Zgob Va gbJ AnyUmH$ nVrMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
H$moUVmhr AH$ Agy m, `mMo AmnU 4 Vo 5 convergent n{hbo Va `mVrb
H$_rV H$_r No>X AH$ KoD$Z nwH$iem AMyH$VoZo aMZm H$$ eH$Vmo Am{U Amn`m
AS>MUrda gmo`m aMZmH$VrZr _mV H$$ eH$Vmo. AmnUmg \$$ n[a_o`
AnyUmH$mMr aMZm nV _m{hVr nm{hOo. AmYrM {ddaU Ho$`m_mUo _J AmnU
aMZm nV {ZdSy> eH$Vmo.
40

Quadratic surds

AmVmn`V AmnU n[a_o` AH$ VgoM XmoZ nyUmH$mMo JwUmoma H$go H$mT>md`mMo
1

`mMr H$m`Umbr d {ddaU n{hbo. Ogo {H$ MmagmMr 9 {d^mJUr H$aUo qH$dm
EImm JwUmomam Odirb n[a_o` AnyUmH$ KoD$Z Vo JwUmoma V`ma H$aUo. m_`o,
dJ_yi, {H$moU{_VrVrb JwUmomao, KZ_yi AemMm g_mdoe hmoVm. VgoM H$mhr
g`m gJUH$ d JUH$ ` `m ghm`mZo nU {_i{dbo`m AgVrb. m gd
g`mMo OdimVrb Odi`m n[a_o` AnyUmH$mV nmVa H$$Z Vmo AnyUmH$ MmagmV
n[a_o` AnyUmH$ XmI{d`mMr nV dmn$Z {g H$aUo nm{hbo.
naVw H$mhr JwUmomao, Or dmadma dmnamdr bmJVmV, `m_`o AmoarJm{_`m
g`m Am{U gmo`m nVr Cnb AmhoV. CXmhaUmW --1
---------------------------------------------------------------(34)
a+b 2

{OWo a Am{U b ho nyUmH$ AmhoV Aem JwUmomamZm Quadratic Surds g~mo{Ybo

OmVo. (A{YH$ AMyH$VoZo gmJmd`mMo Va hm EH$ quadratic Surds Mm EH$ ^mJ
Amho Am{U `m_`o AemV EH$ EodOr Xwgam H$moUVmhr AH$ Agy eH$Vmo Am{U
dm_yim`m {R>H$mUrhr Xwgam H$moR>bmhr AH$ Agy eH$Vmo.) Aem H$maMo JwUmoma
Amo[aJm{__`o ~`mMXm dmnabo OmVo hUyZ `mMm {deof CoI Amd`H$ Amho.
AmnU H$mhr AmoarJm{_Vrb KS>mMo ZH$meo n{hbo Va Ago {Xgob qH$ gwgJVr`m
dmnamgmR>r ^m{_{VH$ H$VrMm gamg Cn`moJ hmoVmo. {OWo ~aoMgo H$moZ ho 22.5 Ae
1

m H$moZmMo JwUH$ AgVmV, Omo EH$H$ {`o`m dVwimMm 16 dm ^mJ Amho.Aem

H$ma`m _wb^yV nVrV (bases) ~hVme KS>m m EH$, Xwg`m KS>m`m
JwUmomamZo ~mY`m AgyZ `m_`o a+b 2 m JwmmomamMm A{YH$ dmna AgVmo.
CXmhaUmW AmnU EH$m MmagmV H$mhr H$moZ Xw^mOH$ KS>m Kmby {H$ Amn`mbm
MT>Vr ^mOUrZo Cma XoUm`m quadratic surds Mr H$mhr JwUmomao {_iVrb.

41

2
(1+2)/2
1/2

22
(32)/2

2
(1+2)/2
(32)/2
1/2
22
21
11/2

21

(21)/2

(21)/2
11/2

21

2+1

y Am{U x

AVa AgUmao XmoZ H$U Mmagm`m XmoZ ^wOmZm No>X XoV AgVrb
Am{U `m`m No>X q~XyMr CMr AmnU w KoVbr, Va N>oX q~Xy nmgyZ Mmagm`m
nm`mda H$mT>bobm b~ hm nm`mMo XmoZ ^mJ
nm`mMr bm~r {h Imbrb JwUmomamZo {_iVo.

w
z

w
y

m _mUmV No>X KoVmo d

1 1
w( + ) ----------------------------------------------------------(36)
y z

AmVm AmnU mMr VwbZm AmH$Vr H$_mH$ 20 _Yrb Mmagm`m ~mOy`m

bm~rer hUOoM x(4 + 2 ) er H$$`m. Oa Xmohr g_rH$aUmMr VwbZm Ho$br Va
w, x, y, z m AVamMr Cmao H$mT>Uo e` hmoBb. Or aMZm VwbZoZo gmonr Amho.
X (4 +

2)=

1 1
w( + ) ------------------------------------------(37)
y z

m_`o AmnU x = w Aer AVao KoVbr {H$ Amnbo g_mZVoMo g_rH$aU Ago
hmoBb.
1 1

(4 + 2 ) = ( + ) --------------------------------------------------(38)
y z

Oa AmnUmg (4 + 2 ) m g`oMo XmoZ ^mJ H$aVm Ambo Va Cma H$mT>Uo

ghO hmoBb
. m ^mJmH$mamMr Cmao H$mT>`m`m AZoH$ nVr AmhoV nU W_V: EH$
gmono Cma nmh. Am{U _J `md$Z gdgmYmaU arV H$er Agob `mH$So> bj XoD$.
Amn`m g_rH$aUmMo Cma ---(4 + 2 ) = {(2) + (2 +

hUOoM

Mr qH$_V

2 )} =

1
1
+
1
11
( ) (
)
2
2

1
d z Mr qH$_V
2

----------------------------(39)
1

hUOoM N>oX XoUm`m

H$UmMm No>X q~XyMm b~ hm Mmagm`m nm`mbm m JwUmomamV No>X XoBb.

1
2

ho AVa emoYUo gmono Amho. nU z = 1 12 ho {VVHo$ ghO Zmhr.

nU AmnUmg Ago gmJVm `oBb qH$ Amo[aJm_r _Yrb fish base _`o mMm Cn`moJ
hmoVmo. nhm AmH$Vr H$_mH$.
Y=

44

1/2

11/2

Figure 22. Construction of 11/2.

Figure 23. Folding sequence to find the initial division.

H$moZmMr {d^mJUr
AmoarJm{__`o {OV`m _mUmV ~mOyMr 1/3 , 1/5, d 1/7 Mr {d^mJUr
Cn`moJmV AmUbr OmVo `m _mZmZo Aem H$maMr H$moZmMr {d^mJUr {h AJXrM
VwaiH$ _mUmV dmnabr OmVo. `m_mUo gai aofm qH$dm ~mOyMo 2 `m KmVmV
hUOo 1/2 ,1/4, dJao H$aUo gmono Amho VgoM H$mhrgo H$moZm`m ~m~VrV Amho
H$m ? EImXm Ago g_Oob {H$ {OVHo$ aofoMo R>am{dH$ g_^mJ H$aUo ghO e` Amho
VgoM H$moZm`m ~m~VrV nU Agob. naVw g` doJio Amho d H$moZmMr g_^mJmV
{d^mJUr AdKS> Amho.
dVwV H$nmg d n>r`m ghm`mZo aofoMo Amd`H$ {VVHo$ ({H$Vrhr) EH$gmaIo
^mJ H$aUo gmono Amho VgoM g_OyZ Oa AmnU H$moUmMo VrZ g_^mJ H$nmg d n>rZo
H$am`Mo hQ>bo Va Vo Ae` Amho ho gd _m` Amho. H$nmg d n>rZo g_^mJ H$aUo
{h J{UVmMr emIm Amho Ago mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ hUOoM gmYmaUnUo 20 bmI
df (20 millenia) nydunmgyZ _mZbo OmVo Am{U AmOVmJm`V m gmYZmZr H$moZmMo
VrZ g_^mJ H$aUo Ae` Amho ho {g Ho$bo Jobo Amho. H$nmg d n>rZo g_^mJ
H$a`m`m arVtMm dmna AmoarJm{__`o Ho$bm Amho, Vmo J{UVmMm ^mJ WmoS>mgm
~mOybm Ro>D$ `m.
_m`{_H$ embo` ^y{_VrV H$nmg d n>rMm dmna H$$Z J{UV gmoS>{dUo hm
AZw^d gdmZm AmhoM. H$nmg d n>rZo gmoS>{dbobo Z AmoarJm{_er gmY` Xe{dVmV.
m XmoZhr H$mamV AmnU ^m{_{VH$ aMZm H$aVmo Am{U `mgmR>r dmnabobo {Z`_ {h
gmaIoM AmhoV. H$nmg d n>rMm Cn`moJ; H$nmgmZo dVwi
d n>rZo gai aofm gmYbr
OmVo. {deofV: {Xbo`m gai aofgo g_mVa aofm H$mT>U,o H$moZmMm Xw^mOH$ H$mT>Uo qH$dm
^m{_{VH$ aMZm Ogo {H$ g_^yO {H$moU, g_{^yO H$mQ>H$moZ {H$moU ,d Mmag m
gmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. Oa B{Vhmg n{hbm Va 300B.C. dfmndy u `wbrS> (Euclid) `m
Elements m nwVH$mV A`m aMZmMr _m{hVr Ag`mMo {XgVo.
Amn`m nydOmZr H$nmg d n>rMm AmYma KoD$Z AZoH$ dfmnydu ^m{_{VH$
aMZmMm emoY bmdbm hmoVm naVw `m H$mimV hUOoM AWog _Yrb JrH$
gm_m`m`m B{VhmgmZwgma gw_mao 400 B.C._Yo m_w`mZo VrZ Z gVm{dV hmoVo.
`mMr aMZm e` ZhVr. `m aMZm _m Amo[aJm_r _`o {deof _hd nyU AmhoV.
47

g`m _m{hV Agbo`m gX^mZwgma Vo Ago 1) dVwim`m jom\$imBVH$m Mmag

V`ma H$aUo. 2) (Cube) KZm`m jo\$im`m XwnQ> jo\$imMm KZ ~Z{dUo
(doubling cube) hUOoM EH$ gX^ aofm KoD$Z, Xwgar gX^ aofm Aem V`ma H$aUo
3
qH$ {OMo AVa _yi aofo`m 2 Agob Am{U 3) {Vgam Z Agm qH$ EH$m {Xbo`m
H$moZmMo VrZ g_mZ ^mJ H$aUo. `mMm Chmnmoh Amn`m Ammm`m {df`mer Amho.
JrH$mMo J{UV em m VrZ ZmZr ^S>mdbo hmoVo. (AmO{_Vrg J{UVmMo
~aoM Vk m Zmer {ZJS>rV AmhoV). AZoH$ J{UV VkmZr m ZmMm ~amM
H$mi g$ nmR>nwamdm Ho$bm Amho. nU `W eodQ>r AmO 2200 dfmZr Agm {ZH$f
H$mT>bm {H$ Ho$di H$nmg d n>rMm Cn`moJ H$$Z Cma {_i{dUo Ae` Amho.
H$nmg Am{U n>r`m ghm`mZo gai aofm d dVwi H$mT>Vm `oVo nU Amo[aJm_r _`o
_m gaiaofoVrb KS>`mM KmbVm `oVmV. naVw AmM`mMr Jmo> ht qH$ {Xbo`m
H$moZmMo VrZ g_^mJ ~Z{dUo d KZm`m XwnQ> jo\$imMm KZ ~Z{dUo m aMZm
Amo[aJm_rMm dmna H$$Z {g H$aVm `oVmV.
H$nmg, n>r d Amo[aJm_r m`mV VwbZm Ho$br AgVm Xmohr H$mamZr V`ma
H$aVm `oUm`m aMZm_`o Amo[aJm_r daMT> Amho. H$nmg Am{U n>rZo H$aVm `oUm`m
aMZm m XmoZ KmVm`m g_rH$aUm nwa`m (Quadratic Equations) _`m{XV amhVmV.
Oa AmnUmg R>am{dH$ aofmMm g_yh {Xbm Agob Va H$nmg Am{U n>r`m ghm`mZo
`mMo H$moU`mhr JwUH$m_Yrb EH$rH$aUmMr (linear combination) aMZm H$$
eH$Vmo. `mV AVamMr JwUH$ {d{dYVm dm AVamMo dJ_i
y Ag`mMr e`Vm Amho.
`mMmM {ZH$f Agm {H$ H$nmg d n>r`m gh`mZo Amn`mbm XmoZ KmVmMo {H$dm
A{YH$ KmV Ag`mg `mMo XmoZ KmVm`m _mUmV (convertibility in to quadratic
equation) namdVZ H$aUo e` Agbo nm{hOo Va A`m aMZm AmnU H$$ eHy$.
naVw 2 `m AH$mMo KZ_yi Agbobo AVa qH$dm H$moZMo VrZ g_^mJ H$aUo
`mgmR>r VVr` KmVmMo g_rH$aU gmoS>dmdo bmJob, Va dVwim`m jo\$imMm Mmag
V`ma H$a`mgmR>r > m AVamMr ~mOy H$mT>mdr bmJob. ( hm transcendental
AH$ Amho) `mMo Cma H$moU`mhr KmVmMo g_rH$aU KoVbo Var {_iUo Ae`
H$maU `m_`o AZVmn`V OmUmao dYm{ZH$ g_rH$aU Agob. `m_wio m VrZ
AZwmarV g_`mMo Cma AmnUmg \$$ 200 dfmnydu {_iy eH$bo Amho.
48

q
q
q

X
Z

A
X

X
A
A
Y

A
Z

Z
Y

Jacques Justin Mr ~{hdH$ H$moZmMo VrZ g_^mJ H$a`mMr aMZm nV --

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

ZOX hm ~{hdH$ H$moZ AgyZ `mMo VrZ g_^mJ H$ad`mMo AmhoV.

Am{U XO m aofm dmT>dm. (AVa bm~ H$am )

O m q~Xwd$Z A d X OmoS>Umar KS>r Kmbm. Vr aofobm b~ Agob.
A d A ho O m _`mnmgyZMo g_ AVamdarb gX^ q~Xy Z$s H$am.
A Am{U A ho EH$mM doir XO d YO m aofmda Ro>D$Z KS>r Kmbm.
O m q~Xy _YyZ OmUm`m darb KS>rbm b~ H$mT>m. Or b~ aofm VrZ
g_^mJmMm EH$ ^mJ Agob.
ZO

`md$Z bjmV `oBb

qH$ H$moU`mhr dVwi
mbm d `m`m ^mJmbm Oa doJ`m
_mUmV g_mZ No>X m`Mo AgVrb Va AmnU H$moZmMo VrZ d XmoZ g_mZ ^mJ m
nVrMm g`w $ dmna H$$Z hm Z gmoS>dy eH$Vmo qH$dm Xwg`m ^mfoV Ago hUVm

`oBb
qH$ Oa AmnUmg d N H$moZ d ^wOm AgUmar ~h ^yOmH${VMr aMZm H$aVm `oBb
n
m
{OWo d N hm prime AH$ Amho hUOoM Vmo 2 x 3 + 1 . (BWo d m d d n ho
H$moUVohr nyUmH$ AmhoV ). mMmM AW Agm qH$ AmoarJm_rZo KS>m KmbyZ AmnU
H$moZmMo 2,3,4,6,8,9,12 B. g_^mJ H$$ eHy$ .
gnUy dVwi
mMo d N g_^mJ H$a`mMr arV Austrian ZmJ[aH$ d J{UVk am~Q>
JoaQo >bJa (Robert Geretschlager) 21-24 mZr ^m{_{VH$ nV 1890 gmbr
emoYbr hmoVr. `mZr N m AH$mMr ~h- ^yOmH$Vr H$mT>`mMr EH$ gdgmYmaU arV
emoYbr hmoVr. (2n.3m+1) A`m H$maMo AH$ hUOo (3,5,7,13,17.....) m
nVrMm dmna g`w$nUo H$moZmMo 2 qH$dm 3 `m KmVm`m g`oV H$aUo qH$dm
~h^O
w mH$VrMr aMZm H$a`mgmR>r hUOoM 2J.3k(2n.3m+1) {OWo `oUmam AH$ hm
A{d^m` AH$ (prime no.) Agob. {h nV g{dVanUo XoUo {df`mbm Y$Z Zmhr
naVw m ^mJmMo eodQ>r H$mhr Oar, {deof d gdgmYmaUnUo Cn`w$ AH$mMr ~h^Ow mH$Vr
nV XmI{dbr Amho. mMm dmna H$$Z AmnUmg Ho$di N = 11 hm AH$ gmoS>yZ BVa
gd AH$m`m g_mZ ~h^O
w m AgUm`m ~h^O
w mH$VtMr aMZm H$aVm `oBb
.
H$moZmMo g_^mJ H$a`mMr AMyH$ nV tours de force A{Ve` {H$MH$Q>
AgyZ AmoarJm{_gmR>r Ag^dZr` hUVm `oBb. H$maU `m nVrV nyU H$mJX^a
51


(1/2)(1+r)
r

(1/2)(0+r)

_yi VdmqH$V Amo[aJm_r

AmVmn`V {dfX Ho$bo`m KS>m`m doJdoJ`m H$m`nVr `m mW{_H$
AmhoV. Ogo {H$ EH$m {~Xwbm, Xwgam q~Xy {_idyZ KS>r KmbUo qH$dm EH$m aofoda
Xwgar aofm Ro>D$Z KS>r KmbUo. (H$moZ Xw^mOH$) qH$dm XmoZ gX^ q~Xy KS>rZo OmoS>Uo.
B. g. 1970 ZVa H$mhr Amo[aJm_r H$aUm`m `$sZr Aem doJdoJ`m KS>mMr
g{dVa Zm|X H$$Z, {H$VrH$mao Aem KS>m KmbVm `oVrb d `mVrb gX^ q~XyMo
EH$_oH$mer Agbobo AVa d bm~rMr JwUmomao VnmgyZ `mMm A`mg gw Ho$bm.
m gX^mV W_ Humiki Huzita [27-29] `mZr 6 doJdoJ`m nVtMm EH$ gM
V`ma Ho$bm. {OWo EH$ q~Xy d aofm KoD$Z {H$Vr H$ma`m doJdoJ`m KS>m KmbVm
`oVrb? Agm.
{OWo q~Xy, aofm mao {H$VrH$mao KS>m H$aVm `oVrb Vo g_OVo. Vo H$ma "Huzita
Axioms" (HA) `m ZmdmZo gwn[a{MV AmhoV. {OWo q~Xy d aofmMm gX^ KoD$Z
Kmbmd`m`m KS>mMm Chmnmoh Amho. {Xbobo q~Xy, Am{U aofm`m gMmMm dmna
H$$Z "Huzita" Vdm`m Cn`moJmZo AZoH$ ZdrZ aofm V`ma H$aVm `oVmV. {OWo Ow`m
d Z`m aofm`m No>X q~XyMm gX^ KoCZ A{YH$ gX^ q~XyMr aMZm Ho$br OmVo. m
Z`m q~XyMm dmna H$Z nU EH$ doJio aofmMo Omio AmnU {dUy eH$Vmo.
A`m H$mao EImm gMmVrb q~Xy`m gX^mZo HA Mm dmna H$$Z AmnU ZdrZ
gX^ q~XyM m doJim gM V`ma H$$ eH$Vmo, {OWo MmagmMo H$monao, ~mOy `mMm dmna W_V
Ho$bm OmVmo Am{U `mMm `jmV d A`mgmgmR>r nwH$i Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
ej{UH$ \$m`Xm hUyZ nm{h`mg AmnU VVr` KmV Agbobo g_rH$aU
gmoS>dy eH$Vmo. {OWo \$$ H$_dma KS>mMm AmamIS>m dmnabm OmVmo. {deofV:
mMrZ H$mir H$nmg d n>rZo V`ma Z H$aVm `oUm`m g_`m gmoS>{dVm `oVmV. Ogo
AmnU nydu n{hbo Amho qH$ H$moZmMo VrZ g_^mJ H$aUo-VgoM KZmMo VVr` _yi
H$mT>`mMr nV {h AmnU nmhUma AmhmoV (10) naVw `jmV `m VdmMm
mW{_H$ Cn`moJ AMyH$VoZo H$_r KmVmMr g_rH$aUo gmoS>{d`mg _XV hmoVmo.
m gd H.A. H$m`nVtMo g{dVa {ddaU (31) nwTo> {Xbo Amho. Oar
mg Axioms hUOoM _ybVdo hQ>bo Agbo Var m aMZm nVrZo q~Xy d aofmMm
55

mW{_H$ Amd`H$Vm
O|hm AmnU n[anyUVoMm A>mhmg YaVmo V|hm Vmo Amn`m H$m`Umbr_`o,
q~Xy, aofm Am{U H$m`nVrgmR>r {H$Vr doJdoJ`m H$mamMm {dMma H$aVmo mda
Adb~yZ amhVmo.
`m`m -P hm q~Xy (x,y) mZr Xe{dbm OmD$Z K2 m gnmQ>rda AgyZ
x [, } , y [, }
mMmM AW {~Xybm {{_VrV dmV` Amho. hUOoM `mMo H$jm n[a_mU dV
Amho { Parameters Independent} `mbm AmnU XmoZ AjmMm gX^ XoD$ eH$Vmo.
aofm WmoS>m {H$MH$Q> hUVm `oVrb H$maU `mMr `m`m doJdoJ`mH$mao H$aVm
`oBb. `mVrb EH$ e`Vm 01 _`o Zm|Xbobr Amho. Or `wbrS>`m _yiVdmer
g`w{$H$ Amho. : ""H$moU`mhr XmoZ q~XwVyZ AmnU Ho$di EH$M gai aofm H$mT>
eH$Vmo.'' hUOoM gai aofoMr `m`m `m aofodarb H$moUVohr XmoZ gX^ q~Xy KoD$Z
H$$ eH$Vmo Am{U `oH$ q~Xy hm XmoZ H$jm (Ajmer g~{YV co-ordinates) Zr
{ZpMV hmoVmo. Va aofo `m gw{ZpMV `m`ogmR>r AmnUmg Mma H$jm (co-ordinates)
gX^ hdoV. nU Aer `m`m n[anyU Zmhr H$maU Xwgao XmoZ q~Xy gX^ KoD$Z AmnU
VrM aofm gw{ZpMV H$$ eH$Vmo.
EH$ doJir AMyH$ `m`m embo` ~rOJ{UVm`m Cn`moJmZo e` Amho. Vr
hUOo y = m x +b {OWo m hm (slop) CVma Amho d b hm y Ajmbm XoUmam No>X
Amho Am{U aofodarb q~XyMr `m`m XmoZ Aj qH$_VrZo (x,y) Oo g_rH$aUmer
gb AmhoV `mZr hmoVo.
m g_rH$aUmZo {ZpMV {ZH$f Agm H$mT>Vm `oBb qH$ aofobm {{_VrV
dmV` Amho. ( 2 DOF, Degree of freedom ) Am{U XmoZ gX^ JwUmomao AmhoV,
EH$ "_' hm CVma (slop) d "`' AjmMm No>X Amho Am{U m`m {H$_VrZo dV
aofm {ZpMV hmoVo.
m_`o EH$M wQ>r Amho. O|hm aofm "`' Ajmbm g_mVa AgVo, {OWo ("_'
hm CVma (slop) AZV Amho d "~' m No>XmMr `m`m H$aVm `oV Zmhr) hUyZ Ago
59

m {ddaUmMr AmH$Vr 33 _`o H$mT>br Amho. d U hm q~Xy hUOo Ama^

q~Xy d$Z aofoda Q>mH$bobm b~ Omo H$_rV H$_r AVa Xe{dVmo. hUOoM tU-1 ()
hm ~Xb d U () m aofodarb 'I' m AVamda AgUma Amho d Omo +ve, d -ve
Agy eH$Vmo.
mVrb `oH$ q~Xy (4) d (2) {h g_rH$aUo hr nyaH$ AgyZ, XmoZrhr g_rH$aUo
aofo`m gX^ `m`m Xe{dVmV.
KS>r KmbUo
KS>r KmbUo hUOo EH$ gai aofm H$mT>Uo, `mbm AmnU KS>rMr aofm hUVmo.
(Fold line, Crease) m KS>r_wio H$mJXmMo XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. EH$mbm pWa d
Xwg`mbm ApWa ^mJ hUy `m. hr pWa d ApWa Zmdo gmHo${VH$ AgyZ AmnU
EH$gmaIr ~Xby eH$Vmo, Amn`m H$m_m`m OarZwgma.
O|hm KS>r KmVbr OmVo V|hm, {VMr `m`m Vr aofm ~ZVo {O`m ApWa
^mJmVrb gd q~Xw`m gX^mZm AmnU Lf(df,f) Ago Zmd XoD$`m.
AmnU KmVbobr KS>r EH$ aofm hmoVo d aofobm XmoZ _`m{XV gX^ AgVmV
(Degree of freedom) Oo (parameters) df Am{U f Zo g~mo{Ybo OmVmV Am{U
hUyZM J{UVr ^mfoV AmnU `mMr `m`m Uf= U(f) Aer H$aVmo.
Oa KS>rMr aofm Lf(df,f) Zo Xe{dbr Agob Va `mdarb ApWa ^mJmVrb
`oH$ q~Xy 'P' hm aofoda P' Zo Xe{dbm OmVmo.
P' = P-2[(P-dUf).Uf]Uf

= P-2(df - P.Uf)Uf -------------------------------------------------------------(47)

AmnU 'P' hm q~Xy F(P) m gkoZo XmIdy`m. hUOoM
F(P) = P +2(df - P.Uf ) Uf ----------------------------------------------------(48)
`m_wio XmoZrhr g_rH$aUo g_mZ ho n> {XgVo.
hUOoM 'P' m H$moU`mhr aofodarb q~Xy,
P, F(F(P))= P -----------------------------------------------------------------(49)
61

mMmM gai AW, KS>r KmVbr Am{U Vr CbJS>br Va `m `m q~XyMo

gX^ ~XbV ZmhrV .
Lf(df,f)

m aofodarb H$moUVmhr q~Xy hUOoM

F(P) = P --------------------------------------------------------------(50)

hUOoM `oH$ q~Xy hm ~XbV ZgyZ pWa Amho. Am{U aofoda KmVbo`m
KS>rMr Vr `m`m hmoVo. L hr aofoMr `m`m, F(P) `m gd q~XyMm EH$ gM Omo
(44) ho g_rH$aUmZo V`ma hmoVmo Aer Agob.
EH$rH$aU [Alignments]
EH$ KS>r KmbyZ XmoZ R>iH$ Jmo>r H$em EH$ AmU`m OmVmV Vo nmh.
EH$rH$aUmMm EH$ H$ma hUOo XmoZ doJ`m Jmo>r EH$ AmUUo. Amn`mH$So>
XmoZ R>iH$ Jmo>r AmhoV. EH$ q~Xy d Xwgar aofm. `m AmYr AmnU EH$rH$aUmMr
`m`m nmh `m.
XmoZ q~XyMo EH$rH$aU -Point PP
P1 (x1, y1) d P2 (x2, y2)

m XmoZ q~XyMo EH$rH$aU Pmbo Amho mMm AW

Agm {H$ Xmohr q~XyMo j d ` AjmMo gX^ EH$ AmhoV (co-ordinates are
equal) m EH$rH$aUmbm AmnU P1P2 Zo Xe{dVmo
P1P2 hUOo x1= x2 Am{U y1= y2 ------------------------------------(51)
hr Xmohr g_rH$aUo g_mZ Pmbr hUOo AmnU

(2DOF)

XmoZ dmV`o J_mdbr.

EH$m q~XyMo gai aofoer EH$rH$aU (PL)

P1 (x1, y1)

hm q~Xy L(d,) m aofoer EH${V Pmbm Amho. hUOo P1 hm

ao f o `m g_rH$aUmV (44) g_m{d> Pmbm Amho . m q~Xy Am{U ao f o `m
EH$rH$aUmbm AmnU Xmohr ~mOyg ~mU H$mTy>Z : P1 L(d,) Ago Xe{dVmo
hUOoM
P1 L(d,) ho e` Amho Ho$di P1.U().d = 0 m g_rH$aUmZo---(52)
BWo EH$M g_rH$aU gm` H$amd`mMo Ag`mZo AmnU EH$M DOF J_mdVmo.
62

hr EH$rH$aUmMr {H$`m, XmoZ H$Vr EH$_oH$mg nyaH$ Ag`mZoM hmoVmV.

P1 L(d,) d L(d,)P1 Agob VaM hmoVmV. --------------------(53)
EH$m aofoMo Xwg`m aofoer EH$rH$aU (LL)
d L2(d2, 2) mMo EH$rH$aU Pmbo Amho Ago AmnU, Oa L1
aofodarb `oH$ q~Xy L2 aofodarb `oH$ {~Xyer OmoS>bm Jobm Agob VaM hUy
eH$Vmo. Am{U hr `m`m {Mhm{H$V Xe{dVmZm AmnU Aer XmIdy.
L1(d1,1)

U1 = U(1), U2 = U(2)

_J Oa AmnU L1 m aofoMr gX^ nyU `m`m (46 m g_rH$aUm_mUo)

n{hbr Va P1 hm q~Xy , L1 m aofoda Imbrb g_rH$aUmZo {_iVmo.
P1 = dU1 + t U11 -----------------------------------------------------------------(54)

hUOoM H$mhr ( d, t) gmR>r aofmMo EH$rH$aU Xe{dVo qH$ P1 q~Xy , g_rH$aU

nU 44 nyU H$aVmo. Ogo qH$ (d1U1 + tU11)U2 - d2 = 0 ------------------------------------------------------(55)

g_rH$aU gmoS>d`y m hUOo

(d1(U1. U2) -d2) + t (U11. U2) = 0 -------------------------------------------(56)

S>mdr ~mOy {dMmamV KoV`mg 't' `m `oH$ {H$_Vr m g_rH$aUmV ~gVmV

hUOoM g_rH$aUmV Agbo`m `oH$ pWamH$mMr (Constant) qH$_V ey` Amho.
hUyZM
d1(U1. U2) - d2 = 0 --------------------------------------------------------------(57)
U11. U2 = 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (58)

`mMmM AW Oa XmoZ aofm EH${V Ho$`m Va, XmoZ g_rH$aUo gmoS>dmdr

bmJ`m_wio Amnbm DOF XmoZZo H$_r hmoVmo.
mMm ^m{_{VH$ AW Agm qH$ g_rH$aU 58 ho XmoZ aofm g_mVa Ag`mMo
Xe{dVo. Va g_rH$aU 57 `m aofm EH$_oH$mg No>X XoVmV ho {g H$aVo.
63

dVwV: Oa XmoZ aofm EH$_oH$mg No>X XoV AgVrb Va Ho$di g_rH$aU 58 ho

nwaogo Amho ho ghO XmI{dVm `oBb.
KS>m KmbyZ EH$rH$aU
_mJrb ^mJmV AmnU EH$rH$aUm`m VrZ {H$`m n{h`m P P1,
P L, L L AmVm AmnU EH$m KS>rZo e` Agbo`m gd H$ma`m
EH$rH$aUmMm {dMma H$$ `m. Aem H$maMo EH$rH$aU H$mJXmda AmYrM CnbY
Agbo`m KS>mer {ZJS>rV Agob. {H$dm ZdrZ KmVbo`m KS>rZo V`ma Pmbo Agob.
AmnU Agm nydnj _mSy> qH$ `m_`o AmYrM ApVdmV Agbo`m XmoZ
ApWa qH$dm XmoZrhr {H$`mMo pWa (KS>mMo) EH$rH$aU H$am`Mo Amho Ago
EH$rH$aU KS>rZo H$aUo Ae` Amho hUyZM `mMm Cn`moJ KS>rMr OmJm {ZpMV
H$a`mgmR>r (g_rH$aU H$a`mgmR>r) hmoUma Zmhr. `m_wio Cabobr EH$rH$aUmMr
{H$`m {h EH$ Va ApWa dm pWa ho AmYrM ApVdmV Agbo`m {H$`mMo
n[aUm_ d KS>r `m_`o Agob.
W_ XmoZ {H$`mMm {dMma H$$ `m. `m AmYrM Agbo`m KS>`m`m gX^mV
AgVrb Am{U `mnH$s EH$ pWa d Xwgar ApWa Agob. m_wio Amn`mbm nmM
H$ma`m EH$rH$aU nVr {_iVrb. `mMo {ddaU V$m H$_mH$ 9 _`o Amho.

VVm H$_mH$ 9 q~Xy d aofmMo EH$rH$aUmMo 5 doJdoJio H$ma.

AmnU m V`mVrb XmoZ eodQ>`m H$mamMr XmIb KoD$ `m. H$maU EH$
KS>r Xwg`m KS>rda KmbVmZm (XmoZ g_rH$aUo 15 H$_mH$ d H$_mH$ 16) XmoZ
AQ>tMr nyVVm Oar Amho. _J Amn`m KS>rMr dmT> H$aUo Agmo {H$ `m aofobm No>X
XoUo Agmo. {VWo EH$mM g_rH$aUmMr Oar Amho.
64

Xwg`m gMmVrb EH$rH$aU ho AmYr`m {H$`m d ZdrZ KS>rMo EH$rH$aU

Agob. {OWo XmoZ H$ma g^dVmV. q~Xy d KS>rMo EH$rH$aU qH$dm EH$m aofoMo `mM
KS>r`m aofoer EH$rH$aU hUOoM mVrb eodQ>Mr {H$`m ZJ` R>aob H$maU
`mMm KS>rdarb KS>rZo ZdrZ H$mhrM V`ma hmoV Zmhr. hUOoM Cabobr {H$`m
VVm H$_mH$ 10 _`o {dfX Ho$br Amho.

VVm 10 q~Xy d aofoMo EH$rH$aUmMo CXmhaU

`m_wio EH$m KS>rZo Ho$bo`m `: H$pMV ~XbmMo {ddaU gnyU hmoVo.
AZoH$ EH$rH$aU
AmVm AmnU EH$rH$aU {H$`oMm dmna H$$Z KS>rMr `m`m H$$ `m. hUOoM
EH$ dm AZoH$ EH$rH$aUm`m {H$`m H$$Z KS>rMo WmZ {ZpMV H$$ `m (`mMmM
AW `mMo Oo XmoZ gX^ AmhoV df Am{U f Vo emoYUo) mgmR>r AmnUmg {OVH$s
g_rH$aUo bmJVrb {VV`m H$s`m H$Z _m{hV Zgbobo gX^ emoYmdo bmJVrb.
Oo BWo XmoZ AmhoV.
AWmVM XmoZ g_rH$aUmgmR>r, XmoZ EH$rH$aUm`m {H$`m bmJUma `m A`m
F(P1) P2 (EH$ q~Xy Xwg`m q~Xyer OmoS>Uo. P, Am{U F(L1 L2 EH$ aofm
Xwg`m aofoer OmoS>Uo) KS>rMr {ZpMVr H$a`mgmR>r m XmoZ {H$`m nwaoem AmhoV.
(Sufficient) `mMm gX^ Huzita Mo JhrVH$ (Axioms) 02 d 03 _`o VVm
H$_mH$ 11 _`o XmI{dbm Amho.
F ( P 1 ) P2

02

F ( L 1 ) L2

03

XmoZ {H$`m `m DOF XmI{dVmV Am{U `m g~{YV HA JhrVH$.

BVa Mma EH$rH$aUm`m {H$`m m EH$mM g_rH$aUm`m AmhoV. `m_wio
XmoZ {H$`m EH$ H$$Z XmoZ g_rH$aUo {_i{dVmo Oo KS>rMo gd gX^ n> H$aVmV.
65

EH$rH$aUm`m Mma {H$`m Ag`m_wio XmoZ H$s`m EH$rV H$aUm`m 10

doJdoJ`m OmoS>m e` hmoVmV `mMr _m{hVr V$m H$_mH$ 12 _`o {Xbr Amho.
F (P2 ) L2

F ( L2 ) P1

F ( L 2) L2

F ( P1 ) L 1

06

F ( L 1 ) P1

06

06

F ( L1 ) L1

07

07

N/P

P1 Lf

05

05

04

P2 Lf

01

V$m H$_mH$ 12 XmoZ EH$r H$amm`m`m g^m{dV {H$`m, `mMm g~Y

H.H.A. er Amho d `mZo KS>r {ZpMV hmoVo.
Oa L1 Am{U L2 g_mVa ZgVrb Va mVrb EH$ {H$`m. (F(L1)L1,
F(l2)L2) hr Ae` Amho d Oa L1 L2 g_mVa AgVrb Va `mMr AZV Cmao
g^dVmV Am{U Cabobr `oH$ OmoS>r Huzita-Hatori axioms JhrVHo$ Xe{dVo.
AmnU `jmV e` Agbo`m gd {H$`m {dMmamV KoV`m_wio, (`m_`o XmoZ
dVVm (DOF) J_m{d`m OmVmV) Agm {ZH$f {ZKVmo {H$ HHA hm gM n[anyU
hmoVmo. (Hatori) Mo gmVdo JhrVH$ Amd`H$ hmoVo `m_wio n[anyUVm {ZpMV hmoVo.
aMZoMr e`Vm
KS>r`m aofoMr n[a_mUo (df f) m`m ghm`mZo HHA Zo {dfX Ho$bo`m gmV
nH$s ghm nVtMr aMZm hUOo aofodarb q~Xy Am{U aofm mMr aMZm AmnU aofmMr
doJdoJir g_rH$aUo KoD$Z ho gai d gmono Amho. H$maU `oH$ aMZm hr dJ
g_rH$aUmMr (Qudratic Equation)Ag`mZo, `mMo JwUH$ n[a_o` (Rational)
AmhoV. Cmao ghOVoZo {_iVmV Am{U hUyZM n[a_o` JwUmH$ Agbo`m dJ
g_rH$aUmMr aMZm ghO gm` hmoVo. naVw aMZm H$_mH$ 6- XmoZ q~XyMo, XmoZ aofmer
EH$rH$aU AdKS> Amho. Am{U J{UVr ^mfoV m gmR>r KZ KmV>mMo g_rH$aU
gmoS>dmdo bmJob, hUOoM Aem aMZoZo AmnU KZ g_rH$aUmMo Cma XmIdrV AmhmoV.
mMo gd n[a{MV CXmhaU hUOo {nQ>a _oga `mZr emoYbobr KZmMo XwnQ>r
H$aUmMr aMZm nVrMo hUOoM Ago XmoZ aofm IS> V`ma H$aUo qH$ `mMo JwUmoma
3
2 Agob. mMr nV (30) _`o XmI{dbr AgyZ nwZ: BWo CV Ho$br Amho.
66

JhrVH$ ghm Am{U KZ-g_rH$aUmMo JmobmH$ma

JhrVH$ 6 Amn`mbm Ago gmJVo qH$ {Xbobo XmoZ q~Xy d XmoZ aofm AmnUg
H$mJXmda KS>rZo EH$mMdoir Xmohr q~Xy XmoZ aofmda Q>mH$Uo e` Amho. nU {h
`m`m EH$ AnyU g` hmoBb. H$maU {H$`oH$doim Ago AmT>iyZ `oVo qH$ H$mhr q~Xy
d aofm `mMo EH$rH$aU AZoH$ nVrZo H$aVm `oBb. Ho$di EH$M nV Agob Ago
Zmhr. AmnU P1 d P2 m q~Xy`m d L1 Am{U L2 m aofm`m gd e`Vm
nS>VmiyZ nmh `m. m narjogmR>r EH$ gmono CXmhaU nmh. AmnU Amn`m aofo`m
`m`oMr n[a_mUmMr nV WmoS>rer ~Xby Am{U L1 hr aofm "j' Aj Amho Ago
g_Oy `m_wio,
d1 = 0 , V1 = ( 0 , 1, ) -------------------------------------- (59)

VgoM AmnU P1 hm q~Xy gdgmYmaU nUo {ZdS>rMm AmYma KoD$Z Ago hUy`m qH$,
P1 = ( -1 , 0 ) ------------------------------------------------- (60)

VgoM Ago Z$s H$$ qH$ L1 {h aofm pWa Amho d P1, hm ApWa ({\$aVm Amho)
AmVm Xwgar aofm Lf {h df d

af

Zo Xe{dbr OmBb. hUOoM

U f = (a f , 1 a 2 f ) -------------------------------------------- (61)

Am{U P'1 hr L1 m KS>rdarb P1 m q~XyMo {V{~~ Agob hUOoM

--------------------------(62)

Am{U Lf hr aofm Oa P'1 hm q~Xy L1 m aofoda Ro>dbm Ago Z$s Ho$bo Va

(44) g_rH$aU `mg bmJy hmoVo. AWmVM
------------------------------------------------(63)

`m_wio (54 -62) _Yrb g_rH$aUo dmn$Z (63) g_rH$aU gmoS>{dbo Va

df Mo Cma
---------------------------------------------------(64)
68

g_rH$aU 69 _`o y Mm gdmV _moR>m KmV hm KZ (3) `oVmo Va x Mo g_rH$aU

dJ KmVmV `oVo Am{U `{edm` H$moUVrhr g`m KZ KmV Xe{dV Zmhr `m_wio
g_rH$aU KZ Km>VmMo AgyZ dH$mH$ma Xe{dVo d Ago dH$mH$ma J{UVm`m AZoH$
emIm_`o Cn`moJmg `oVmV.H$ 35 _`o {Xgbo`m dH$mH$ma AmboImMo _w` {deof
Imbr Xe{dbo AmhoV.

Ogm
Ver dH$Vm (asymptotes) H$So> PwH$Vo
(dH$aofoH$S>o gVV OmUmar nU {Vbm Hw$R>`mhr q~XyV Z {_iUmar aofm)

gdgmYmaUV \$mgm`m AmH$mamMr {h dH$Vm AgyZ (loop) {VMm No>X q~Xy

P2 = (a,b)

L2 {h H$moUVrhr aofm OmVrV OmV VrZ doim No>X XoVo hUOoM gdm{YH$ EH$rH$aU

(A{YH$mV A{YH$) Ago VrZ {R>H$mUr P2 hm q~Xy L2 er H$ eH$Vmo. Oa L2

dH$mH$mamg EH$mM {R>H$mUr No>X XoBb
Va EH$M EH$rH$aU e` Amho. Am{U
Oa L2 No>X XoV Zgob Va EH$sH$aUmMr gwVam_ e`Vm Zmhr.
Oa AmnU m dH$mH$Vr`m g_rH$aUmVrb ~Xb`m {H$_Vr_`o WmoS>mgm
\$aH$ Ho$bm CXmhaUmW
x x + a
--------------------------------------------------(70)
y y+b

Va g_rH$aUmVrb ~Xb EH$gKr` hmoVmo.

---------------------(71)

m_`o Oa AmnU
Ophuride Curve (33)

b=-

1
Aer
2

qH$_V {Xbr Va {_iUm`m dH$ AmH$mamg

1

Am{U a=0, b= - 2 m Cmamg Cissoid of Diocles

(34) g~moYVmV.
BWo dUZ H$aVmZm hoVwnydH$ Ago JhrV Yabo Amho qH$ L2 pWa Amh P2
~XbVm n[adVZerb Amho, Am{U m J{hVH$mbm Y$Z `oH$ KmVbobr L2 KS>r,
hr P1 d P2 ho XmoZrhr KS>r`m EH$mM ~mOybm AgVrb Aer KS>r KmVbr Amho.
70

Aem H$m` UmbrMo Cma XmoZ KZ g_rH$aUm`m dH$mH$ma AmH$Vr`m No>X

{~XyZr {_iob. Or g_rH$aUo (26 ) Zo {dfX Ho$br AmhoV BWo 5 doJdoJir Cmao
{_iVrb H$maU ho 5 No>X q~Xy m XmoZ KS>mZr {_imbo AmhoV. AmH$Vr _`o Vo
doJ`m VhoZo Xe{dbo AgyZ KS>mMr nVr gai gmonr Amho. nmM Cmao Ho$di
J{UVmZo H$mT>Uo {H$dm Trial & error Zo {_i{dUo ho EH$ H$>X H$m_ AgyZ dH$mH$ma
AmH$VrZo H$mT>Uo ghO e` hmoVo.
Aem H$ma`m XmoZ dH$mH$ma AmH$VrnmgyZ 7 No>X q~Xy {_i{dUo gm` hmoD$
eH$Vo, Oo Ago Xe{dVo qH$ {_iUmar ~h^wOmH$Vr hr H$_rV H$_r 7 `m KmVm`m
g_rH$aUmMr Agob naVw AmnU Ago {ZpMV {dYmZ H$$ eH$V Zmhr. {H$ gd ~h
^yOmH$Vr 7 `m KmVm`m e` AgVrb d gd gmYmaUnUo Ago Ag`mMr e`Vm
\$maM H$_r Amho Am{U `m_wio A{YH$ KmV Agbo`m g_rH$aUmMr Cmao KS>mZr
(Origami) {_iVrb Ago {dYmZ H$aUo YmS>gmMo R>aob. hm Z AZwmarV Amho.

73

AmH$Vr H$_mH$ 39-7 _`o HHA `m gd aMZm nH$s AmnUmg Ho$di Mma
(4) Z`m aofm V`ma H$aVm `oVmV: XmoZ H$moZ Xw^mOH$ Am{U XmoZ Mmagm`m _` aofm
Am{U `mgmR>r EH$ KS>r Kmbmdr bmJVo hUOo `oH$sMm XOm (Rank) 1 Amho.
m Mma ZdrZ aofmMo EH$_oH$mer ,Am{U AmYr`m aofmer hUOoM Mmagm`m
H$S>mZr {_imbobo No>X q~Xy n{hbo qH$ nmM (5) ZdrZ q~Xy n> hmoVmV.Vo Ago {H$
`oH$ H$So>Mm _`q~Xy, Am{U MmagmMm _`q~Xy {_iyZ EHy$U nmM. Omo `oH$
ZdrZ q~Xy Mmagm`m H$S>mda Amho hUOo KS>r Z KmbVm {_imbm hUyZ 0 XOmMm
Amho. H$S>mMm _`q~Xy Ho$di EH$m KS>rZo {Z_mU Pmbm Ag`_wio `mMm XOm
EH$ Amho. _`mq~XwMr `m`m AZoH$ aofmMm N>oXq~Xy Aer Agbr Var `oH$ doir
Vmo H$moU`mhr XmoZ KS>m_wio {_iVmo hUOo `mMm XOm XmoZ Amho. gmame Va
Amn`mH$So> EHy$U 9 No>Xq~Xy (Mma H$monao, Mma H$S>mMo _`q~Xy d EH$ MmamgmMm
_`q~Xy ) d 12 aofm (AmH$Vr H$_mH$ 39 _Yrb 03 _`o OmS> H$$Z n>
Ho$bo`m) AmhoV Am{U `mMm XOm Amho {OWo r= 1Amho.
AmVm AmnU AmUIr EH$ KS>r KmVbr Va H$m` hmoBb ho OmUyZ KoD$`m.
AmnUmg _yiMo 9 q~Xy _m{hV AmhoVM. nU m Z`m KS>r_wio AOyZ XmoZ q~Xy
{_iVrb d Aer KS>r AmnU Mma H$mao Kmby eH$Vmo, hUOo Amn`mbm EHy$U
9x8 = 72 Z`m q~Xy`m OmoS>m {_i{dVm `oVrb. VgoM HHA _Yrb 01 d 02
m aMZm nVrZo XmoZ kmV (_m{hV Agbobo) q~Xy`m EH$rH$aUmZo EH$ ZdrZ q~Xy
{_iVmo.`m_wio aMZoMm hm Q>nm JmR>`mZVa AmnU 9 q~XwnmgyZ 153 q~Xyn`V
OmD$ eH$Vmo. VgoM 03 hr aMZm XmoZ aofmMm dmna H$aVo, Va 04 ho aMZm q~Xy d aofm
`m`m EH$rH$aUmZo hmoVo, B`mXr `m_wio `oH$ Q>`mda AmYr ^m{_VrH$ loUrZo
(Geometric progressive) aofm V`ma hmoVmV. (Am{U XmoZ KS>m`m No>X {~XyZr
Amn`mbm A{YH$ ^m{_{VH$ No>X q~Xy {_iVmV.) `m_wio nwZ:nwhm `mM aofm d
q~Xy {_iUo d^m{dH$ Agbo Var ZdrZ q~Xy d aofm `m`m g`oMr dmT> hr dJ
loUr`m (Exponentially) _mUmV drJV hmoVo.
Oem AmnU A{YH$ KS>m Kmby Vgo `oH$ KS>r ~amo~a, KS>r d q~Xy `mMm
XOm {H$Vr KS>m Am{U q~Xy EH${V AmUyZ {_i{dbm OmVmo. hmda R>a{dbm
OmVmo. `oH$ Z{dZ {~Xy hm XmoZ KS>mMm No>X q~Xy Ag`m_wio `mMm XOm
76

( 76)
r =r +r
p l1 l2------------------------------------------------------------

doJim {dMma Ho$bm Va Ag hUVm `oBb qH$ Or KS>r AmnU KmbUma,

{V`mgmR>r {H$VrVar doJdoJio q~Xy Am{U aofm AmnU {ZpMV H$$ eHy$ Am{U
A`m `oH$ KS>rZo 1 XOmZo dmTo>b. (Omo `m KS>r>_wioM dmT>Vmo.)
r 1 + rpi + rij ---------------------------------------------(77)
if =
pi
lj

hUOoM aMZm_H$ q~Xy`m XO}Mm AH$ hm `mgmR>r AmnU {H$Vr KS>m KmbVmo
`md$Z {ZpMV hmoVmo. mMo gai Am{U gmono CXmhaU hUOo Xwhao r {_m nV
`m_`o AmnU Ago ~YZ Ro>dVmo qH$ XmoZ q~XyM
r OmoS>r EH$mMdoir EH$m aofe
o r OmoS>Vmo.
`m_wio aMVm `oUmao q~Xy {H$Vr ho AJXr ghOVoZo Imbrb g_rH$aUmZo {_iVmV.
r
N( r ) = 1 + 2 -----------------------------------------------------------(78)

mMmM {dVmamZo Cn`moJ H$Z Ago XmI{dVm `oBb qH$ EH$m Mmagm_`o
aMZm H$aVm `oUmao q~Xy (Constructible points) {OWo AmnU Xwhoar {_mZ nVrZo
aMZm H$aV AmhmoV {VWo Imbrb g_rH$aUmZo {_iVrb.
N(r ) = 1+ {3+

r
r
} 2 -----------------------------------------( 79 )
2

{OWo 'N' d 'r' `m H $ _dma lo U rMr `m`m ( sequence ) N =

4,8,17,37,81,....) d {r=0,1,2,3,... } Zo Ho$bobr Agob.
Am{U _J Oa AmnU HHA `m 7 aMZm n{VMm dmna H$amd`mMo hQ>bo Va hr
g`m AJS>~~ hmoV OmBb. Ho$di {H$Vr H$mamZr AmnU q~Xy d aofm EH$ AmUy eHy$
`mMr H$_dma loUr N = {4,258,154800, 132826269,..} AgyZ `oH$
aMZo~amo~a OdiOdi 1000 Zo dmT> hmoV OmBb naVw `mVrb \$maM WmoS>m e`Vm
`jmV aMZm H$aVm `oVrb. `m_wio Vmo AmH$S>m hm J{UVmZo dV{dbo`m Cmamnojm
bhmZ Agob.
Am{U Xwgam _hdmMm _wm Agm qH$ Ho$di {H$Vr q~XyMr aMZm e` Amho,
Am{U `jmV h`m Agbo`m q~XyMr aMZm H$er H$aVm `oBb m_`o Vmi_oi
Oar Amho. hUyZ Oa H$moUVmhr {ZdS>bobm q~Xy (x ,y) Zo {ZX}e Ho$bm Agob, Va
Amn`mH$So> Ago gy Agbo nm{hOo qH$ `m_wio, R>a{dH$ XOmMm, Am{U A{YH$V_
77

AMyH$VoZo, H$_dma KS>m KmbyZ, AmnUmg hdm Agbobm q~Xy H$_dma aMZm H$$Z
H$gm Z$s H$aVm `oBb.
EImm JwUmomamMo Cma ({H$Vr AMyH$ ho OmUyZ) AmnU {_mZ AnyUmH$
nVrZo aMZm H$$ eH$Vmo. nU Oa {Xbobm AH$ 'x' Agob d `m`m OdiMm
aMZm H$aVm `oUmam AnyUmH$ hm N XOmMm Agob, `mMr AMyH$Vm AmnUmg _m{hV
Agob Va {VWo 'x' Mm XOm nU {VVH$mM Agob.
gd gmYmaUnUo H$moUVrhr aMZm H$aVmZm AmnU HHA Vrb gd {H$`m
nVr,Am{U {d{dY H$ma`m aofm d q~Xy `m`m OmJm R>adyZ Amn`m Mmagm`m
KS>m KmbVmo. nU A`mdoir Amn`mH$So> Aer H$moUVrhr gmo`rH$a nV CnbY
Zmhr qH$ Or Amn`mbm h`m Agbo`m XOmMm (rank) q~Xy AMyH$VoZo {_iob
Am{U Ag`mg Ver Ho$di EH$M nV CnbY Amho Ago ImrnydH $ d R>m_nUo
gmJy eH$V Zmhr.
naVw `jmV, H$mhrer AMyH$ Zgbobr nV nU Cn`moJr nS>Vo. Oa 106
q~XyMr AMyH$Vm .001 `m Odi Agob Va 106 XOmMo qH$dm `mhZhr H$_r Ago
q~Xy d aofm `mMm Cn`moJ H$$Z hdm Agbobm q~Xy {_i{dVm `oVmo. \$V Amn`mbm
`mo` aMZmH$_ emoYVm Ambm nm{hOo. AWmVM ho Ho$di hmVmZr KS>m KmbyZ
gm` H$aVm `oUma Zmhr `mgmR>r gJUH$mMr _XV `mdr bmJob.
Am{U mgmR>r Sm. am~Q> bJ `mZr Refrence finder hm c++ _Yrb moJm_
{b{hbm Amho. `mgmR>r AmnUmbm h`m Agbo`m q~XyMo gX^ gJUH$mg nwadmdo
bmJVmV. _J Vmo gd q~XyMo MmamgmVrb. WmZ Z$s H$$Z Cm_ Aer H$_rV H$_r
KS>mZr V`ma hmoUmar aMZm nVr AmnUmg XoVmo.
Referance Finder

W_V: 300,000 doJdoJ`m aofmMr `mMm XOm 6

{H$dm `mhZ H$_r Amho hmMr _m{hVr Amn`m _aUmV gmR>dZy Ro>dVmo d EH$m_mJmo_mJ
EH$ Ago C XOmMo d H$_r XOmMo Aem `oH$ n`m`mMr nS>VmiUr H$$Z, g_g_mZ
q~Xy _YyZ EH$mMr {ZdS, Odi Odi`m {~XyVrb gdm}m_ {ZdS> Am{U Aem q~XynmgyZ
`j e` Agbo`m KS>m {ZdSy>Z H$mT>`mMo H$m_ H$aVmo. AemH$mao Amd`H$
{VVH$s MmiU H$$Z, Cm_ XOm`m OdimV Odi OmUmao Cma {_idyZ, e`
78

{VVH$m A{YH$ XOm {g Ho$bm OmVmo. Am{U Aem MmiU nVrZo Amn`mbm
g_mYmZH$maH$ Cmao {_iVmV `mMr MT>`m ^mOUrVrb gm{IH$s CmamMr g`m Amho
N={4,8,65,1033,7099,32469,277546..}

Ago 2,77,546 AH$ `mMm

XOm qH$dm `mhZ H$_r Amho ,ho nmhZ `mVrb AZoH$, q~XyVZy H$moUVohr doJdoJio hdo
Agbobo d H$m`UmbrZo `jmV KS>r KmbyZ {_i{dUo e` Agbobo 1000 q~Xy
KoVbo.Am{U `mMo gm{IH$s {dbofU d AMyH$VoMr {dVma nVr (distribution
error) Vnmgbr OmVo. `mMr _m{hVr VVm H$_mH$ 13 _`o {Xbr Amho .

VVm H$_mH$ 13- 277546 6 KS>mZr Z$s Ho$bobo q~Xy KS>mZr V`ma H$a`m`m
[aVrMm/eVH$mMm ^mJ d AMyH$Vm
Oa AmnU 25 cms. Mm Mmag KoVbm Va gmYmaUV; 0.005 mm. BVH$s
MyH$ hUOo AmnU ZH$s Ho$bo`m q~XynmgyZ. 12mm MwH$sMr Agob Oo `jmV
ZJ` hUmdo bmJob. Am{U Vo bjmV gwm `oUma Zmhr Am{U Odi Odi 97%
Q>o$ q~Xy Ago AgVrb `mMr aMZm loUr 6 XOmMr Agob. m aMZm nVrMr
VwbZm Oa AmnU {_mZmH$ nVr`m KS>`mer Ho$br Va `mgmR>r AmnUmbm 18
KS>m VrM AMyH$Vm {_i{d`mgmR>r Kmbm`m bmJVrb.
hm \$aH$ Aem_wio hmoVmo qH$ Amn`m aMZm H$m` Umbr`m `oH$ nm`ar
_`o h`m Agbo`m KS>m qH$dm q~Xy {_i{d`mgmR>r "6' nojm H$_r XOm`m
AZoH$ KS>mMr e`Vm AgVo. `m_wio hmoUmar dmT> hr KmVm`m _mUmV Agob.
(Exponential Growth) Am{U m KmV dmT>rMr pWaVm (Exponential scaling
79

constant)

hr ZdrZ aofm H$mT>`mgmR>r bmJUmao q~Xy d aofm `m`mgmR>r bmJUmar

Amnbr H$m` Umbr doJdoJ`m nVr da Adb~yZ Agob.
gJUH$mZo {Xbobr aMZm H$m` Umbr Cn`moJr Am{U H$m`j_ AgyZ Ho$di
ej{UH$ \$m`XmM Ago Zmhr Va `mhZhr A{YH$ lo> AgVo. J{UVr nVrMm
Cn`moJ H$$Z `mdoir Amo[aJm_r AmH$Vr~YmMo aMZmH$ma EImXr H$Vr KS{dVmV
`mdoir {ZpMV Ho$bobo q~Xy , `mMr JwUmomao {_i{dUo m H$[aVm n[aUm_H$maH$ d
bm`H$ H$m`UmbrMr Oar AgVo Am{U Aem q~XyMr d aofmMr aMZm R>a{d`mgmR>r
A{YH$ XOmMr g_rH$aUo gmoS>dmdr bmJVmV. {VWo Reference Finder mgmaIo
Programms (Umbr ) Cm_ VhoZo d n[aUm_H$maH$ [a`m Cn`moJr nS>V.o AmOH$mb
{g hmoUm`m nwVH$mV Aer Umbr Cn`moJmV AmU`mMo AmT>iob. CXmhaUmW
gX^ JWm`m gyMrVrb {3,35,36} Am{U ^{d`mV hm Cn`moJ dmT>VM OmUma
AgyZ Zoh_rMm ~Zob.
gX^ JW gyMr

80

References
[1]

James Brunton, Mathematical exercises in paper folding,

Mathematics in School, Longmans for the Mathematical
Association, vol. 2, no. 4, July 1973, p. 25.

[2]

Robert J. Lang, Four Problems III, British Origami, no. 132,

October, 1988, pp. 711.

[3]

Robert J. Lang, Western Pond Turtle, Origami Design Secrets, A

K Peters, 2003.

[4]

Shuzo Fujimoto and M. Nishiwaki, Sojo Suru Origami Asobi Eno

Shotai (Invitation to creative origami playing), Asahi Culture Centre,
1982.

[5]

Jeannine Mosely, private comm.

[6]

Masamichi Noma, Origami Tanteidan Newsletter, issue 14.

[7]

Koji Husimi, Origami no kikagaku (Origami and Geometry), Nippon

Hyoronsha, Tokyo (1979).

[8]

Kunihiko Kasahara and Toshie Takahama, Origami for the

Connoisseur, Japan Publications,1987, pp. 1819.

[9]

Kunihiko Kasahara, Origami Omnibus, Japan Publications, 1988,

pp. 7677.

[10] Aleksandr Ia. Khinchin, Continued Fractions, Dover Publications,

1997.
[11] Peter Engel, Folding the Universe: Origami from Angelfish to Zen,
New York, Vintage Books, 1989.
[12] Jun Maekawa, Evolution of Origami Organisms, Symmetry: Culture
and Science, vol. 5, no. 2, 1994, pp. 167177.
[13] Kunihiko Kasahara, Viva! Origami, Tokyo, Sanrio, 1983.
[14] Robert J. Lang, Albert Joins the Fold, New Scientist, vol. 124,
no. 1696/1697, December 23/30, pp. 3857, 1989.
[15] Robert J. Lang, Origami: Complexity Increasing, Engineering &
Science, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1623, 1989.

81

[16] David Auckly and John Cleveland, Totally Real Origami and
Impossible Paper Folding, American Mathematical Monthly, vol.
102, no. 3, pp. 215226, March 1995.
[17] Thomas Hull, A Note on Impossible Paperfolding, The American
Mathematical Monthly, vol. 103, no. 3, March, 1996.
[18] Tsune Abe, described in British Origami, no. 108, p. 9, 1984
[19] Koji Fusimi, Trisection of angle by Abe, Saiensu supplement,
October, 1980, p. 8.
[20] Jacques Justin, described in British Origami, no. 107, pp. 1415,
1984.
[21] Robert Geretschlger, Euclidean Constructions and the Geometry
of Origami, Mathematics Magazine, vol. 68, no. 5, December,
1995, pp. 357371.
[22] Robert Geretschlger, Folding the Regular Triskaidekagon,
presented at AMS Joint Mathematics Meeting, Baltimore, MD.,
January 9, 1998.
[23] Robert Geretschlger, Folding the Regular 19-gon, presented at
AMS Joint Mathematics Meeting, Baltimore, MD., January 9, 1998.
[24] Robert Geretschlger, Solving Quartic Equations in Origami,
presented at AMS Joint Mathematics Meeting, Baltimore, MD.,
January 9, 1998.
[25] James Pierpont, On an undemonstrated theorem of the
Disquisitiones Aritmeticae, American Mathematical Monthly
Bulletin, no. 2, 18951896, pp. 7783.
[26] Robert J. Lang, The Complete Book of Origami, New York, Dover
Publications, 1988.
[27] Humiaki Huzita and Benedetto Scimemi, The Algebra of PaperFolding (Origami), Proceedings of the First International Meeting
of Origami Science and Technology, H. Huzita, ed., 1989, pp. 215
222. Lang, Origami and Geometric Constructions 55
[28] Humiaki Huzita, Understanding Geometry through Origami
Axioms, Proceedings of the First International Conference on
Origami in Education and Therapy (COET91), J. Smith ed., British
Origami Society, 1992, pp. 3770.
82

[29] Thomas Hull, Geometric Constructions via Origami, Proceedings of

the Second International Conference on Origami in Education and
Therapy (COET95), VAnn Cornelius, ed., Origami USA, 1995, pp.
3138.
[30] Peter Messer, Problem 1054, Crux Mathematigorum, vol. 12, no.
10, December, 1986.
[31] Thomas Hull, http://web.merrimack.edu/hullt/geoconst.html, 2003.
[32] Koshiro Hatori, http://www.jade.dti.ne.jp/~hatori/library/conste.html,
2003.
[33] http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Ophiuride.html, 2003.
[34] http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CissoidofDiocles.html, 2003.
[35] Robert J. Lang, Origami Insects II, Gallery Origami House, Tokyo,
2003 [in press].
[36] John Montroll, A Plethora of Polyhedra in Origami, Dover Publications,
2002.

83

84